Abstract This work describes a novel and transformational educational curriculum and strategy, designed to calibrate human consciousness and cognition to the generativity of living complex phenomena. It is an approach that seeks to displace the outdated mechanistic paradigm within education in favour of the deep complexity paradigm. Towards this aim, a patterns‐based curriculum and educational strategy called Complexity Patterning was implemented in a research project with four cohorts of university students. The approach proved to be a sound basis for developing conscious metacognition of self and world as relational co‐generative complex phenomena. This understanding forms the foundation for the teaching and learning of complexity‐focused knowledge and skills, which are of vital importance to all young people as they engage with the increasingly complex challenges of the 21st century.
{"title":"<scp>Complexity Patterning</scp>: A patterns‐based design and strategy for transformational education","authors":"Shae L. Brown","doi":"10.1002/sres.2975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2975","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This work describes a novel and transformational educational curriculum and strategy, designed to calibrate human consciousness and cognition to the generativity of living complex phenomena. It is an approach that seeks to displace the outdated mechanistic paradigm within education in favour of the deep complexity paradigm. Towards this aim, a patterns‐based curriculum and educational strategy called Complexity Patterning was implemented in a research project with four cohorts of university students. The approach proved to be a sound basis for developing conscious metacognition of self and world as relational co‐generative complex phenomena. This understanding forms the foundation for the teaching and learning of complexity‐focused knowledge and skills, which are of vital importance to all young people as they engage with the increasingly complex challenges of the 21st century.","PeriodicalId":47538,"journal":{"name":"SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136072258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Researchers have acknowledged the usefulness of metaphors to understand organizational phenomena. More than fancy linguistic ornaments, metaphors can provide a rich understanding of the situation under investigation; demonstrate how individuals think, feel and behave; and be used as a diagnostic tool to help analyse organizational problems. Notwithstanding the importance of metaphor analysis, how system thinking principles can be applied to understand the elicited nature of metaphor in the context of information technology (IT) project management practices remains to be explored in greater detail. Drawing on the field of applied linguistics, coupled with complexity theory, a complex systems metaphor perspective is put forward as a fresh lens to understand IT project management practices. This perspective is illustrated through a discourse analysis of a large IT project in the National Health Service (NHS) in England.
{"title":"When huskies bite back: A complex systems metaphor perspective on information technology project management","authors":"Stephen Jackson","doi":"10.1002/sres.2972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2972","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have acknowledged the usefulness of metaphors to understand organizational phenomena. More than fancy linguistic ornaments, metaphors can provide a rich understanding of the situation under investigation; demonstrate how individuals think, feel and behave; and be used as a diagnostic tool to help analyse organizational problems. Notwithstanding the importance of metaphor analysis, how system thinking principles can be applied to understand the elicited nature of metaphor in the context of information technology (IT) project management practices remains to be explored in greater detail. Drawing on the field of applied linguistics, coupled with complexity theory, a complex systems metaphor perspective is put forward as a fresh lens to understand IT project management practices. This perspective is illustrated through a discourse analysis of a large IT project in the National Health Service (NHS) in England.","PeriodicalId":47538,"journal":{"name":"SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43595852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeff Diedrich, Alexander Z Christakis, Maria Kakoulaki
In this paper, we revisit lessons learned regarding the process of Structured Dialogic Design in the arena during the past 50 years. Thirteen Lessons are presented with the intent of helping stakeholders design a strategy for escaping the labyrinth (vicious cycle) produced by the strong interactions among three issues: (1) the critical role of inclusive deliberative dialogue; (2) the dependency of inclusive deliberative dialogue on the application of a systemic methodology for supporting its authentic implementation; and (3) the commitment by organizations to inclusive deliberative dialogue. This paper will also discuss the development and deployment of Logosifa, the latest software platform to support the process and the enhancements (including improved metrics and a facilitator dashboard) informed by the lessons learned.
{"title":"LOGOSOFIA: A platform for deliberative co‐construction of intersubjective consensual realities","authors":"Jeff Diedrich, Alexander Z Christakis, Maria Kakoulaki","doi":"10.1002/sres.2969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2969","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we revisit lessons learned regarding the process of Structured Dialogic Design in the arena during the past 50 years. Thirteen Lessons are presented with the intent of helping stakeholders design a strategy for escaping the labyrinth (vicious cycle) produced by the strong interactions among three issues: (1) the critical role of inclusive deliberative dialogue; (2) the dependency of inclusive deliberative dialogue on the application of a systemic methodology for supporting its authentic implementation; and (3) the commitment by organizations to inclusive deliberative dialogue. This paper will also discuss the development and deployment of Logosifa, the latest software platform to support the process and the enhancements (including improved metrics and a facilitator dashboard) informed by the lessons learned.","PeriodicalId":47538,"journal":{"name":"SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46979011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances in systems sciences and systems practice","authors":"Jennifer Makar, Jennifer Wilby","doi":"10.1002/sres.2984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2984","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47538,"journal":{"name":"SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139345131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Systems Research and Behavioral ScienceEarly View RESEARCH ARTICLE Back to basics: Developing systems methodologies from first (systems) principles Patrick Hoverstadt, Corresponding Author Patrick Hoverstadt [email protected] SCiO, Fractal, Lymm, Cheshire, UK Correspondence Patrick Hoverstadt, SCiO, Fractal, Lymm, Cheshire, WA13 9SA, UK. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorLucy Loh, Lucy Loh SCiO, Fractal, Lymm, Cheshire, UKSearch for more papers by this author Patrick Hoverstadt, Corresponding Author Patrick Hoverstadt [email protected] SCiO, Fractal, Lymm, Cheshire, UK Correspondence Patrick Hoverstadt, SCiO, Fractal, Lymm, Cheshire, WA13 9SA, UK. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorLucy Loh, Lucy Loh SCiO, Fractal, Lymm, Cheshire, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 August 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2949Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Hoverstadt, P. (2004). Mosaic transformation in organisations. Journal of Organizational Transformation and Change, 1(2), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1386/jots.1.2.163/0 Hoverstadt, P. (2008). The fractal organization: creating sustainable organizations with the viable system model. Wiley. Hoverstadt, P. (2010). Defining identity by structural coupling in VSM practice. System, 33(1), 5–19. Hoverstadt, P. (2022). The grammar of systems. SCiO Publications. Hoverstadt, P., & Bowling, D. (2002). Complexity as a Factor in the Growth of Medium Sized Enterprises. Missing middle Conference paper. Hoverstadt, P., & Loh, L. (2017). Patterns of strategy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315277776 Hoverstadt, P., Loh, L., & Marguet, N. (2016a). Measuring the Performance of Strategy. PMA Conference paper. Hoverstadt, P., Loh, L., & Marguet, N. (2016b). Performance Measurement – the Glue between Strategy, Organisation & Change. PMA Conference paper. Hoverstadt, P., Loh, L., & Roberts, I. (2016). Using Organisational Agility Metrics in Business Turnaround. PMA Conference paper. Hoverstadt, P., & Searles J. (2006). Designing Governance using VSM UKSS conference paper. Maturana, H. (1992). Tree of knowledge: the biological roots of human understanding. Shambhala. Maturana, H. (2002). Autopoiesis, structural coupling and cognition: A history of these and other notions in the biology of cognition. Cybernetics & Human Knowing, 9(3–4), 5–34. Mintzberg, H. (1978). Patterns in strategy formation. Management Science, 24(9), 934–948. https://doi.org
{"title":"Back to basics: Developing systems methodologies from first (systems) principles","authors":"Patrick Hoverstadt, Lucy Loh","doi":"10.1002/sres.2949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2949","url":null,"abstract":"Systems Research and Behavioral ScienceEarly View RESEARCH ARTICLE Back to basics: Developing systems methodologies from first (systems) principles Patrick Hoverstadt, Corresponding Author Patrick Hoverstadt [email protected] SCiO, Fractal, Lymm, Cheshire, UK Correspondence Patrick Hoverstadt, SCiO, Fractal, Lymm, Cheshire, WA13 9SA, UK. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorLucy Loh, Lucy Loh SCiO, Fractal, Lymm, Cheshire, UKSearch for more papers by this author Patrick Hoverstadt, Corresponding Author Patrick Hoverstadt [email protected] SCiO, Fractal, Lymm, Cheshire, UK Correspondence Patrick Hoverstadt, SCiO, Fractal, Lymm, Cheshire, WA13 9SA, UK. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorLucy Loh, Lucy Loh SCiO, Fractal, Lymm, Cheshire, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 August 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2949Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Hoverstadt, P. (2004). Mosaic transformation in organisations. Journal of Organizational Transformation and Change, 1(2), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1386/jots.1.2.163/0 Hoverstadt, P. (2008). The fractal organization: creating sustainable organizations with the viable system model. Wiley. Hoverstadt, P. (2010). Defining identity by structural coupling in VSM practice. System, 33(1), 5–19. Hoverstadt, P. (2022). The grammar of systems. SCiO Publications. Hoverstadt, P., & Bowling, D. (2002). Complexity as a Factor in the Growth of Medium Sized Enterprises. Missing middle Conference paper. Hoverstadt, P., & Loh, L. (2017). Patterns of strategy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315277776 Hoverstadt, P., Loh, L., & Marguet, N. (2016a). Measuring the Performance of Strategy. PMA Conference paper. Hoverstadt, P., Loh, L., & Marguet, N. (2016b). Performance Measurement – the Glue between Strategy, Organisation & Change. PMA Conference paper. Hoverstadt, P., Loh, L., & Roberts, I. (2016). Using Organisational Agility Metrics in Business Turnaround. PMA Conference paper. Hoverstadt, P., & Searles J. (2006). Designing Governance using VSM UKSS conference paper. Maturana, H. (1992). Tree of knowledge: the biological roots of human understanding. Shambhala. Maturana, H. (2002). Autopoiesis, structural coupling and cognition: A history of these and other notions in the biology of cognition. Cybernetics & Human Knowing, 9(3–4), 5–34. Mintzberg, H. (1978). Patterns in strategy formation. Management Science, 24(9), 934–948. https://doi.org","PeriodicalId":47538,"journal":{"name":"SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135771593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Systems are now extremely complex with the continuous involvement of multiple stakeholders and rapidly advancing technology, and a new way of viewing high‐performance system management and decision‐making is needed. This paper considers the use of practical wisdom as a promising way of revitalising system management to improve the success rate in making critical decisions. Practical wisdom has been investigated as a useful approach in many fields, including philosophy, psychology, health, education and organisation studies: however, its application to system management is sparse. Questionnaires were sent to 124 manager participants to assess their view of the importance of various practical wisdom attributes as these relate to system management success. Applying the exploratory factor analysis technique emerged the following factors: (1) practical mindset; (2) stakeholder mindset; (3) moral mindset; (4) win‐win mindset; and (5) holistic thinking mindset. Two of these factors, stakeholder mindset and win‐win mindset, have not previously emerged in practical wisdom research. The factors extracted were validated via both technical techniques and considered commentary by senior leadership practitioners. The results of this study can assist managers to develop greater insight into optimal management of increasingly complex systems via consideration of these practical wisdom factors and the interplay between them.
{"title":"Investigating practical wisdom in complex system management: What is it and how do we get more?","authors":"Leonie Hallo, Tiep Nguyen, N. Chileshe","doi":"10.1002/sres.2968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2968","url":null,"abstract":"Systems are now extremely complex with the continuous involvement of multiple stakeholders and rapidly advancing technology, and a new way of viewing high‐performance system management and decision‐making is needed. This paper considers the use of practical wisdom as a promising way of revitalising system management to improve the success rate in making critical decisions. Practical wisdom has been investigated as a useful approach in many fields, including philosophy, psychology, health, education and organisation studies: however, its application to system management is sparse. Questionnaires were sent to 124 manager participants to assess their view of the importance of various practical wisdom attributes as these relate to system management success. Applying the exploratory factor analysis technique emerged the following factors: (1) practical mindset; (2) stakeholder mindset; (3) moral mindset; (4) win‐win mindset; and (5) holistic thinking mindset. Two of these factors, stakeholder mindset and win‐win mindset, have not previously emerged in practical wisdom research. The factors extracted were validated via both technical techniques and considered commentary by senior leadership practitioners. The results of this study can assist managers to develop greater insight into optimal management of increasingly complex systems via consideration of these practical wisdom factors and the interplay between them.","PeriodicalId":47538,"journal":{"name":"SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42710666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern stakeholder theory is premised on the ‘integration thesis’, according to which business and ethics constitute an inseparable unity. For many management scholars, this thesis raised the difficult question of how far business can pursue ethical goals without losing its functional autonomy. We address this question by interpreting the integration thesis as the Luhmannian ‘unity of difference’ of business and ethics. This interpretation allows business and ethics to remain conceptually distinct, yet takes their very distinction to constitute a logical and dialectical unity as envisioned by the integration thesis. To justify this interpretation, we draw on the Luhmannian systems theory which accentuates the precariousness of the environment faced by business corporations, and on process philosophy which underscores the unique human capacity to navigate this precariousness by following social norms of ethical behaviour. We argue that a key prerequisite of successful stakeholder management is the activation of this human capacity.
{"title":"Stakeholder theory: Exploring systems‐theoretic and process‐philosophic connections","authors":"V. Valentinov, Steffen Roth","doi":"10.1002/sres.2970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2970","url":null,"abstract":"Modern stakeholder theory is premised on the ‘integration thesis’, according to which business and ethics constitute an inseparable unity. For many management scholars, this thesis raised the difficult question of how far business can pursue ethical goals without losing its functional autonomy. We address this question by interpreting the integration thesis as the Luhmannian ‘unity of difference’ of business and ethics. This interpretation allows business and ethics to remain conceptually distinct, yet takes their very distinction to constitute a logical and dialectical unity as envisioned by the integration thesis. To justify this interpretation, we draw on the Luhmannian systems theory which accentuates the precariousness of the environment faced by business corporations, and on process philosophy which underscores the unique human capacity to navigate this precariousness by following social norms of ethical behaviour. We argue that a key prerequisite of successful stakeholder management is the activation of this human capacity.","PeriodicalId":47538,"journal":{"name":"SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43479747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Limited evidence and less comprehensive approach to post‐project sustainability evaluation has raised the need for incorporating complexity concepts in project sustainability evaluation. This study aims to develop a project sustainability evaluation framework by using a complex systems approach and to apply the framework to a microfinance project in Indonesia. This qualitative research is based on thematic analysis. The components of the proposed framework involve mission, input, process, output, performance, governance (including stakeholders, subsystems and feedback mechanisms) and the environment of the projects. Results show that the framework is able to provide comprehensive information including project sustainability dimensions and routinization, the possibility to detect ineffective or undesirable practices, project governance, its performance, the persistent practice and changes. The application to the microfinance project reveals that the microfinance project can achieve sustainability without subsidies by achieving financial goals while maintaining social missions. Implications for project sustainability and microfinance are discussed.
{"title":"Post‐project sustainability evaluation by using a complex systems approach: A framework and an application to a revolving loan fund (microfinance) project in Indonesia","authors":"N. Chasanah, Indra Gunawan, Bassam Baroudi","doi":"10.1002/sres.2967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2967","url":null,"abstract":"Limited evidence and less comprehensive approach to post‐project sustainability evaluation has raised the need for incorporating complexity concepts in project sustainability evaluation. This study aims to develop a project sustainability evaluation framework by using a complex systems approach and to apply the framework to a microfinance project in Indonesia. This qualitative research is based on thematic analysis. The components of the proposed framework involve mission, input, process, output, performance, governance (including stakeholders, subsystems and feedback mechanisms) and the environment of the projects. Results show that the framework is able to provide comprehensive information including project sustainability dimensions and routinization, the possibility to detect ineffective or undesirable practices, project governance, its performance, the persistent practice and changes. The application to the microfinance project reveals that the microfinance project can achieve sustainability without subsidies by achieving financial goals while maintaining social missions. Implications for project sustainability and microfinance are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47538,"journal":{"name":"SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45389295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Dynamics of Life model","authors":"V. MacGill","doi":"10.1002/sres.2963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2963","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47538,"journal":{"name":"SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42242967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What is variety engineering and why do we need it?","authors":"Markus Schwaninger, Stefan Ott","doi":"10.1002/sres.2964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2964","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47538,"journal":{"name":"SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46769060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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