Applied Solar Energy最新文献

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted considerable attention from developers due to their excellent photovoltaic performance. The quality of perovskite films is essential to the performance of such devices, and introducing additives into the precursor solution is an effective way to control film morphology and reduce defect density. In this paper, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is introduced into the precursor solution as an effective quality additive for perovskite films. Addition of 5% NMP precursor solution to PSCs with a hole transport layer (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) of polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) shows the desired characteristics in terms of open circuit voltage (0.91 V), short circuit current density (18.65 mA/cm²), filling factor (almost 77%), energy conversion efficiency (13.04%), and device stability (up to 60 days). These results open new possibilities for the production of commercial perovskite solar cells.

Now a days, synthesis of non-fullerene acceptors in compared to fullerene acceptor is one of the most important areas of research. Organic solar cells with non-fullerene acceptors (NFA-OSCs) have good optical properties and adjustable electronic energy levels. Current revelations demonstrate the significant growth in power conversion efficiency of NFA OSCs in comparison to fullerene acceptor, exceeding up to 18%. Recently, Different researchers are working on different materials to be incorporated on multiple layers of OSCs such as Hole Transport Layer (HTL), Transparent Conductive Electrode (TCE). Out of these Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gained a lot of attention from researchers in the fabrication of NFA-OSCs due to their extraordinary low sheet resistance, excellent optical transmission and high electrical conductivity. As CNTs offer interpenetrating networks for charge carrier transport and exciton diffusion, Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells has enhanced. Present review outlines the recent development in NFA-OSCs incorporated CNTs as the transparent conductive electrode, active layer and metal electrode. Additionally, to increase the probability of advancement in the near future, a correlation between experimental and simulation-based outcomes has also been conducted.

The ongoing evolution of civilization is indelibly marked by our proficiency in harnessing energy beyond mere human and animal labor. The advent of successive industrial and agricultural revolutions has enabled a growing segment of the global populace to enjoy the comforts of heated and illuminated homes, the bountiful yields of fertilized and irrigated crops, the connectedness facilitated by technology, and the accessibility of far-reaching travel. These milestones of progress are driven by our ever-expanding ability to locate, extract, and utilize energy with ever-greater mastery. Advances in materials science hold the key to a sustainable future, characterized by clean energy generation, transmission, and distribution, the effective storage of electrical and chemical energy, enhanced energy efficiency, and more sophisticated energy management systems.

The manufacturing technology and the results of measurements of current–voltage characteristics of ITO/SnO₂/CdS/CdTe/Ag thin-film solar cells both without antireflection coating and with antireflection coating are presented. The material for the antireflection coating was obtained by melting the composition of MgF₂ : CaF₂ fluorides in a solar furnace at a component ratio of 55 : 45 (wt %). It is shown that the deposition of an antireflection coating on the outer surface of thin layer solar cells increased their efficiency to ~2.0%.

Complex shading on a photovoltaic (PV) module has a disproportionate impact on its power production. Minimizing power losses is critical in the installation of the PV module since it can greatly diminish the module’s performance and capacity to generate electricity. Thorough examination of the consequences of hard shading on the PV modules is necessary to lower power losses and maximize the module’s efficacy. This paper presents the background and findings from three different types of PV module (Full Cell, Half-Cut and Shingle PV module) operated under a variety of shading pattern (horizontal, vertical, and diagonal), and obscuring percentage (25, 50, and 75%). Experiments are conducted in a location at Sabah, a state located within Malaysia. Sabah which has a tropical climate with high temperatures and humidity, along with consistent level of solar radiation throughout the year making it well-suited for solar energy production. The experimental technique, which involved testing PV modules under various shading patterns and percentages, was found to be highly accurate in determining the amount of shading loss, particularly in instances of hard shading. The findings are presented by I–V and P–V curve that was traced by using a portable PV power meter (SEAWARD PV200) relating the pattern and percentage of shading to maximum power point (MPP) and power losses of the PV modules.

Thermal performance of the building envelope can be improved by applying passive solar systems. The current research aims to investigate the role of a Trombe wall in reducing energy demand in cold and hot periods of the year in low-rise residential buildings of Mashhad. To save energy consumption at the lowest cost and by using a Trombe wall, which is suitable for existing buildings with masonry structures, this research is dedicated to finding the best characteristics of a Trombe wall, including vent dimensions, air gap width, type of glass and construction materials. The present research was carried out using energy simulation. The simulation was performed in an integrated way to create a correlation between different factors to take advantage of the maximum heat in the cold period of the year. With a surface of 12.6 m² 20B–10Al–0.18V–2G and 20C–5Al–0.18V–1G walls, the amount of energy saving increased by 6.5 and 10.5 percent, and the obtained heat is 444 307 and 710 103 kJ, with a payback period of 3 and 19 yr, respectively. Trombe wall alone cannot provide thermal comfort in the interior space when auxiliary systems are off. In October, the predicted mean vote for thermal comfort with 40B–5Al–0.18–2G and 40C–10Al–0.18V–1G walls are, –1.5, –1.9, respectively. To reduce the effect of overheating in hot periods of the year, with brick and concrete materials, the use of internal and external shadings is suggested, when internal vents are closed and external vents are opened.

Computer modeling results of heat and mass transfer processes in a thermal energy storage module with a “solid body–liquid” phase transition are presented. A cylindrical element filled with heat storage material was studied. A channel with the moving heat transfer fluid is located inside the cylindrical element as a “double pipe.” A coupled non-stationary non-linear 3D mathematical model was developed, which consists of the energy equations for phase change materials and heat transfer fluid. Latent heat in phase change material was taken into account by the effective heat capacity method. Natural convection at melting is calculated together with forced convection of heat transfer fluid through introduction of the effective heat transfer coefficient. The finite volume method with splitting by physical processes and space coordinates is used during the creation of the numerical algorithm. A conducted numerical parametric study allowed us to determine the temperature distribution in the phase change material and heat transfer fluid, the moving interface velocity, full time of charging of the thermal energy storage module, and the influence this process had on the heat transfer fluid temperature and velocity. The results were verified through comparison of an analytical solution of a test problem and with experimental data. The presented method can be used during the design of the latent thermal energy storage module, which functions in wide temperature range, with different phase change materials types and different heat transfer fluids types.

The purpose of this work is to determine the error introduced into the values of the temperature of a photoelectric module and the power generated by it by using one or another method of accounting for its heating (thermal model) in the calculation. The existing thermal models of photovoltaic modules and their comparison are reviewed. Even the simplest models can calculate the temperature of an open rack mounted photovoltaic module with an error of less than 20°C and the power it generates with an error of 2–3% in climatic conditions that do not coincide with the conditions of its development. Complex unsteady thermal models can only be used to a limited extent, not only due to the complexity of their implementation. Being theoretical, based on the thermal balance equations of a module, they require experimental verification, at least for the selection of formulas for calculating heat transfer coefficients, which greatly complicates the task. In addition to the methods of accounting for module heating, there are more significant sources of calculation errors: dust and dirt on the module surface along with others. The choice of a thermal model of a photovoltaic module is not critical from the viewpoint of calculation error of the generated power, all the most popular thermal models give approximately the same result.

Three-dimensional simulations using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations were conducted to evaluate wind loads and structural displacements of ground-mounted solar panels under different flow conditions. The panels were arranged in a regular array consisting of 3 rows and 5 columns, with each row comprising 4 × 4 sub-panels inclined at 45°. To conserve computational resources, periodic flow conditions were applied to a single panel by specifying the pressure differential and inlet velocity ranging from 25 to 50 m/s. The fluid-solid coupling, fixed geometry multi-physics field coupling feature was employed to couple the boundary loads due to fluid flow from the fluid to the solid domain. Our results reveal the existence of circulation zones between the panels in the array. The pressure at the upper corners of the solar panel increases sharply with velocity, leading to a larger structural displacement in this region. As the wind speed increases, the safety factors obtained from the simulation for the solar panel support module and the glass panel are 22.8, 8.9, and 5.7 m/s, respectively. And the safety factor of the support frame and support rod junction and the upper row of glass panels decreases significantly. Therefore, the failure characteristics of this part of the structure should be considered in case of a sudden change in wind speed.

This article presents the results of an experimental study of a photovoltaic thermal battery (PVTB) and a photovoltaic module (PVM) based on a thin-film structure installed on the heliopolygon of the Department of Alternative Energy Sources (AESs) of Tashkent State Technical University. A brief review of research on PVM cooling technologies and the creation of PVTB installations has been conducted. The data from the experimental study were processed. The dynamics of changes in the external parameters and characteristics of PVM and PVTB are presented graphically, as well as a comparison of the values of the corresponding parameters are given in tabular form. According to the results of the conducted research, the surface temperature of the PVTB decreased by an average of 6.3°С relative to the temperature of the PVM. Due to the developed module cooling technology, the electrical power of the PVTB compared to the power of the PVM increased by an average of 5.3 watts or 10.3%. According to experimental data, 122 L of heated water was produced during the time of the experiment from a useful area of 0.7 m² of PVTB, with an average temperature of 38.1°C. This installation allows for simultaneous electricity generation and water heating. These advantages create conditions for the use of this installation in the power supply and heated water supply of household needs of consumers.