Police Quarterly最新文献

英文中文

An Analysis of Police Department Crisis Communication via Social Media 基于社交媒体的警察部门危机传播分析

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Police Quarterly

Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.1177/10986111221150505

J. Steele, N. Blau

When police use-of-force incidents involving citizens occur, it is necessary to examine the communication post-crisis. Communication via social media is efficient and is considered a necessary tool in contemporary policing. To date, few studies have investigated the use of socially mediated messages in response to use-of-force incidents in local communities. This research examined the social media sites of six police departments in the United States following the death of George Floyd for themes established in crisis communication research. Findings suggest that police departments used social media to convey empathy, commitment to stakeholders, and self-efficacy, with empathy being the theme that was used most frequently. As this is an emerging area of research, directions for future research and policy implementation are discussed.

当发生涉及公民的警察使用武力事件时，有必要对危机后的沟通进行审查。通过社交媒体进行沟通是有效的，被认为是当代警务的必要工具。迄今为止，很少有研究调查了在应对当地社区使用武力事件时使用社会媒介信息的情况。本研究调查了乔治·弗洛伊德去世后美国六个警察部门的社交媒体网站，以确定危机传播研究的主题。研究结果表明，警察部门利用社交媒体来传达同理心、对利益相关者的承诺和自我效能感，其中同理心是使用频率最高的主题。由于这是一个新兴的研究领域，因此讨论了未来研究和政策实施的方向。

引用次数: 0

The Supply and Demand Shifts in Policing at the Start of the Pandemic: A National Multi-Wave Survey of the Impacts of COVID-19 on American Law Enforcement 疫情开始时警务的供求变化：新冠肺炎对美国执法影响的全国多波调查

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Police Quarterly

Pub Date : 2022-12-27 DOI: 10.1177/10986111221148217

C. Lum, C. Maupin, Megan Stoltz

We report the results of the only multi-wave survey of a large and geographically diverse sample of police agencies across the United States to understand the immediate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on law enforcement. Findings indicate an unprecedented and sustained shift in both the supply of and demand for police services during that time. While overall calls for service (demand) tended to decline in most agencies, some experienced increases in specific categories of calls. During the early months of COVID, agencies also reduced their in-person response to calls for service, arrests, proactive policing, and community policing activities (supply). These findings indicate a substantial change in the public safety landscape during that time, which was experienced by agencies of all sizes and from all types of jurisdictions. We explore how public health pandemics can lead to substantial, immediate, and potentially sustained changes to police deployment and police-community interactions that may impact public safety goals.

我们报告了对美国各地警察机构进行的唯一一次多波调查的结果，以了解COVID-19大流行对执法的直接影响。调查结果表明，在此期间，警察服务的供应和需求都发生了前所未有的持续变化。虽然大多数机构的总体服务要求(需求)趋于下降，但有些机构的特定类别的要求有所增加。在COVID的最初几个月里，各机构还减少了对服务呼吁、逮捕、主动警务和社区警务活动(供应)的现场响应。这些调查结果表明，在这段时间内，公共安全状况发生了重大变化，各种规模和各种类型的司法管辖区的机构都经历了这种变化。我们探讨公共卫生大流行如何导致可能影响公共安全目标的警察部署和警察-社区互动发生实质性、即时和潜在的持续变化。

引用次数: 7

Dazed and Confused: Difficulties for Law Enforcement During Oregon’s Transition to a Legal Marijuana Market 眼花缭乱：俄勒冈州向合法大麻市场过渡期间的执法困难

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Police Quarterly

Pub Date : 2022-12-24 DOI: 10.1177/10986111221147697

K. Henning, Mauri Matsuda, Greg Stewart

As more states legalize recreational cannabis, questions remain about the impact of this transition for police who continue to be responsible for enforcing laws governing illicit production and distribution of the drug, use of the substance in prohibited settings, and possession by juveniles. Legalization may also lead to additional responsibilities, including policing homegrown cannabis and licensed businesses involved in cultivating, processing, and selling the drug. Documenting the experience of law enforcement officers in states that have already transitioned to a legal market may provide important insights into the implementation of cannabis policies in other jurisdictions. The present study surveyed 301 law enforcement officers in Oregon three years after the state legalized recreational marijuana. Results indicate that officers perceive increases in many marijuana-related problems following legalization and most officers report that the state’s revised statutes are confusing and difficult to enforce. Implications for public policy are discussed.

随着越来越多的州将娱乐用大麻合法化，这种转变对警察的影响仍然存在疑问，警察继续负责执行法律，管理非法生产和分销毒品，在禁止的环境中使用这种物质，以及青少年持有这种物质。合法化还可能导致额外的责任，包括监管本土大麻和参与种植、加工和销售毒品的持牌企业。记录已经过渡到合法市场的国家的执法人员的经验，可能为其他司法管辖区大麻政策的执行提供重要的见解。目前的研究调查了俄勒冈州301名执法人员，该州在三年前将娱乐性大麻合法化。结果表明，在大麻合法化之后，警官们察觉到许多与大麻有关的问题有所增加，大多数警官报告说，该州修订的法规令人困惑，难以执行。讨论了对公共政策的影响。

引用次数: 2

Race and the Use of Force by Police Revisited: Post-Ferguson Findings From a Large County Police Agency 种族与警察使用武力问题再探：一个大型县警察局在弗格森事件后的调查结果

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Police Quarterly

Pub Date : 2022-11-18 DOI: 10.1177/10986111221139442

Michael R. Smith, R. Tillyer, Robin S. Engel

This study examines racial and ethnic disparities in the use of force by the Fairfax County, VA Police Department using post-Ferguson data and after the adoption of modern training and use of force policies on de-escalation. White civilians were overrepresented as subjects of force compared to a variety of benchmarks, while Hispanics were underrepresented. Black and Asian civilians also were overrepresented using some benchmarks but not others. Multivariate models revealed that Black civilians experienced more severe force, higher average force levels, and more total force than Whites. We discuss possible reasons for the overrepresentation of Blacks and Whites as subjects of force, as well as the disparities in force levels and the totality of force experienced by Black civilians. We conclude with suggestions for policy change, training, and deployment changes to help reduce the potential influence of unconscious bias in the application of force by the FCPD and other law enforcement agencies.

本研究考察了弗吉尼亚州费尔法克斯县警察局在使用武力方面的种族和民族差异，使用弗格森事件后的数据，以及采用现代培训和使用武力政策后的数据。与各种基准相比，白人平民作为武力对象的比例过高，而西班牙裔的比例不足。在一些基准中，黑人和亚洲平民的比例也过高，但在其他基准中则没有。多元模型显示，黑人平民比白人经历了更严重的暴力，更高的平均暴力水平和更多的总暴力。我们讨论了黑人和白人作为武力对象的比例过高的可能原因，以及武力水平和黑人平民所经历的武力总量的差异。最后，我们提出改变政策、培训和部署的建议，以帮助减少警务处和其他执法机构在使用武力时无意识偏见的潜在影响。

引用次数: 3

Crossing the Threshold: Organizational and Community Correlates of Female and Minority Representation Among U.S. Law Enforcement Agencies 跨越门槛：美国执法机构中女性和少数族裔代表性的组织和社区相关性

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Police Quarterly

Pub Date : 2022-10-29 DOI: 10.1177/10986111221116341

Joanna D. Frazier, M. Matusiak

The current research explores relationships between female and minority officer representation and elements of organizational structure, practices, and context (internal and external). These relationships are viewed through the lenses of representative bureaucracy and structural contingency theory. Employing LEMAS (2016) survey and ACS (2011–2015) data, a series of OLS regression models explored these relationships. Findings suggest diversity breeds diversity in law enforcement agencies. Organizational structure continues to influence female and minority officers throughout their careers. Structural elements of both complexity and control were related to officer representation at all three career points, as were organizational practices. Finally, relationships related to internal context demonstrated greater consistency than external, although external context was related to overall representation. Relationships between structure, practices, and context varied for females and minorities, suggesting a greater need for unique recruitment and retention strategies for these officers.

目前的研究探讨了女性和少数族裔官员代表与组织结构、实践和背景(内部和外部)要素之间的关系。这些关系是通过代议制官僚和结构权变理论的镜头来观察的。利用LEMAS(2016)调查和ACS(2011-2015)数据，建立了一系列OLS回归模型，探讨了这些关系。调查结果表明，执法机构的多样性孕育了多样性。组织结构继续影响女性和少数族裔官员的整个职业生涯。复杂和控制的结构因素与干事在所有三个职业阶段的任职情况有关，组织做法也是如此。最后，与内部情境相关的关系表现出比外部情境更大的一致性，尽管外部情境与整体表征有关。女性和少数族裔的结构、做法和背景之间的关系各不相同，这表明更需要为这些官员制定独特的招聘和保留策略。

引用次数: 0

A Multi-Site Study of Firearms Displays by Police at Use of Force Incidents 警方在使用武力事件中展示枪械的多地点研究

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Police Quarterly

Pub Date : 2022-10-25 DOI: 10.1177/10986111221136230

Timothy I. C. Cubitt, Justin Nix

The power to use force is a defining characteristic of policing, one that is accompanied by a responsibility to exercise these powers in the circumstances deemed necessary. This study analyzes data from four policing agencies to predict the likelihood of an officer drawing and pointing their firearm at a use of force incident. Findings suggest that situational factors were important in influencing whether an officer may draw and point their firearm. However, a priming effect, in which officers were more likely to draw their firearms when dispatched to an incident, may also be present. The rate that officers drew and pointed their firearms varied between jurisdictions, as did the nature of the incidents. Caution should be exercised in generalizing the results of single-site studies on police use of force, or introducing research into policy beyond the jurisdiction in which it was performed.

使用武力的权力是警察的一个决定性特征，它伴随着在被认为必要的情况下行使这些权力的责任。这项研究分析了来自四个警察机构的数据，以预测一名警官在使用武力事件中拔出并指向枪支的可能性。调查结果表明，情境因素在影响警官是否会拔出并指向他们的枪支方面很重要。然而，一种启动效应也可能存在，在这种效应中，警察在被派往事故现场时更有可能拔出枪支。在不同的司法管辖区，警察拔出和指向枪支的频率各不相同，事件的性质也各不相同。在推广关于警察使用武力的单一地点研究的结果时，或在进行研究的司法管辖范围之外对政策进行研究时，都应谨慎行事。

引用次数: 1

“How Should the Police Let Victims Down?” The Impact of Reassurance Call-Backs by Local Police Officers to Victims of Vehicle and Cycle Crimes: A Block Randomized Controlled Trial “警察应该如何让受害者失望?”地方警察安抚电话对车辆和自行车犯罪受害者的影响:一项街区随机对照试验

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Police Quarterly

Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1177/10986111221128751

Ben Clark, B. Ariel, Vincent Harinam

Most victims’ cases are not progressed through the criminal justice system, which is a phenomenon linked to low satisfaction with police performance. Little is known about how police can fairly and effectively “let victims down.” One mechanism is a call-back, which is prevalent in other professions but less so in policing and could be applied specifically for victims who experience case attrition at early stages. By proactively contacting victims following their initial report, the call-back may offer reassurance and lead to improved levels of satisfaction. We tested this approach with 1326 victims of vehicle and bicycle crimes in a block randomized controlled trial in London, UK. Based on follow-up telephone surveys, the findings suggest that a reassurance call-back policy increases the satisfaction of bicycle theft victims by 5%–15%, but not for victims of vehicle theft, who are largely unaffected by the call-back. The findings are likely driven by the victims’ expectations: vehicle theft victims expect their reported cases to progress through the justice system, whereas bicycle theft victims do not; thus, the former remain as disappointed as the participants who did not receive a call-back. These findings are promising, as they offer a new tool for policing that can provide more care to victims of crime.

大多数受害者的案件没有通过刑事司法系统处理，这是一种与对警察表现满意度低有关的现象。人们对警察如何公平有效地“让受害者失望”知之甚少。其中一种机制是回电，这种机制在其他职业中很普遍，但在警务中不那么普遍，可以专门适用于早期经历案件流失的受害者。通过在受害者初次报告后主动联系他们，回电可能会让他们放心，并提高满意度。在英国伦敦进行的一项分组随机对照试验中，我们对1326名车辆和自行车犯罪受害者测试了这一方法。基于后续电话调查，研究结果表明，安抚回电政策可以使自行车盗窃受害者的满意度提高5%-15%，但对车辆盗窃受害者来说却没有，因为他们基本上不受回电的影响。调查结果可能是由受害者的期望驱动的：车辆盗窃受害者希望他们报告的案件能通过司法系统，而自行车盗窃受害者则不然；因此，前者和没有收到回电的参与者一样失望。这些发现很有希望，因为它们为警务提供了一种新的工具，可以为犯罪受害者提供更多的照顾。

{"title":"“How Should the Police Let Victims Down?” The Impact of Reassurance Call-Backs by Local Police Officers to Victims of Vehicle and Cycle Crimes: A Block Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Ben Clark, B. Ariel, Vincent Harinam","doi":"10.1177/10986111221128751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111221128751","url":null,"abstract":"Most victims’ cases are not progressed through the criminal justice system, which is a phenomenon linked to low satisfaction with police performance. Little is known about how police can fairly and effectively “let victims down.” One mechanism is a call-back, which is prevalent in other professions but less so in policing and could be applied specifically for victims who experience case attrition at early stages. By proactively contacting victims following their initial report, the call-back may offer reassurance and lead to improved levels of satisfaction. We tested this approach with 1326 victims of vehicle and bicycle crimes in a block randomized controlled trial in London, UK. Based on follow-up telephone surveys, the findings suggest that a reassurance call-back policy increases the satisfaction of bicycle theft victims by 5%–15%, but not for victims of vehicle theft, who are largely unaffected by the call-back. The findings are likely driven by the victims’ expectations: vehicle theft victims expect their reported cases to progress through the justice system, whereas bicycle theft victims do not; thus, the former remain as disappointed as the participants who did not receive a call-back. These findings are promising, as they offer a new tool for policing that can provide more care to victims of crime.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44232842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The Effects of Body-Worn Cameras on Self-Initiated Police Encounters 随身携带的摄像头对警察自发遭遇的影响

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Police Quarterly

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/10986111221123798

Richard R. Bennett, Brad Bartholomew, Sandra K. Baxter, Holly Champagne, Eric R Schuler

Beginning in the summer of 2014, a series of controversial deaths in the US, often involving white officers and unarmed minority men, contributed to the growing debate about the need for increased transparency and accountability in policing. Central to the debate has been the call for more body-worn cameras (BWCs), a widely adopted technology that promises numerous benefits through real-time recording of police-public encounters. However, critics of this technology claim that increased surveillance of their behavior may lead to de-policing where officers choose to reduce the quality and/or quantity of their self-initiated police work. This claim has recently received empirical scrutiny in the context of the two main self-initiated activities underlying police work: foot patrols and traffic stops. However, the studies have mainly been outcome-orientated (e.g., stop and frisk or issuance of a citation) rather than activity-focused. The de-policing claim is tested here using data from a lengthy, quasi-experimental evaluation of BWCs in a large US police department. The findings show that the number of foot patrols and traffic stops conducted did not vary based on whether an officer wore a BWC or not. Policy and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

从2014年夏天开始，美国发生了一系列有争议的死亡事件，通常涉及白人警察和手无寸铁的少数族裔男子，这引发了关于提高警务透明度和问责制必要性的日益激烈的辩论。辩论的核心是呼吁增加随身携带的摄像头，这是一种被广泛采用的技术，通过实时记录警察的公开遭遇，有望带来许多好处。然而，这项技术的批评者声称，加强对他们行为的监控可能会导致警察选择降低他们自己发起的警察工作的质量和/或数量。这一说法最近在警察工作的两个主要自发活动中得到了实证审查：徒步巡逻和交通拦截。然而，这些研究主要以结果为导向（例如，拦截和搜查或发布引文），而不是以活动为重点。在这里，使用美国一个大型警察局对生物武器公约进行的长期准实验性评估的数据，对解除治安的说法进行了测试。调查结果表明，徒步巡逻和交通拦截的次数并没有因官员是否佩戴《生物武器公约》而有所不同。讨论了这些发现的政策和理论含义。

{"title":"The Effects of Body-Worn Cameras on Self-Initiated Police Encounters","authors":"Richard R. Bennett, Brad Bartholomew, Sandra K. Baxter, Holly Champagne, Eric R Schuler","doi":"10.1177/10986111221123798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111221123798","url":null,"abstract":"Beginning in the summer of 2014, a series of controversial deaths in the US, often involving white officers and unarmed minority men, contributed to the growing debate about the need for increased transparency and accountability in policing. Central to the debate has been the call for more body-worn cameras (BWCs), a widely adopted technology that promises numerous benefits through real-time recording of police-public encounters. However, critics of this technology claim that increased surveillance of their behavior may lead to de-policing where officers choose to reduce the quality and/or quantity of their self-initiated police work. This claim has recently received empirical scrutiny in the context of the two main self-initiated activities underlying police work: foot patrols and traffic stops. However, the studies have mainly been outcome-orientated (e.g., stop and frisk or issuance of a citation) rather than activity-focused. The de-policing claim is tested here using data from a lengthy, quasi-experimental evaluation of BWCs in a large US police department. The findings show that the number of foot patrols and traffic stops conducted did not vary based on whether an officer wore a BWC or not. Policy and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44631946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Work-Family Conflicts, Stress, and Turnover Intention Among Hong Kong Police Officers Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. 新冠肺炎疫情期间香港警务人员的工作与家庭冲突、压力及离职意向

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Police Quarterly

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/10986111211034777

Jessica C M Li, Chau-Kiu Cheung, Ivan Y Sun, Yuen-Kiu Cheung, Shimin Zhu

Although work stress, turnover intention, and work-family conflicts among police officers have been extensively investigated, no studies have explored these issues simultaneously under the context of the coronavirus pandemic. Clearly, both work and family domains have been drastically affected by this global health crisis, and it is likely that each domain has a distinctive impact on work outcomes. Using survey data based on a representative random sample of 335 police officers in Hong Kong, this study examines the impacts of resource losses and gains across family and work domains on occupational stress and turnover intention amid the pandemic. A multiple regression indicates that both family-to-work and work-to-family conflicts lead to work stress and turnover intention among police officers. Among officers, supervisory support is negatively associated with turnover intention and moderates the impact of work-to-family conflicts on turnover intention. Finally, measures to mitigate work stress during public health disasters are discussed.

虽然已经对警察的工作压力、离职意愿和工作家庭冲突进行了广泛的调查，但没有研究在冠状病毒大流行的背景下同时探讨这些问题。显然，这场全球健康危机极大地影响了工作领域和家庭领域，而且很可能每个领域都对工作成果产生了不同的影响。本研究使用基于335名香港警务人员代表性随机样本的调查数据，探讨了疫情期间家庭和工作领域的资源损失和收益对职业压力和离职意愿的影响。多元回归分析表明，家庭与工作的冲突和工作与家庭的冲突都会导致警务人员的工作压力和离职倾向。在管理人员中，上级支持与离职倾向呈负相关，并调节工作家庭冲突对离职倾向的影响。最后，讨论了在公共卫生灾害中减轻工作压力的措施。

{"title":"Work-Family Conflicts, Stress, and Turnover Intention Among Hong Kong Police Officers Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Jessica C M Li, Chau-Kiu Cheung, Ivan Y Sun, Yuen-Kiu Cheung, Shimin Zhu","doi":"10.1177/10986111211034777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111211034777","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although work stress, turnover intention, and work-family conflicts among police officers have been extensively investigated, no studies have explored these issues simultaneously under the context of the coronavirus pandemic. Clearly, both work and family domains have been drastically affected by this global health crisis, and it is likely that each domain has a distinctive impact on work outcomes. Using survey data based on a representative random sample of 335 police officers in Hong Kong, this study examines the impacts of resource losses and gains across family and work domains on occupational stress and turnover intention amid the pandemic. A multiple regression indicates that both family-to-work and work-to-family conflicts lead to work stress and turnover intention among police officers. Among officers, supervisory support is negatively associated with turnover intention and moderates the impact of work-to-family conflicts on turnover intention. Finally, measures to mitigate work stress during public health disasters are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":47610,"journal":{"name":"Police Quarterly","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9361033/pdf/10.1177_10986111211034777.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40352877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

@#%$!: The Impact of Officer Profanity on Civilians’ Perception of What Constitutes Reasonable Use of Force @#%$！：军官脏话对平民合理使用武力的影响

IF 3.1 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Police Quarterly

Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.1177/10986111221111332

M. H. Martaindale, William L. Sandel, Aaron Duron, J. Blair

The current study was conducted to test how the presence of profane officer language during a use of force incident impacts how civilians perceive the reasonableness of the applied force. The study followed a 1 × 4 independent groups design with random assignment to one of four test conditions. Two dashcam use of force videos were stripped of audio and subsequently transcribed with a clean and profane-laden depiction of the officer’s language. Participants (n = 234) answered a short questionnaire after watching their randomly assigned video. Measures include a 5-item reasonableness index, demographics, and test conditions. Two-way ANOVA and OLS regression were performed. Overall, participants considered videos with profane language to be less reasonable than the same video with clean language. While significant, most differences also correspond with medium and large effect sizes. This research found that profane officer language impacts how civilians perceive force reasonableness. Practical and policy implications are presented to move policing forward.

目前的研究是为了测试在使用武力事件中出现的亵渎性军官语言如何影响平民对所使用武力的合理性的看法。该研究采用1×4独立组设计，随机分配到四个测试条件中的一个。两段行车记录仪使用武力的视频被剥夺了音频，随后被转录成对警官语言的干净而亵渎的描述。参与者（n=234）在观看随机分配的视频后回答了一份简短的问卷。衡量标准包括5项合理性指数、人口统计数据和测试条件。进行双向方差分析和OLS回归。总体而言，参与者认为带有亵渎语言的视频不如带有干净语言的视频合理。虽然显著，但大多数差异也与中等和较大的效果大小相对应。这项研究发现，亵渎军官的语言会影响平民对武力合理性的看法。提出了推进警务工作的实际和政策影响。

引用次数: 0

首页上一页

下一页尾页

类型

全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

数据库

全部 ACS Publications Elsevier ieeexplore Springer The Royal Society of Chemistry Wiley

期刊

Police Quarterly

全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.

﹀