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Travels of Italian Positive School around the racialization of immigration-crime nexus 意大利实证学派关于移民犯罪关系种族化的游记
IF 2.4 1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-27 DOI: 10.1177/14624745211031298
Federico Luis Abiuso
Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the City of Buenos Aires (Argentina) had a significant demographic growth due to the strong weight of the migratory component. This article focuses on describing the theoretical frameworks deployed by criminologists and related experts to “racialize” the links between immigration and crime in Archivos de Criminología, Medicina Legal, Psiquiatría y Ciencias Afines, a journal published between 1902 and 1913. In so doing, and inspired by the Southern criminology proposals and reflections, I propose to analyze the criminological travels related to the Italian Positive School, to detail the grounds the thematic links between immigration and crime were based on and, in turn, to empirically illustrate different arguments around criminology as a Northern discipline.
在19世纪末至20世纪初,布宜诺斯艾利斯市(阿根廷)的人口有了显著的增长,这是由于移民部分的强大影响力。本文重点描述了犯罪学家和相关专家在1902年至1913年间出版的期刊《犯罪档案》、《医学法律》、《心理学与犯罪》中为“种族化”移民与犯罪之间的联系而采用的理论框架。在这样做的过程中,受南方犯罪学建议和思考的启发,我建议分析与意大利实证学派有关的犯罪学旅行,详细说明移民和犯罪之间的主题联系所基于的基础,进而实证说明围绕犯罪学作为一门北方学科的不同论点。
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引用次数: 2
David Maguire, Male, Failed, Jailed: Masculinities and ‘Revolving Door’ Imprisonment in the UK 大卫·马奎尔,男性,失败者,入狱:英国的男子气概和“旋转门”监禁
IF 2.4 1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-26 DOI: 10.1177/14624745211035031
L. George Sheppard, Rosemary Ricciardelli
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引用次数: 2
Carceral urbanism: Reconstructing the architecture of punitive space in post-genocide Rwanda 残酷的都市主义:重建种族灭绝后卢旺达惩罚性空间的建筑
IF 2.4 1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-23 DOI: 10.1177/14624745211034568
Shakirah E Hudani
In this article I make the argument that the prison in post-genocide Rwanda is an architectural artefact and a problem-space around which to examine the transitional dilemmas of the post-genocide period. I examine the changing punitive architecture of incarceration in Rwanda’s capital and in secondary urban areas. Looking at the space of the prison in relation to the changing city, I posit that through the penal production of space, the state reconfigures logics of punitive practices and urban governmentality. Changing logics of incarceration are evident in Rwanda today in the deconcentration of the capital, Kigali, to make way for an urban masterplanned order. In analyzing this shift in the visibility of the penal order in Rwanda over time, I contend that the prison constructs the city through its punitive and surveillance-based logic, as much as the city constitutes the prison as a spatially segregated edifice. I examine two sets of governmental spaces and practices that have run through different eras of Rwanda’s colonial, post-independence and post-genocide periods: (a) the prison and punishment, and (b) the reordering of the capital city and urban planning.
在这篇文章中,我提出的论点是,卢旺达种族灭绝后的监狱是一个建筑人工制品,也是一个问题空间,围绕着它来研究种族灭绝后时期的过渡困境。我研究了卢旺达首都和次要城市地区不断变化的监禁惩罚体系。从监狱空间与不断变化的城市的关系来看,我认为,通过空间的刑罚生产,国家重新配置了惩罚性实践和城市治理的逻辑。在今天的卢旺达,监禁逻辑的改变很明显,首都基加利的人口分散,为城市总体规划秩序让路。在分析卢旺达刑罚秩序随着时间的变化时,我认为监狱通过其惩罚性和基于监视的逻辑构建了城市,就像城市将监狱构建为空间隔离的大厦一样。我研究了两套政府空间和实践,它们贯穿了卢旺达殖民时期、独立后和种族灭绝后的不同时代:(a)监狱和惩罚,(b)首都和城市规划的重新排序。
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引用次数: 2
Who has the power? Manipulating and reclaiming social support in solitary confinement 谁有权力?在单独监禁中操纵并重新获得社会支持
IF 2.4 1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-23 DOI: 10.1177/14624745211029362
G. Gonzalez
Social support is often cited as among the most important factors in successful adjustment to prison, reentry, and overall desistance. Yet, few studies have sought to explore the impact of familial social support on incarcerated persons’ experiences in solitary confinement. Analyzing the narratives of men housed in isolation units in one Northwestern state, the present study identifies the variety of experiences they have with social support during isolation, particularly focusing on the prison’s role in structuring relationships between incarcerated persons and their loved ones. Findings reveal that standard communication restrictions in solitary confinement have disparate impacts on differently situated persons living in prisons. Those who are able to maintain familial attachments are able to cope with isolation, first, by maintaining roles in prosocial webs, and second, by accessing material and emotional support, advocacy, and psychological stability. In spite of these benefits, policies and procedures in solitary confinement exacerbate the imprisonment experience and yield negative consequences for prison life, health, family, and prison operations.
社会支持经常被认为是成功适应监狱、重返社会和全面退出监狱的最重要因素之一。然而,很少有研究试图探讨家庭社会支持对被监禁者单独监禁经历的影响。本研究分析了西北部一个州被隔离的男性的叙述,确定了他们在隔离期间获得社会支持的各种经历,特别是关注监狱在构建被监禁者与其亲人之间关系方面的作用。调查结果显示,单独监禁中的标准通信限制对生活在监狱中的不同处境的人产生了不同的影响。那些能够保持家庭依恋的人能够应对孤立,首先,通过在亲社会网络中保持角色,其次,通过获得物质和情感支持、倡导和心理稳定。尽管有这些好处,但单独监禁的政策和程序加剧了监禁经历,并对监狱生活、健康、家庭和监狱运作产生了负面影响。
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引用次数: 1
Ashley T Rubin, The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia’s Eastern State Penitentiary and The Origins of America’s Modern Penal System, 1829–1913 艾什莉·T·鲁宾,《越轨监狱:费城东部州立监狱和美国现代刑罚制度的起源,1829-1913》
IF 2.4 1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-23 DOI: 10.1177/14624745211034554
Daniel LaChance
violent, mentally and physically healthier than others also keeping them from using or dealing drugs in order to maintain parental relationship and protect their children. Through observation of mother-child interactions both inside and outside, Rahimipour Anaraki reveals that the repressive power exercised in prison also affects children of incarcerated mothers. Regulations and disciplines to structure inmate’s life in prison were applied to children as well, including the bedtimes, mealtimes, television rules and rules about what could be done in one’s cell. Children had no play area, they had to stay on the unit with their mothers. Interviews with women in prison are moving, especially mothers who are on death row and had to give up their children either to their families or to caregivers. The book reveals that patterns in the control of prisoners both before and after the revolution have persistently relied on the body. Policies such as methadone maintenance treatment and the presence of children keep the bodies and spirits of the prisoners controllable and dependable. But usually there are no rehabilitation programs or supporting educational programs, or they are too poorly equipped and unsuitable to heal the delinquent past of the prisoners or remedy the problems of poverty. Although these prisoners (contrary to political prisoners) are not tortured, the pain they suffer is no less significant. The author argues, and well demonstrates, that prison reflects society. Prisoners are differentiated according to their wealth, power, social capital, gender, sexuality and are not treated equally. For example, violent criminals, especially drug traffickers, are kings of prison with their palaces inside the prison. They are respected by other prisoners and even recruit their novice young men as petty servants. Homosexuality is stigmatized in prison like in society, but the stigma of female homosexuality is even more acute. Prison in Iran. A Known Unknown is a welcome and rare attempt to study ‘ordinary’ prisons and prisoners in Iran. Through her investigations, observations and interviews Rahimipour Anaraki has successfully depicted the sufferings of prisoners, especially women’s and children’s, as a reflection of a society in which social inequalities are paramount and where prison’s raison d’être is not to educate but to punish, not to integrate but to exclude.
暴力、心理和身体都比其他人健康,这也使他们避免使用或经营毒品,以维持父母关系并保护他们的孩子。通过观察母子内外的互动,Rahimipour Anaraki揭示了在监狱中行使的镇压权力也影响到被监禁母亲的孩子。构建囚犯监狱生活的法规和纪律也适用于儿童,包括就寝时间、用餐时间、电视规则和关于在牢房里可以做什么的规则。孩子们没有游戏区,他们不得不和母亲呆在单元里。对狱中妇女的采访正在发生变化,尤其是那些被判死刑、不得不将孩子交给家人或照顾者的母亲。这本书揭示了革命前后对囚犯的控制模式一直依赖于身体。美沙酮维持治疗和儿童在场等政策使囚犯的身体和精神保持可控和可靠。但通常没有康复计划或支持性教育计划,或者这些计划设备太差,不适合治愈囚犯的犯罪过去或解决贫困问题。尽管这些囚犯(与政治犯相反)没有受到酷刑,但他们所遭受的痛苦也同样严重。作者认为,监狱反映了社会,并很好地证明了这一点。囚犯根据他们的财富、权力、社会资本、性别和性取向而有区别,并且没有得到平等对待。例如,暴力罪犯,尤其是毒贩,是监狱之王,他们的宫殿就在监狱里。他们受到其他囚犯的尊重,甚至招募他们的新手年轻人做小仆人。同性恋在监狱里被污名化,就像在社会上一样,但对女性同性恋的污名化更为严重。伊朗监狱。“已知的未知”是研究伊朗“普通”监狱和囚犯的一项受欢迎且罕见的尝试。Rahimipour Anaraki通过调查、观察和采访,成功地描述了囚犯的痛苦,尤其是妇女和儿童的痛苦,反映了一个社会不平等至上的社会,监狱的存在理由不是教育而是惩罚,不是融合而是排斥。
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引用次数: 0
Rights protection in prisons: Understanding recommendations-making by prison inspection and monitoring bodies in the European Union 监狱中的权利保护:了解欧洲联盟监狱检查和监测机构提出的建议
IF 2.4 1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-12 DOI: 10.1177/14624745211020818
E. Aizpurua, M. Rogan
Despite the increasing focus on prison inspection and monitoring bodies in international law and policy, little is known about their operations in practice. This study contributes to fill this gap by examining how countries of the European Union (EU) have responded to these demands, paying special attention to one of the central tasks of these bodies: the making of recommendations. To do so, we used data from the first EU-wide survey of prison oversight bodies, with responses from all Member States. Our findings reveal that recommendations-making is a key part of the work of these bodies. They also provide evidences that the approach to dialogue between these bodies and prison authorities advocated in the legislation is taking place on the ground.
尽管国际法和政策越来越重视监狱检查和监督机构,但人们对其实际运作知之甚少。这项研究通过审查欧洲联盟(欧盟)国家如何回应这些要求,特别关注这些机构的核心任务之一:提出建议,有助于填补这一空白。为此,我们使用了第一次欧盟范围内监狱监督机构调查的数据,并得到了所有成员国的回应。我们的调查结果表明,提出建议是这些机构工作的关键部分。它们还提供了证据,证明这些机构与监狱当局在立法中倡导的对话方式正在实地进行。
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引用次数: 2
Panopticon, Inc.: Jeremy Bentham, contract management, and (neo)liberal penality Panopticon,股份有限公司:Jeremy Bentham,合同管理和(新)自由主义惩罚
IF 2.4 1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-09 DOI: 10.1177/14624745211023457
Spencer J Weinreich
This essay revisits Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon, perhaps the foundational figure of the study of the prison, to recover a dimension of the project wholly omitted in Michel Foucault’s canonical reading in Discipline and Punish. Nowhere does Foucault mention Bentham’s insistence that the prison be run by a private contractor. With Bentham's penal theory characteristically derived from his account of human psychology, the contract and private profit are essential to the functioning of the Panopticon, because they align the jailer's duty with their self-interest. Bentham built profit and market imperatives into the fabric of the Panopticon, always envisioned as a place of economic production. The contract-Panopticon and its political economy are vital antecedents to the neoliberal penality theorized by Loïc Wacquant and Bernard E. Harcourt, even as they problematize the statism inherited from Foucault and the chronological implications of the prefix “neo.” Bentham was only the theorist of a marketization of governance pervasive in his own time and ever since, raising the question of whether punishment has ever been a purely state function.
本文重访了杰里米·边沁的圆形监狱,也许是监狱研究的基础人物,以恢复米歇尔·福柯的经典阅读《纪律与惩罚》中完全遗漏的项目的一个维度。福柯没有提到边沁坚持监狱由私人承包商经营。边沁的刑罚理论主要来源于他对人类心理学的描述,契约和私人利润对圆形监狱的运作至关重要,因为它们将狱卒的责任与他们的自身利益联系在一起。边沁将利润和市场法则融入到圆形监狱的结构中,圆形监狱一直被设想为经济生产的场所。契约式的圆形监狱及其政治经济学是Loïc Wacquant和Bernard E. Harcourt提出的新自由主义刑罚理论的重要先驱,即使他们对继承自福柯的国家主义和前缀“neo”的年代含义提出了质疑。边沁只是在他的时代和以后普遍存在的治理市场化的理论家,提出了惩罚是否曾经是纯粹的国家功能的问题。
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引用次数: 4
The resettlement net: ‘revolving door’ imprisonment and carceral (re)circulation 安置网:“旋转门”监禁和监禁(再)流通
IF 2.4 1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-06 DOI: 10.1177/14624745211035837
M. Cracknell
The Offender Rehabilitation Act (ORA) 2014 has extended post-release supervision to all individuals serving short sentences in England and Wales – a cohort who previously faced neglect within the criminal justice system. This empirical study uses a case study approach to explore the resettlement experiences of individuals subject to this new legislation, understanding how individuals circulate and re-cycle between a range of services and agencies in the community, further illuminating upon the reality of repeat ‘revolving door’ imprisonment. Drawing upon Cohen's ‘net widening’ analogy, this article posits that collectively the array of services involved in an individual's resettlement form a ‘resettlement net’, which segregates individuals in the community through control and surveillance functions, extending the carceral boundary of the prison firmly into the community. Welfare-orientated organisations become compelled to ‘braid’ welfare responses alongside penal functions in order to operate within the resettlement net. This article also explores some of the difficulties that individuals experience as they navigate the resettlement net, including informal forms of exclusion, and the wear and tear of the net, which undermines the rhetoric of care envisioned by this legislation, and drives individuals deeper into the mesh of carceral control.
2014年《罪犯改造法》(ORA)将释放后监督扩大到英格兰和威尔士所有短期服刑的人,这一群体以前在刑事司法系统中面临忽视。这项实证研究采用案例研究的方法来探索受这项新立法约束的个人的重新安置经历,了解个人如何在社区的一系列服务和机构之间循环和再循环,进一步阐明了重复“旋转门”监禁的现实。根据科恩的“扩大网络”类比,本文认为,个人重新安置所涉及的一系列服务共同形成了一个“重新安置网络”,通过控制和监视功能将社区中的个人隔离开来,将监狱的尸体边界牢牢地延伸到社区中。以福利为导向的组织被迫将福利反应与刑罚职能“编织”在一起,以便在重新安置网内运作。这篇文章还探讨了个人在重新安置网络中所经历的一些困难,包括非正式形式的排斥,以及网络的磨损,这破坏了这项立法所设想的关爱言论,并将个人推向了更深入的尸体控制网。
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引用次数: 7
Comparing expert versus general public rationale for death penalty support and opposition: Is expert perspective on capital punishment consistent with “disciplined retention”? 比较专家和一般公众支持和反对死刑的理由:专家对死刑的看法与"有纪律的保留"是否一致?
IF 2.4 1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/14624745211029370
Timothy Griffin
The author compared American criminologists’ stated reasons for death penalty support or opposition with those of the general public as reported by Gallup pollsters. While experts were overwhelmingly more likely to oppose capital punishment, the rationale for opposition or support were largely comparable for both groups, albeit with some potentially informative differences. As is the case with the general public, the most common reasons for experts' opposition are moral beliefs, concerns about system errors, and the unfair application of the death penalty. Similarly, among the small minority of experts who expressed (often qualified) support for the death penalty, the favored rationale is simple retributive justice—exactly as is the case with the general public. The results show that, not only is opposition to the death penalty among experts not absolute, but the underlying rationale of expert dissenters is arguably a partial bridge to greater public-expert symbiosis on this highly contentious and divisive issue. The radical “newsmaking criminology” contribution of these findings and their ramifications is that the entirety of expert perspective is arguably as consistent with disciplined retention of the death penalty as it is with strict abolition. Future research could reveal even more expert sympathy for retributive thinking, and thus greater affinity with public views, than might be assumed.
提交人将美国犯罪学家所陈述的支持或反对死刑的理由与盖洛普民意测验专家所报告的普通公众的理由进行了比较。虽然绝大多数专家反对死刑的可能性更大,但两组人反对或支持死刑的理由在很大程度上是相似的,尽管存在一些潜在的信息差异。与普通公众一样,专家反对死刑的最常见原因是道德信仰、对制度错误的担忧以及死刑的不公平适用。同样,在表达(通常是有条件的)支持死刑的少数专家中,赞成的理由是简单的报复性正义——就像普通公众的情况一样。研究结果表明,专家对死刑的反对不仅不是绝对的,而且专家持不同意见的根本理由可以说是在这个极具争议和分歧的问题上实现更大的公众-专家共生的部分桥梁。这些调查结果及其影响的激进的"新闻犯罪学"贡献在于,专家的整个观点可以说与严格废除死刑一样符合严格保留死刑。未来的研究可能会揭示出专家对报复性思维的更多同情,从而与公众观点的更大亲和力,而不是假设。
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引用次数: 6
From rehabilitation to penal communication: The role of furlough and visitation within a retributivist framework 从康复到刑罚交流:报复主义框架下休假和探视的作用
IF 2.4 1区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/1462474520953676
William Bülow, Netanel Dagan
Retributivism is one of the most prevalent theories in contemporary penal theory. However, despite its popularity it is frequently argued that too little attention has been paid to the implications of retributivism for prison management and prison life, including prison visits and furlough. More so, it has been questioned both whether the various forms of retributivism found in the philosophical literature on criminal punishment have anything to say about what prison life ought to be like and whether they are able to criticize deeply contested rules and practices, such as those that deny inmates contact with family-members for the sake of prison discipline. In this paper, we argue that prison visits and furlough have a crucial role in a prison system based on retributivist principles. In particular, we argue that the communicative theory of punishment has important theoretical resources for proving a strong and compelling rationale for both furlough and visitation on retributivist grounds. Besides exploring this rationale, we also discuss the practical implications of this view for the penal policy.
报应主义是当代刑法理论中最流行的理论之一。然而,尽管报应主义很受欢迎,但人们经常认为,人们很少注意到报应主义对监狱管理和监狱生活的影响,包括监狱探访和休假。更重要的是,人们质疑,在关于刑事惩罚的哲学文献中发现的各种形式的报复主义是否对监狱生活应该是什么样子有任何看法,以及它们是否能够批评那些备受争议的规则和做法,例如那些为了监狱纪律而拒绝囚犯与家人接触的规则和做法。在本文中,我们认为监狱探访和休假在基于报应主义原则的监狱系统中具有至关重要的作用。特别是,我们认为惩罚的交往理论具有重要的理论资源,可以在报应主义的基础上为休假和探视提供强有力的、令人信服的理由。除了探讨这一理论基础外,我们还讨论了这一观点对刑罚政策的实际意义。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Punishment & Society-International Journal of Penology
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