Pub Date : 2021-10-07DOI: 10.1177/14624745211052780
M. Craig
{"title":"Boyles A., You Can't Stop the Revolution: Community Disorder and Social Ties","authors":"M. Craig","doi":"10.1177/14624745211052780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211052780","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47626,"journal":{"name":"Punishment & Society-International Journal of Penology","volume":"25 1","pages":"566 - 567"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43150963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-04DOI: 10.1177/14624745211034920
Alexander F. Roehrkasse
In the late 18th century, lenders’ right to imprison borrowers for defaulting on debts was taken for granted. By the mid-19th century, this power was widely and permanently revoked. Using a variety of archival evidence, this study explains the historical demise of the debtors’ prison in New York State, the first Western jurisdiction to permanently abolish imprisonment for debt. Tracing seven decades of contestation over moral aspects of credit exchange and incarceration, it shows that the development of capitalist markets, including their cultural and technological consequences, was necessary but not sufficient to render the debtor's prison obsolete. Rather, the development of a liberal polity and a penal state institutionalized new moral views about the use of force in economic exchange, consolidating the legitimacy of bodily detention around the punishment of crimes rather than the coercion of private agreements. The analysis has implications for theories of states, markets, and violence, as well as for recent trends in penal debt, debt resistance, and prison abolition.
{"title":"Market development, state formation, and the historical abolition of the debtors’ prison","authors":"Alexander F. Roehrkasse","doi":"10.1177/14624745211034920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211034920","url":null,"abstract":"In the late 18th century, lenders’ right to imprison borrowers for defaulting on debts was taken for granted. By the mid-19th century, this power was widely and permanently revoked. Using a variety of archival evidence, this study explains the historical demise of the debtors’ prison in New York State, the first Western jurisdiction to permanently abolish imprisonment for debt. Tracing seven decades of contestation over moral aspects of credit exchange and incarceration, it shows that the development of capitalist markets, including their cultural and technological consequences, was necessary but not sufficient to render the debtor's prison obsolete. Rather, the development of a liberal polity and a penal state institutionalized new moral views about the use of force in economic exchange, consolidating the legitimacy of bodily detention around the punishment of crimes rather than the coercion of private agreements. The analysis has implications for theories of states, markets, and violence, as well as for recent trends in penal debt, debt resistance, and prison abolition.","PeriodicalId":47626,"journal":{"name":"Punishment & Society-International Journal of Penology","volume":"25 1","pages":"202 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43040700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.1177/14624745211035945
{"title":"Corrigendum to The politics of prison air: breath, smell, and wind in Myanmar prisons","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/14624745211035945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211035945","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47626,"journal":{"name":"Punishment & Society-International Journal of Penology","volume":"23 1","pages":"605 - 605"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14624745211035945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45461524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-28DOI: 10.1177/14624745211047534
A. Eriksson
This article explores how prison staff in Australia view their work and how their work is viewed by others, by applying a theoretical framework of ‘dirty work’. ‘Dirty work’ is a social construction that refers to tasks that are ‘physically, socially or morally tainted’ ( Ashforth and Kreiner, 1999; Hughes, 1958) and this article will apply this concept to prison staff in Australia for the first time. The discussion is based on qualitative research in seven different Australian prisons, ranging from high to low security. The article illustrates how staff responds to working in a ‘dirty’ profession by reframing, refocusing, and recalibrating their daily work tasks; how the staff uniform can be utilised as a status shield and protector from taint; and how the stigma of ‘dirtiness’ tends to foster strong occupational and workgroup cultures which in turn makes cultural change of a profession difficult. The consequences of the dirty work stigma for staff and prisoners are discussed, with a focus on informal interactions, case work and dynamic security.
{"title":"The Taint of The Other: Prison Work as ‘Dirty Work’ In Australia","authors":"A. Eriksson","doi":"10.1177/14624745211047534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211047534","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores how prison staff in Australia view their work and how their work is viewed by others, by applying a theoretical framework of ‘dirty work’. ‘Dirty work’ is a social construction that refers to tasks that are ‘physically, socially or morally tainted’ ( Ashforth and Kreiner, 1999; Hughes, 1958) and this article will apply this concept to prison staff in Australia for the first time. The discussion is based on qualitative research in seven different Australian prisons, ranging from high to low security. The article illustrates how staff responds to working in a ‘dirty’ profession by reframing, refocusing, and recalibrating their daily work tasks; how the staff uniform can be utilised as a status shield and protector from taint; and how the stigma of ‘dirtiness’ tends to foster strong occupational and workgroup cultures which in turn makes cultural change of a profession difficult. The consequences of the dirty work stigma for staff and prisoners are discussed, with a focus on informal interactions, case work and dynamic security.","PeriodicalId":47626,"journal":{"name":"Punishment & Society-International Journal of Penology","volume":"25 1","pages":"324 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46357521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-27DOI: 10.1177/14624745211040652
Lynsey Black, L. Seal, Florence V. Seemungal, Bharat Malkani, R. Ball
This special issue of Punishment & Society examines the global legacy of empire and colonialism through its effects on the penal regimes and practices of former colonies. The seven articles herein explore the historical patterns of colonial penal journeys as well as their contemporary manifestations. The contributions capture the necessary interdisciplinary scope of such investigations, bringing together diverse perspectives from which to interrogate punishment and the legacies of empire. The production of ‘knowledge’ in the Global North has been critiqued as the production of a largely Anglophone and Eurocentric knowledge, one presumed to have a universal application (Connell, 2007). This special issue seeks to ‘decentre’ the Global North through the inclusion of the historical and contemporary legacies of the expression of penality in different postcolonial settings. Colonisation bequeaths
{"title":"Introduction: Legacies of Empire","authors":"Lynsey Black, L. Seal, Florence V. Seemungal, Bharat Malkani, R. Ball","doi":"10.1177/14624745211040652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211040652","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue of Punishment & Society examines the global legacy of empire and colonialism through its effects on the penal regimes and practices of former colonies. The seven articles herein explore the historical patterns of colonial penal journeys as well as their contemporary manifestations. The contributions capture the necessary interdisciplinary scope of such investigations, bringing together diverse perspectives from which to interrogate punishment and the legacies of empire. The production of ‘knowledge’ in the Global North has been critiqued as the production of a largely Anglophone and Eurocentric knowledge, one presumed to have a universal application (Connell, 2007). This special issue seeks to ‘decentre’ the Global North through the inclusion of the historical and contemporary legacies of the expression of penality in different postcolonial settings. Colonisation bequeaths","PeriodicalId":47626,"journal":{"name":"Punishment & Society-International Journal of Penology","volume":"23 1","pages":"609 - 612"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46487804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-27DOI: 10.1177/14624745211042199
M. E. Stitt
A 1982 article in The Atlantic famously theorized that visible signs of disorder lead to higher rates of violent crime (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). In the decades since, police forces around the world have adopted a “broken windows” approach to social control, increasing enforcement against minor offenses like panhandling or public intoxication (Kohler-Hausmann, 2018). Increased enforcement has targeted poor and Black residents disproportionately, heightening both betweenand within-neighborhood racial inequalities in police encounters (Fagan and Davies, 2000; Kohler-Hausmann, 2018; New York Civil Liberties Union, 2018). But even as the broken windows approach has come to be recognized as a key driver of inequality in the penal system, it has been embraced by school reformers whose aim is to reduce inequality (Lemov, 2010). In an effort to improve outcomes for marginalized students, the founders of the “no excuses” model of education “adopted political scientist James Q. Wilson’s ‘broken windows’ theory and applied it to schools” (Thernstrom and Thernstrom, 2003: 67). Promoted by influential funders and training institutes, the no-excuses model plays a central role among education reform efforts in the United States (Golann and Torres, 2018). Despite the widespread adoption of the no-excuses approach, little is known about its implications for punishment and inequality in schools. Like arrests in the policing context, exclusionary punishments such as suspensions and expulsions have been shown to have long-lasting negative consequences for individuals subjected to them (Morris and Perry, 2016; Ramey, 2016; Bruch and Soss, 2018). The frequency and distribution of those formal sanctions across demographic groups can thus have important implications for social inequality. This study draws on an original dataset of 7726 U.S.
1982年《大西洋月刊》上的一篇文章提出了一个著名的理论，即明显的混乱迹象会导致更高的暴力犯罪率(Wilson and Kelling, 1982)。自那以后的几十年里，世界各地的警察部队采取了“破窗”的方法来控制社会，加大了对乞讨或公共场合醉酒等轻微犯罪的执法力度(Kohler-Hausmann, 2018)。执法力度的增加不成比例地针对穷人和黑人居民，加剧了警察遇到的社区之间和社区内部的种族不平等(Fagan和Davies, 2000;Kohler-Hausmann, 2018;纽约公民自由联盟，2018)。但是，即使破窗法已经被认为是刑事制度中不平等的关键驱动因素，它也被旨在减少不平等的学校改革者所接受(Lemov, 2010)。为了改善边缘化学生的成果，“无借口”教育模式的创始人“采用了政治学家詹姆斯·q·威尔逊(James Q. Wilson)的‘破窗’理论，并将其应用于学校”(Thernstrom and Thernstrom, 2003: 67)。在有影响力的资助者和培训机构的推动下，无借口模式在美国的教育改革努力中发挥着核心作用(Golann和Torres, 2018)。尽管“不找借口”的方法被广泛采用，但人们对它对学校惩罚和不平等的影响知之甚少。与警务环境中的逮捕一样，排他性惩罚，如停职和驱逐，已被证明对受到处罚的个人具有长期的负面影响(Morris和Perry, 2016;Ramey, 2016;Bruch和Soss, 2018)。因此，这些正式制裁在人口群体之间的频率和分布可能对社会不平等产生重要影响。这项研究利用了7726个美国的原始数据集
{"title":"“Broken windows” discipline and racial disparities in school punishment","authors":"M. E. Stitt","doi":"10.1177/14624745211042199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211042199","url":null,"abstract":"A 1982 article in The Atlantic famously theorized that visible signs of disorder lead to higher rates of violent crime (Wilson and Kelling, 1982). In the decades since, police forces around the world have adopted a “broken windows” approach to social control, increasing enforcement against minor offenses like panhandling or public intoxication (Kohler-Hausmann, 2018). Increased enforcement has targeted poor and Black residents disproportionately, heightening both betweenand within-neighborhood racial inequalities in police encounters (Fagan and Davies, 2000; Kohler-Hausmann, 2018; New York Civil Liberties Union, 2018). But even as the broken windows approach has come to be recognized as a key driver of inequality in the penal system, it has been embraced by school reformers whose aim is to reduce inequality (Lemov, 2010). In an effort to improve outcomes for marginalized students, the founders of the “no excuses” model of education “adopted political scientist James Q. Wilson’s ‘broken windows’ theory and applied it to schools” (Thernstrom and Thernstrom, 2003: 67). Promoted by influential funders and training institutes, the no-excuses model plays a central role among education reform efforts in the United States (Golann and Torres, 2018). Despite the widespread adoption of the no-excuses approach, little is known about its implications for punishment and inequality in schools. Like arrests in the policing context, exclusionary punishments such as suspensions and expulsions have been shown to have long-lasting negative consequences for individuals subjected to them (Morris and Perry, 2016; Ramey, 2016; Bruch and Soss, 2018). The frequency and distribution of those formal sanctions across demographic groups can thus have important implications for social inequality. This study draws on an original dataset of 7726 U.S.","PeriodicalId":47626,"journal":{"name":"Punishment & Society-International Journal of Penology","volume":"17 4-5","pages":"241 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41292976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.1177/14624745211041849
S. Darke, O. Khan
The Portuguese empire brought inescapable violence to the indigenous communities of Brazil and to those it enslaved. Throughout the centuries of colonial subjugation, driven by the Iberian monarchical traditions of hierarchy, militarism and moral crusade, ‘just war’ narratives were employed to legitimate the use of violent legal and extra-legal measures against enslaved peoples and others deemed unruly or rebellious and a threat to colonial order. Two centuries after independence, Brazil remains at war with its ‘internal enemies’. Its justice practices continue to be characterised by colonial rationalisations. This paper illustrates the contemporary coloniality inherent in the carceral system from the moment of detention pre-trial through sentencing and imprisonment.
{"title":"Coloniality, just war & carceral injustice in Brazil","authors":"S. Darke, O. Khan","doi":"10.1177/14624745211041849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211041849","url":null,"abstract":"The Portuguese empire brought inescapable violence to the indigenous communities of Brazil and to those it enslaved. Throughout the centuries of colonial subjugation, driven by the Iberian monarchical traditions of hierarchy, militarism and moral crusade, ‘just war’ narratives were employed to legitimate the use of violent legal and extra-legal measures against enslaved peoples and others deemed unruly or rebellious and a threat to colonial order. Two centuries after independence, Brazil remains at war with its ‘internal enemies’. Its justice practices continue to be characterised by colonial rationalisations. This paper illustrates the contemporary coloniality inherent in the carceral system from the moment of detention pre-trial through sentencing and imprisonment.","PeriodicalId":47626,"journal":{"name":"Punishment & Society-International Journal of Penology","volume":"23 1","pages":"723 - 740"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48826895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1177/14624745211040311
Smadar Ben-Natan
This article explores the duality of emergency powers and criminal law in old and new formations of empire. Set against the backdrop of the US “war on terror,” I link discussions around current articulations of empire and the treatment of “enemy combatants,” illuminating new connections between empire, emergency, and “enemy penology.” Focusing on Palestine/Israel, I explore the duality created by emergency powers and criminal law from the late British Empire to contemporary Israel/Palestine as an “imperial formation.” Through a genealogy of emergency legislation, military courts, and two case studies from the 1980s Israel, I show how emergency powers constitute a penal regime that complements ordinary criminal law through prosecutions of racialized enemy populations under a distinct exclusionary and punitive legality. Building on Markus Dubber's Dual Penal State, I demonstrate how the—openly illiberal—dual penal empire (i) suppresses political resistance (insurgency, rebellion, and terrorism) and (ii) institutionalizes enemy penology through emergency statutes and military courts. Thus, in imperial formations, such as Israel and the US—which deny their illiberal features—emergency powers are framed as preventive security and denied as part of the penal system, while enemy penology operates in plain sight.
{"title":"The dual penal empire: Emergency powers and military courts in Palestine/Israel and beyond","authors":"Smadar Ben-Natan","doi":"10.1177/14624745211040311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211040311","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the duality of emergency powers and criminal law in old and new formations of empire. Set against the backdrop of the US “war on terror,” I link discussions around current articulations of empire and the treatment of “enemy combatants,” illuminating new connections between empire, emergency, and “enemy penology.” Focusing on Palestine/Israel, I explore the duality created by emergency powers and criminal law from the late British Empire to contemporary Israel/Palestine as an “imperial formation.” Through a genealogy of emergency legislation, military courts, and two case studies from the 1980s Israel, I show how emergency powers constitute a penal regime that complements ordinary criminal law through prosecutions of racialized enemy populations under a distinct exclusionary and punitive legality. Building on Markus Dubber's Dual Penal State, I demonstrate how the—openly illiberal—dual penal empire (i) suppresses political resistance (insurgency, rebellion, and terrorism) and (ii) institutionalizes enemy penology through emergency statutes and military courts. Thus, in imperial formations, such as Israel and the US—which deny their illiberal features—emergency powers are framed as preventive security and denied as part of the penal system, while enemy penology operates in plain sight.","PeriodicalId":47626,"journal":{"name":"Punishment & Society-International Journal of Penology","volume":"23 1","pages":"741 - 763"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44945437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-07DOI: 10.1177/14624745211040308
Michael Adorjan, Paul Vinod Khiatani, W. Chui
China’s new National Security Law, enacted in Hong Kong on 30 June 2020, has amplified widespread concerns among the city’s population regarding the implications of this law. These concerns have at root anxieties related to Hong Kong’s resinicisation, referring to anxieties over Hong Kong's political and economic dependence on mainland China, including loyalty and patriotism towards the motherland. This paper explores these developments in relation to the ongoing legacy of localism, argued to be instilled as a colonial project to help secure the populations’ identification with Hong Kong. Seen as ‘criminals’ from the perspective of mainland Chinese authorities, many of those involved in today's protests (many of whom include young people) see themselves as engaging in legitimate forms of civil disobedience. First explicating the context of Hong Kong's colonial history in order to help make sense of present-day turmoil, we turn to recent trends in arrests related to the protests, as well as evidence of rapidly declining trust in the Hong Kong Police Force, seen by some as increasingly beholden to the interests of mainland China. Implications for these trends going forward are considered, with a discussion of the need for greater attention to colonial histories and post-colonial ramifications.
{"title":"The rise and ongoing legacy of localism as collective identity in Hong Kong: Resinicisation anxieties and punishment of political dissent in the post-colonial era","authors":"Michael Adorjan, Paul Vinod Khiatani, W. Chui","doi":"10.1177/14624745211040308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211040308","url":null,"abstract":"China’s new National Security Law, enacted in Hong Kong on 30 June 2020, has amplified widespread concerns among the city’s population regarding the implications of this law. These concerns have at root anxieties related to Hong Kong’s resinicisation, referring to anxieties over Hong Kong's political and economic dependence on mainland China, including loyalty and patriotism towards the motherland. This paper explores these developments in relation to the ongoing legacy of localism, argued to be instilled as a colonial project to help secure the populations’ identification with Hong Kong. Seen as ‘criminals’ from the perspective of mainland Chinese authorities, many of those involved in today's protests (many of whom include young people) see themselves as engaging in legitimate forms of civil disobedience. First explicating the context of Hong Kong's colonial history in order to help make sense of present-day turmoil, we turn to recent trends in arrests related to the protests, as well as evidence of rapidly declining trust in the Hong Kong Police Force, seen by some as increasingly beholden to the interests of mainland China. Implications for these trends going forward are considered, with a discussion of the need for greater attention to colonial histories and post-colonial ramifications.","PeriodicalId":47626,"journal":{"name":"Punishment & Society-International Journal of Penology","volume":"23 1","pages":"650 - 674"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44408601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-06DOI: 10.1177/14624745211041233
T. Daems
{"title":"Book Review: A Criminology of Moral Order by Hans Boutellier","authors":"T. Daems","doi":"10.1177/14624745211041233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745211041233","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47626,"journal":{"name":"Punishment & Society-International Journal of Penology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49624112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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