Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2023.2251972
Lisa Hanzl, Miriam Rehm
ABSTRACTThis article explores the gendered impact of school closures on paid work hours during the COVID-19 pandemic in Austria. Using data from the Austrian Corona Panel Project (ACPP) covering generalized school closures from March 2020 to April 2021, the study examines adjustments in work hours by gender and parental status. The descriptive data show general reductions in work time, especially in the first months. From July 2020 onward, however, mothers reduced work hours more than fathers when schools were closed – and they increased time spent on childcare, while fathers reduced theirs. Using OLS and fixed effects models, the study confirms that mothers reduced their work hours during school closures more than any other group. In contrast, fathers reduced their work hours the least – even less than individuals without children. Finally, there is some evidence that school closures capture policy stringency in high-incidence phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.HIGHLIGHTS In Austria, mothers reduced paid work time more than fathers in response to pandemic school closures.In contrast, fathers reduced their work time even less than individuals without children.School closures thus triggered a gendered labor market response among parents.The additional unpaid care work burden on women is a potential mechanism for these effects.COVID-19 policy responses may have exacerbated existing gender differences in the labor market.KEYWORDS: Work timelabor supplygender inequalityCOVID-19school closuresJEL Codes: C23J16J22 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Vera Huwe, Jakob Kapeller, Ulli Lich, Alexander Obermueller, Alyssa Schneebaum and Yana van der Meulen-Rodgers for valuable insights and feedback.Notes1 More than 47 percent of employed women in Austria work part time (Statistik Austria Citation2020).2 Throughout the pandemic, Austria did not issue a work-from-home directive.3 School closures were enacted nationwide throughout 2020 and up to April 2021. Kindergartens are the responsibility of the federal states and therefore their closings were not unified since the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis.4 So far, there is limited data on gender differences.5 See Arbeitsvertragsrechts-Anpassungsgesetz § 18b (https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10008872&Paragraf=18b).6 Unfortunately, households cannot be linked and only limited information on partners is available, especially with regard to labor market outcomes.7 At 14, children are considered of age in several respects in Austria, including sexual consent, criminal responsibility, and self-determination in medical, religious, and educational matters.8 We do not control for pre-pandemic work hours in our estimates, although we show the descriptive evidence in Table 1. This is because the question was asked retrospectively when individuals first entered the survey, which implies that the data are likely less reliable over successive waves and that person-level weights are not comparable
摘要本文探讨了奥地利新冠肺炎大流行期间学校关闭对带薪工作时间的性别影响。该研究使用了奥地利冠状病毒小组项目(ACPP)的数据，涵盖了2020年3月至2021年4月期间学校普遍关闭的情况，研究了性别和父母身份对工作时间的调整。描述性数据显示工作时间普遍减少，特别是在头几个月。然而，从2020年7月起，当学校关闭时，母亲减少的工作时间比父亲多，而且她们花在照顾孩子上的时间增加了，而父亲则减少了。使用OLS和固定效应模型，该研究证实，母亲在学校关闭期间减少的工作时间比任何其他群体都要多。相比之下，父亲减少工作时间最少——甚至比没有孩子的人还要少。最后，有一些证据表明，在COVID-19大流行的高发阶段，学校关闭反映了政策的严格程度。在奥地利，为应对大流行学校关闭，母亲减少的带薪工作时间比父亲多。相比之下，父亲减少的工作时间甚至比没有孩子的人还要少。因此，学校关闭引发了家长对劳动力市场的性别反应。妇女额外的无偿护理工作负担是造成这些影响的潜在机制。应对COVID-19的政策可能加剧了劳动力市场中现有的性别差异。关键词:工作时间、劳动力供应、性别不平等、covid -19学校停课jel代码:C23J16J22致谢我们感谢Vera Huwe、Jakob Kapeller、Ulli Lich、Alexander Obermueller、Alyssa Schneebaum和Yana van der Meulen-Rodgers提供的宝贵见解和反馈。注1奥地利超过47%的就业妇女从事兼职工作(statistics Austria Citation2020)在整个大流行期间，奥地利没有发布在家工作的指令在2020年至2021年4月期间，全国范围内实施了学校关闭。幼儿园是联邦各州的责任，因此自COVID-19危机开始以来，幼儿园的关闭并没有统一到目前为止，关于性别差异的数据有限7 .见Arbeitsvertragsrechts-Anpassungsgesetz§18b (https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10008872&Paragraf=18b).6)不幸的是，家庭无法联系起来，关于合作伙伴的信息有限，特别是关于劳动力市场结果的信息8 .在奥地利，14岁的儿童在若干方面被视为成年，包括性同意、刑事责任以及在医疗、宗教和教育问题上的自决尽管我们在表1中显示了描述性证据，但在我们的估计中没有控制大流行前的工作时间。这是因为当个人第一次进入调查时，这个问题是回顾性的，这意味着数据在连续的波浪中可能不太可靠，而且个人水平的体重在波浪之间不可比较关于按性别和父母身份划分的月平均工作时间水平，见附录中的图A1。在奥地利，学校的暑假在7月和8月(因县而异)，寒假在12月和2月，春假在3月或4月，这些都被编码为开放，因为这些假期对父母来说是可以预测的由于我们没有可靠的大流行前工作时间信息，而且奥地利各地区的学校关闭情况也没有差异，因此我们无法估计DiD模型包含所有控制变量的完整结果见附录表A1我们通过在以下部分的稳健性检查中区分14岁以上儿童的学校关闭来调查这个问题在学校只对高年级学生关闭的时期，每个群体减少工作时间的原因可能是这些阶段的遏制措施放松了。作者简介:lisa Hanzl是柏林自由大学经济系的博士候选人。她在维也纳经济大学获得硕士学位，并在杜伊斯堡-埃森大学社会经济研究所的研究生院“不平等的政治经济学”中学习。Miriam Rehm，博士，杜伊斯堡-埃森大学社会经济学教授，专注于实证不平等研究。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2023.2251505
Bram De Rock, Guillaume Perilleux
AbstractThis article looks at the time allocation of individuals with a focus on paid and unpaid work, its division within households, and its link with life satisfaction. The study uses the cross-sectional MEqIN database for Belgium in 2016 and corrects for heterogeneity by using measures of the personality traits. The division of time appears to be quite gendered. Women are found to be more satisfied when working part time. This could be because a majority of working women still undertake most of the unpaid work so that they end up operating a double shift. Looking at the link of time allocation of both partners on the individuals’ life satisfaction, men’s behavior appears to be in accordance with a conservative gender attitude, and even a breadwinner version, while women’s behavior is closer to an egalitarian gender attitude. The study further observes that those behaviors are softened by the presence of children.HIGHLIGHTS In Belgium, women spend more time on unpaid work, even conditional on being employed.Without considering interdependencies, women are more satisfied when working part time.Accounting for interdependencies, women favor an equal sharing of paid and unpaid work.Men appear to be more satisfied when they undertake more paid work than their partner.Policy implications should involve changing men’s behavior and traditional gender norms.KEYWORDS: Time useunpaid workhousehold division of laborlife satisfactiongender analysisparenthoodJEL Codes: I31J22J16 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis article makes use of the MEqIn dataset, collected by a team of researchers from Université catholique de Louvain, KU Leuven, Université libre de Bruxelles, and University of Antwerp.SUPPLEMENTAL DATASupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2251505https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2251505.Notes1 Paid and unpaid work have been called differently before. For instance, sociologists often refer to care work when considering childcare activities and other types of care activities (England Citation2005). Within the feminist movement, this has been called as well productive and reproductive work (Vogel Citation2013). Note that the reproductive labor has been central in the International Wages for Housework Campaign in the 70s (Cox and Federici Citation1976). It was decided to keep using the naming unpaid work throughout this study as care work also comprises individuals who are getting paid for caring, such as nurses.2 Note that in Becker (Citation1993), Becker accommodates the fact that his predictions are at odds with the observation that both paid and unpaid work division are still very gendered by simply saying that women have a biologically-based comparative advantage over men in the household sector. Indeed, in his view, “the sharp sexual division of labor in all societies between the market and household sectors […] is also partly due to intrinsic differences between the sexes.”3 Note that productivity
摘要本文着眼于个人的时间分配，重点关注有偿和无偿工作，家庭内部的划分，以及它与生活满意度的联系。该研究使用了2016年比利时的横断面MEqIN数据库，并通过使用人格特征测量来纠正异质性。时间的划分似乎是有性别的。研究发现，做兼职工作的女性更满意。这可能是因为大多数职业妇女仍然承担着大部分无偿工作，因此她们最终实行了两班倒。从夫妻双方的时间分配与个人生活满意度的关系来看，男性的行为似乎符合保守的性别态度，甚至是养家糊口的版本，而女性的行为更接近于平等主义的性别态度。该研究进一步观察到，孩子的存在软化了这些行为。在比利时，女性花更多的时间在无薪工作上，即使是有条件的工作。在不考虑相互依赖的情况下，女性在兼职工作时更满意。考虑到相互依赖，妇女倾向于平等分担有偿和无偿工作。男性似乎比他们的伴侣承担更多报酬的工作时更满意。政策影响应包括改变男子的行为和传统的性别规范。关键词:时间使用无薪工作家庭劳动分工生活满意度性别分析父母身份论文代码:I31J22J16致谢本文使用了MEqIn数据集，由来自鲁汶天主教大学、鲁汶大学、布鲁塞尔自由大学和安特卫普大学的研究小组收集。补充数据本文的补充数据可以在https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2251505https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2251505.Notes1上在线访问有偿工作和无偿工作以前被称为不同。例如，社会学家在考虑儿童保育活动和其他类型的护理活动时经常提到护理工作(England Citation2005)。在女权主义运动中，这被称为生产性和生殖性工作(Vogel Citation2013)。请注意，在70年代的国际家务劳动工资运动中，生殖劳动一直是核心(Cox和Federici Citation1976)。我们决定在整个研究中继续使用“无薪工作”这个名称，因为护理工作也包括那些因护理而获得报酬的人，比如护士请注意，在贝克尔(Citation1993)中，贝克尔通过简单地说女性在家庭部门比男性具有基于生物学的比较优势，来适应这样一个事实，即他的预测与观察结果不一致，即有偿和无偿分工仍然非常性别化。事实上，在他看来，“在所有社会中，市场和家庭部门之间尖锐的性别分工[…]也部分归因于两性之间的内在差异。”3请注意，在经济学文献中，个人的生产率通常由他们的工资来代表。在这项研究中，由于我们对个人的工资没有很好的衡量标准，我们有时只会看他们的教育水平请注意，这在某种程度上是一种滥用语言，因为我们不知道这些人是否选择不从事有偿工作不幸的是，找工作所花费的时间在时间使用数据库中经常被遗漏。这个变量在像这样的研究中可能是至关重要的，因为没有它，失业的人被认为还有很多时间(被认为是对生活满意度的积极影响)，而实际上他们正在找工作(一项有压力的活动)。时间使用数据库中很少记录的另一项活动是志愿活动。这项活动可能会很有趣，也可以用于诸如此类的研究，因为它可以被视为一项高度自我奖励的无偿工作活动因此，我们将变量教育的Low和Middle值放在一起，如在线附录中的表A1所述。本研究得到了比利时科学政策办公室(BELSPO)[批准号BR/121/A5/MEQIN] (BRAIN MEQIN)的支持。我们进一步感谢国家科学研究基金会(FNRS)通过Aspirant赠款提供的财政支持。作者简介bram De Rock，布鲁塞尔自由大学欧洲经济与统计高级研究中心(ECARES)教授，鲁汶大学经济系教授。他还是伦敦大学学院的名誉高级研究员和伦敦财政研究所的国际研究员。他的研究兴趣是家庭经济学，主要关注家庭消费、劳动力供给以及时间和金钱的分配。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2023.2250811
Sarah F. Small
AbstractThis article studies the relationship between unpaid housework and business ownership in the United States. To examine this empirically, it uses Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data from 1985 to 2019 to document patterns in household production among business-owning households, with a special focus on Black and White opposite-sex couples in the United States. Descriptive evidence suggests that in married White couples, husbands face lower housework hours when owning a business compared to those who do not. However, this result does not hold for Black men. In fact, among Black couples, results suggest positive associations between wives’ business ownership and their housework hours. These results suggest the presence of patriarchal social norms allows White entrepreneurial men to extract rents: White men’s entrepreneurship may be propped up by their unique ability to recede from domestic responsibilities, a notion consistent with theories on patriarchal rent seeking.HIGHLIGHTSAmong US couples, less time spent on housework may provide advantages for entrepreneurs.White businesses-owning husbands are afforded reduced housework relative to peers.This phenomenon is unique among White men.Black businesses-owning wives do more housework than non-entrepreneuring peers.Industry selection does not explain away this trend among Black women.Race and gender hierarchies allow White men more resources in entrepreneurship.Small-business policymakers should work to alleviate inequities in unpaid work.KEYWORDS: Entrepreneurshipfeminist economicshousehold bargaininghouseworkpatriarchal rent seekingracial inequalityJEL Codes: L26B54D13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and Dr. Elissa Braunstein for their guidance on earlier versions of this work, as well as the audience members at the 2021 International Association for Feminist Economics Conference and the Western States Graduate Student Workshop where this paper was presented.Notes1 The term intersectionality refers to the critical insight that race, class, gender, and other social categories “operate not as unitary, mutually exclusive entities, but as reciprocally constructing phenomena that in turn shape complex social inequalities” (Hill Collins Citation2015: 2). Experts in intersectional theory suggest that researchers “must analyze each structural inequality separately, as well as simultaneously” (Bowleg Citation2008: 319).2 Business ownership can lead to tensions around fair allocations of labor in the home. Sharon Danes and Erin Morgan (Citation2004) find that business-owning husbands and wives report conflicts related to work-family life balance and unfair distributions of resources (that is, money, time, energy) between family and business systems.3 Social reproduction theorists examine the relationship between patriarchy and capitalism and offers a distinct perspective that considers housework as reproductive labor: part of what creates and sustains worker
因此，这项分析的时间跨度为1985年至2019年，不包括对外包给有偿劳动者的家务劳动的直接分析该模型的构建类似于Betsy Stevenson和Justin Wolfers (Citation2006)的事件研究模型附录3显示了当自变量为妻子拥有企业之前和期间(与丈夫相反，如图所示)时的这些数据。我没有在这里展示它们，因为它们不是统计上显著的结果虽然ATUS中的时间使用数据在特定类型的活动上花费的时间中有很大比例的零，但先前使用时间日记数据的研究发现OLS模型产生无偏估计，但来自tobit和两部分模型的估计通常是有偏差的(Stewart Citation2013)。Felix Muchomba和Neeraj Kaushal (Citation2022)解释说，这可能是因为时间使用数据中的零不是来自审查，而是来自较短的参考周期(例如，在ATUS的情况下，只有一天)。本文作者sarah F. Small是犹他大学的经济学助理教授。她的研究兴趣包括家庭内部讨价还价、护理市场、职业拥挤假说、女性主义经济思想史和女性主义方法论。她在科罗拉多州立大学获得博士学位，并在罗格斯大学妇女与工作中心获得博士后学位。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2023.2250797
Ishaan Bansal, Kanika Mahajan
ABSTRACTExisting evidence shows that the COVID-19 pandemic led to larger employment losses for working women in India. This article examines the heterogeneity that underlies these trends by studying the impact of income shocks due to the COVID-19 induced national lockdown (April–May 2020) on women’s employment. Using individual-level panel data and a difference-in-differences strategy that exploits the imposition of the lockdown and accounts for seasonal employment trends, the study finds that women in households facing a hundred percent reduction in men’s income during the lockdown were 1.57 pp (27 percent) more likely to take up work after restrictions eased (June–August 2020). These results are predominant in poorer and less educated households. However, these positive employment trends are largely transitory as the effect on women’s employment reduces to 13 percent in these households during September–December 2020. These findings underscore the use of women’s labor as insurance during low-income periods by poorer households.HIGHLIGHTSWomen’s labor acts as insurance during periods of men’s income loss.The increase in labor market participation is only observed for married women.Rural women participate in less-secure casual agricultural labor.Urban women access more secure fixed-wage work and self-employment.Increase in women’s labor force participation is mostly transitory.KEYWORDS: EmploymentCOVID-19income shocksgenderIndiaJEL Codes: J22J23J16 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank the anonymous reviewers for extensive comments and suggestions.SUPPLEMENTAL DATASupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2250797.Notes1 The national lockdown was imposed only during March 24, 2020–May 2020. Thereafter, only local lockdowns were imposed based on COVID-19 cases in a state or district.2 Marianne, Bertrand, Kaushik Krishnan, and Heather Schofield (Citation2021) and Marianne Bertrand et al. (Citation2020) discuss how some of the key indicators like employment, income, and consumption changed over time and across different categories of employment – self-employed, casual labor, fixed wage work – due to the lockdown in India.3 Empirical studies from developed countries show that women’s labor supply is pro-cyclical in aggregate (Joshi, Layard, and Owen [Citation1985] for the UK, Killingsworth and Heckman [Citation1986] for the US, and Darby, Hart, and Vecchi [Citation2001] for other OECD countries).4 See Sonia Bhalotra and Marcela Umana-Aponte (Citation2010) for evidence on a number of developing economies including India, Emmanuel Skoufias and Susan W. Parker (Citation2006) for Latin America, Elizabeth Frankenberg, James P. Smith, and Duncan Thomas (Citation2003) for Indonesia, Carola Pessino and Indermit S. Gill (Citation1997) for Argentina, and Joseph Y. Lim (Citation2000) for the Philippines.5 The broad strata are the homogeneous regions which are a collection of neighboring districts within a state that hav
现有证据表明，2019冠状病毒病大流行导致印度职业妇女就业损失更大。本文通过研究2019冠状病毒病引发的全国封锁(2020年4月至5月)对妇女就业造成的收入冲击，探讨了这些趋势背后的异质性。该研究利用个人层面的面板数据和利用封锁措施实施并考虑季节性就业趋势的差异中之差策略，发现在封锁期间男性收入减少100%的家庭中，女性在限制措施放松后(2020年6月至8月)从事工作的可能性增加了1.57%(27%)。这些结果在较贫穷和受教育程度较低的家庭中占主导地位。然而，这些积极的就业趋势在很大程度上是暂时的，因为在2020年9月至12月期间，这些家庭对妇女就业的影响降至13%。这些发现强调了贫困家庭在低收入时期使用妇女劳动作为保险的情况。在男性收入损失期间，女性的劳动起到了保险的作用。劳动市场参与率的增加只在已婚女性中出现。农村妇女从事不太安全的农业临时工。城市妇女获得更有保障的固定工资工作和自营职业。妇女劳动参与率的提高大多是暂时的。关键词:就业covid -19收入冲击性别印度ajel代码:J22J23J16感谢匿名审稿人提供的广泛意见和建议。补充数据本文补充数据可在线查看:https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2250797.Notes1全国封锁仅在2020年3月24日至2020年5月期间实施。此后，仅根据州或地区的新冠肺炎病例实施了局部封锁Marianne, Bertrand, Kaushik Krishnan和Heather Schofield (Citation2021)以及Marianne Bertrand等人(Citation2020)讨论了由于印度的锁定，就业，收入和消费等一些关键指标随着时间的推移以及不同类别的就业(自营职业者，临时工，固定工资工作)是如何变化的。3来自发达国家的实证研究表明，女性的劳动力供给总体上是顺周期的(Joshi, Layard, and Owen [Citation1985]针对英国，3 . Killingsworth和Heckman [Citation1986]针对美国，Darby、Hart和Vecchi [Citation2001]针对其他经合组织国家)参见Sonia Bhalotra和Marcela Umana-Aponte (Citation2010)关于印度等发展中经济体的证据，Emmanuel Skoufias和Susan W. Parker (Citation2006)关于拉丁美洲的证据，Elizabeth Frankenberg, James P. Smith和Duncan Thomas (Citation2003)关于印度尼西亚的证据，Carola Pessino和Indermit S. Gill (Citation1997)关于阿根廷的证据。和Joseph Y. Lim (Citation2000)对菲律宾的研究。5广泛的地层是同质的区域，它是一个国家内具有相似农业气候条件的邻近地区的集合。每个同质区域(HR)被划分为农村和城市下层。一个HR的城市区域根据城镇规模进一步分为四个阶层。因此，每个HR有五个子层。从每个子层中随机选择psu。此外，公共卫生服务还提供家庭抽样权值。我们在分析中没有使用权重，因为由于大流行，抽样家庭中存在人员流失。然而，我们的结果在进行加权分析时仍然是稳健的。结果可应要求提供。有关抽样策略和抽样权重的更多详细信息，请参阅CMIE的文档被排除的状态大多是无法进入或难以进入的地区。这些地区包括东北部的四个边境邦——**、那加兰邦、曼尼普尔邦、米佐拉姆邦和一些岛屿。尽管排除了这些因素，但该调查几乎代表了印度总人口的98.5%。7该调查没有收集2019年工作天数和小时数的数据，因此我们不能将密集的工作边际作为我们分析的结果变量。此外，总体而言，使用公共卫生服务数据获得的就业率已被证明与全国抽样调查等具有全国代表性的数据(Afridi、Mahajan和Sangwan Citation2021)中妇女的日常就业率接近。最近，公共卫生服务因其系统抽样策略过度抽样富裕家庭而受到批评。然而，考虑到我们对家庭的异质性感兴趣，而不是总体趋势，我们相信这不是我们分析中关注的主要原因有可能在男子即使取消限制也找不到工作的家庭中，妇女进入受影响较小的部门。例如，在家送餐是女性在解锁月份常见的自雇活动(Nagpaul Citation2020)。 9资产指数是使用主成分分析(PCA)对多个二元指标创建的，这些指标描述了各种资产的所有权，包括手机、医疗保险、LIC、银行账户、PF账户、Kisan信用卡、信用卡和Demat账户。ishaan Bansal目前是哈佛大学肯尼迪学院的一名研究生，攻读MPA/ID。此前，他曾在IDinsight担任高级助理，这是一家全球非营利咨询公司，专注于帮助全球发展领导者最大限度地发挥其社会影响力。Kanika Mahajan是印度阿育王大学经济学助理教授。此前，她曾任教于德里安贝德卡大学通识学院。她于2015年获得印度统计研究所经济学博士学位，主要研究方向为性别、劳动和农业领域的实证发展经济学。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2023.2249913
Linn Ternsjö
{"title":"Garments without Guilt? Global Labour Justice and Ethical Codes in Sri Lankan Apparels","authors":"Linn Ternsjö","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2023.2249913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2249913","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43358268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2023.2230218
Ana Tribin, K. García-Rojas, Paula Herrera-Idárraga, L. Morales, Natalia Ramírez-Bustamante
{"title":"Shecession: The Downfall of Colombian Women During the Covid-19 Pandemic","authors":"Ana Tribin, K. García-Rojas, Paula Herrera-Idárraga, L. Morales, Natalia Ramírez-Bustamante","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2023.2230218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2230218","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41556380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2023.2218876
Astrid Agenjo-Calderón
{"title":"The Sustainability of Life Approach: A State of Affairs","authors":"Astrid Agenjo-Calderón","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2023.2218876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2023.2218876","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46170837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2023.2213725
Tom Scheiding
ABSTRACT In the late 1960s, the American Economic Association (AEA) began to address the concerns of the marginalized in the profession with the publication of Job Openings for Economists. Women economists, empowered by the mass women's liberation movement at the time, formed a committee within the AEA to press for equal opportunity and greater access to the job market. This committee focused their early efforts on reforming the labor market with one of the key activities being the creation of a job vacancy publication. The consequence of having a job vacancy publication was the establishment of a path whereby newly trained women economists were made aware of opportunities and the existing informal hiring system was gradually relied upon less. Women economists played an important role in the establishment, legitimization, and broader acceptance of a job vacancy publication that helped to further empower women and other marginalized economists. HIGHLIGHTS Women pursued equal opportunity in economics via reforms to employment-search practices. Published vacancies achieved a greater representation of women in the labor market by formalizing aspects of the labor market. The publication of job vacancies was only a first step to creating an inclusive environment for women. Not all marginalized groups saw their path to acceptance within economics paved by labor market reform.
在20世纪60年代末，美国经济协会(AEA)开始通过出版《经济学家职位空缺》(Job opening for Economists)来解决经济学中被边缘化群体的担忧。在当时大规模妇女解放运动的推动下，女性经济学家在美国经济学会内部成立了一个委员会，以争取平等的机会和更多的就业机会。该委员会早期的工作重点是改革劳动力市场，其中一项关键活动是创建一份职位空缺出版物。出版职位空缺出版物的结果是开辟了一条途径，使新训练的妇女经济学家认识到机会，并逐渐减少对现有非正式雇用制度的依赖。女性经济学家在职位空缺出版物的建立、合法化和广泛接受方面发挥了重要作用，这有助于进一步赋予妇女和其他边缘化经济学家权力。妇女通过改革寻找就业机会的做法，追求经济领域的平等机会。公布的空缺通过使劳动力市场的各个方面正式化，使妇女在劳动力市场中有了更大的代表性。公布职位空缺只是为妇女创造包容环境的第一步。并不是所有的边缘群体都看到劳动力市场改革为他们在经济学中被接受铺平了道路。
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Pub Date : 2023-07-03DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2023.2230239
D. Szelewa, M. Polakowski
This article traces the evolution of childcare policies in Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom during the period 2005–15 in order to observe changes possibly related to economic crisis. Applying the concept of degenderization and the method of fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fs/QCA), the study examines: (1) equality of parental leave entitlements, (2) generosity of parental leave-related benefits, (3) accessibility of childcare services, and (4) length of all available leave schemes, at six points in time. The argument is that changes within this period did not lead to a radical transformation in childcare policy, while those shifts that took place could be more often characterized as degenderizing, contrary to expectations. Finally, the study identified policy clusters: four types of genderization (strong genderization, with care payment, with care parity, and with activation), strong and weak versions of degenderization, as well as a mixed case. HIGHLIGHTS This study traces the evolution of childcare policies across nine EU countries during the period of recession between 2005 and 2015. It uses the concept of “degenderization” to develop a typology of childcare policies. A dynamic analysis reveals that despite austerity measures, policies usually remained stable over time. Moreover, despite the crisis, policies tended to promote gender equality in care. Small steps toward degenderization in care policies over time signal that the gender revolution is not “stalled.”
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