Pub Date : 2021-11-14DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1975793
Ray Miller, N. Bairoliya
Do parental caregivers bear the entire cost of caregiving? Standard cooperative models of the household suggest the welfare burden of care would be distributed across household members (for example, husband and wife). This study develops a simple collective model of intrahousehold bargaining to analyze the time and resource allocation decisions associated with providing unpaid care to an elderly parent. The study argues that if bargaining power is endogenously determined or labor markets are rigid, the welfare cost of caregiving can fall disproportionately on the woman partner, resulting in a “triple burden” of market work, home production, and caregiving, in addition to higher levels of unmet care needs. The study provides a numerical example using cross-country European data to demonstrate how a decrease in an adult daughter's bargaining power relative to her partner can increase her share of the welfare burden and the unmet care needs of her parent. HIGHLIGHTS Intrahousehold bargaining determines the welfare costs of unpaid caregiving. Labor market rigidities have nuanced effects on the division of the welfare burden. Flexible hours/leave policies could provide relief to both caregivers and recipients. Lower wage gaps and shifting social norms may promote a more equitable division of care.
{"title":"Parental Caregivers and Household Power Dynamics","authors":"Ray Miller, N. Bairoliya","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.1975793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1975793","url":null,"abstract":"Do parental caregivers bear the entire cost of caregiving? Standard cooperative models of the household suggest the welfare burden of care would be distributed across household members (for example, husband and wife). This study develops a simple collective model of intrahousehold bargaining to analyze the time and resource allocation decisions associated with providing unpaid care to an elderly parent. The study argues that if bargaining power is endogenously determined or labor markets are rigid, the welfare cost of caregiving can fall disproportionately on the woman partner, resulting in a “triple burden” of market work, home production, and caregiving, in addition to higher levels of unmet care needs. The study provides a numerical example using cross-country European data to demonstrate how a decrease in an adult daughter's bargaining power relative to her partner can increase her share of the welfare burden and the unmet care needs of her parent. HIGHLIGHTS Intrahousehold bargaining determines the welfare costs of unpaid caregiving. Labor market rigidities have nuanced effects on the division of the welfare burden. Flexible hours/leave policies could provide relief to both caregivers and recipients. Lower wage gaps and shifting social norms may promote a more equitable division of care.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"114 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45357881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-04DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1987499
Nozomi Sato, Yasuharu Shimamura, S. Lastarría-Cornhiel
This article explores the impact of Self-Help Group (SHG) participation on the frequency of domestic violence in rural India. The study hypothesizes that SHG participation can raise tensions between married men and women because husbands may perceive some aspects of women’s empowerment as a challenge to patriarchal cultural norms. Using household panel data collected in rural Andhra Pradesh in 2004, 2006, and 2007, this article employs double difference methodology with an instrumental variables approach for impact evaluation. The estimation results show that, while SHG participation reduced domestic violence in the short-term, medium-term participation increased the frequency of domestic violence, particularly after women’s credit access through SHG participation had improved. This article furthermore reveals that the impact of SHG participation on domestic violence was more pronounced among couples who married with dowry. Spouses who practiced dowry appear to be more susceptible to financial inflow through the wife. HIGHLIGHTS Self-Help Group (SHG) participation impacts the frequency of domestic violence in conflicting ways. Women’s SHG participation initially reduces tensions with their husbands. In the medium term, women’s access to credit creates conflicts with their husbands. SHG participation alone is not enough to overcome patriarchal practices and structures. Effective gender-advocacy programs should include training to change both women’s and men’s attitudes.
{"title":"The Effects of Women’s Self-Help Group Participation on Domestic Violence in Andhra Pradesh, India","authors":"Nozomi Sato, Yasuharu Shimamura, S. Lastarría-Cornhiel","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.1987499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1987499","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the impact of Self-Help Group (SHG) participation on the frequency of domestic violence in rural India. The study hypothesizes that SHG participation can raise tensions between married men and women because husbands may perceive some aspects of women’s empowerment as a challenge to patriarchal cultural norms. Using household panel data collected in rural Andhra Pradesh in 2004, 2006, and 2007, this article employs double difference methodology with an instrumental variables approach for impact evaluation. The estimation results show that, while SHG participation reduced domestic violence in the short-term, medium-term participation increased the frequency of domestic violence, particularly after women’s credit access through SHG participation had improved. This article furthermore reveals that the impact of SHG participation on domestic violence was more pronounced among couples who married with dowry. Spouses who practiced dowry appear to be more susceptible to financial inflow through the wife. HIGHLIGHTS Self-Help Group (SHG) participation impacts the frequency of domestic violence in conflicting ways. Women’s SHG participation initially reduces tensions with their husbands. In the medium term, women’s access to credit creates conflicts with their husbands. SHG participation alone is not enough to overcome patriarchal practices and structures. Effective gender-advocacy programs should include training to change both women’s and men’s attitudes.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"29 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41769095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1973059
Nora Waitkus, L. Minkus
This study examines the role of occupational classes in the Gender Wealth Gap (GWG). Despite rising interest in gender differences in wealth, the central role of occupations in restricting and enabling its accumulation has been neglected thus far. Drawing on the German Socio-Economic Panel, this study employs quantile regressions and decomposition techniques. It finds explanatory power of occupational classes for the gender wealth gap, which exists despite accounting for other labor-market-relevant parameters, such as income, tenure, and full-time work experience at different points of the wealth distribution. Wealth gaps by gender vary between and within occupational classes. Particularly, women’s underrepresentation among the self-employed and overrepresentation among sociocultural professions explain the GWG in Germany. The study thus adds another dimension of stratification – occupational class – to the discussion on the gendered distribution of wealth. HIGHLIGHTS Women’s lower full-time work experience and income drive the overall gender wealth gap. Occupational classes explain more of the gender wealth gap than family or workplace characteristics. Gender wealth differences are largest among self-employed and managerial classes. The gap exists even among female-dominated sociocultural professions.
{"title":"Investigating the Gender Wealth Gap Across Occupational Classes","authors":"Nora Waitkus, L. Minkus","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.1973059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1973059","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the role of occupational classes in the Gender Wealth Gap (GWG). Despite rising interest in gender differences in wealth, the central role of occupations in restricting and enabling its accumulation has been neglected thus far. Drawing on the German Socio-Economic Panel, this study employs quantile regressions and decomposition techniques. It finds explanatory power of occupational classes for the gender wealth gap, which exists despite accounting for other labor-market-relevant parameters, such as income, tenure, and full-time work experience at different points of the wealth distribution. Wealth gaps by gender vary between and within occupational classes. Particularly, women’s underrepresentation among the self-employed and overrepresentation among sociocultural professions explain the GWG in Germany. The study thus adds another dimension of stratification – occupational class – to the discussion on the gendered distribution of wealth. HIGHLIGHTS Women’s lower full-time work experience and income drive the overall gender wealth gap. Occupational classes explain more of the gender wealth gap than family or workplace characteristics. Gender wealth differences are largest among self-employed and managerial classes. The gap exists even among female-dominated sociocultural professions.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"27 1","pages":"114 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46405764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1942511
Corinna Dengler, M. Lang
ABSTRACT This paper addresses the question of how to organize care in degrowth societies that call for social and ecological sustainability, as well as gender and environmental justice, without prioritizing one over the other. By building on degrowth scholarship, feminist economics, the commons, and decolonial feminisms, we rebut the strategy of shifting yet more unpaid care work to the monetized economy, thereby reinforcing the separation structure in economics. A feminist degrowth imaginary implies destabilizing prevalent dichotomies and overcoming the (inherent hierarchization in the) boundary between the monetized economy and the invisibilized economy of socio-ecological provisioning. The paper proposes an incremental, emancipatory decommodification and a commonization of care in a sphere beyond the public/private divide, namely the sphere of communitarian and transformative caring commons, as they persist at the margins of capitalism and are (re-)created by social movements around the world. HIGHLIGHTS Degrowth aims at creating human flourishing within planetary boundaries. As feminist degrowth scholarship, this study discusses degrowth visions for care work. It problematizes the shifting of yet more unpaid care work to the monetized economy. Instead, it proposes collective (re)organization in the sphere of the commons. Caring commons are no automatism for a gender-just redistribution of care work.
{"title":"Commoning Care: Feminist Degrowth Visions for a Socio-Ecological Transformation","authors":"Corinna Dengler, M. Lang","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.1942511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1942511","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper addresses the question of how to organize care in degrowth societies that call for social and ecological sustainability, as well as gender and environmental justice, without prioritizing one over the other. By building on degrowth scholarship, feminist economics, the commons, and decolonial feminisms, we rebut the strategy of shifting yet more unpaid care work to the monetized economy, thereby reinforcing the separation structure in economics. A feminist degrowth imaginary implies destabilizing prevalent dichotomies and overcoming the (inherent hierarchization in the) boundary between the monetized economy and the invisibilized economy of socio-ecological provisioning. The paper proposes an incremental, emancipatory decommodification and a commonization of care in a sphere beyond the public/private divide, namely the sphere of communitarian and transformative caring commons, as they persist at the margins of capitalism and are (re-)created by social movements around the world. HIGHLIGHTS Degrowth aims at creating human flourishing within planetary boundaries. As feminist degrowth scholarship, this study discusses degrowth visions for care work. It problematizes the shifting of yet more unpaid care work to the monetized economy. Instead, it proposes collective (re)organization in the sphere of the commons. Caring commons are no automatism for a gender-just redistribution of care work.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"1 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42900388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1954224
Annie McGrew
In 2018, the total fertility rate in the United States hit an all-time low of 1.73 (or 1,728 births per 1,000 women).1 The US birthrate has been below what is necessary to replace the current popul...
{"title":"Birth Strike: The Hidden Fight over Women’s Work","authors":"Annie McGrew","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.1954224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1954224","url":null,"abstract":"In 2018, the total fertility rate in the United States hit an all-time low of 1.73 (or 1,728 births per 1,000 women).1 The US birthrate has been below what is necessary to replace the current popul...","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"27 1","pages":"174 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42025640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-08DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1943486
U. Efobi, Oluwabunmi Opeyemi Adejumo, S. Atata
This paper relies on the 2008 and 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys and an instrumental variable estimation strategy to estimate the relationship between a Nigerian woman’s age at entry into her first and current marriage and entrepreneurship. The result suggests a 5-percentage point higher likelihood of engaging in entrepreneurship for women with an additional year of at marriage entry. Further, there is about a 12-percentage point increase in the likelihood of continuous engagement in self-employed work over the prior year with an additional year of age at marriage entry. This result is consistent for women who reside in rural and urban locations. Premarital investments in education, lower fertility, and better intramarriage bargaining power are the likely operative channels that explain the estimated relationship. HIGHLIGHTS Early marriage entry has economic costs and hurts women’s overall empowerment. Early marriage in Nigeria is mainly influenced by religious and cultural factors. Women who marry early are less likely to engage in entrepreneurship and to do so continuously. There are no geographic differences in the effects of early marriage entry on entrepreneurship. Later marriage is associated with better education, declining fertility, and improved bargaining power of women.
{"title":"Age at First and Current Marriage and Women’s Entrepreneurship in Nigeria","authors":"U. Efobi, Oluwabunmi Opeyemi Adejumo, S. Atata","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.1943486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1943486","url":null,"abstract":"This paper relies on the 2008 and 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys and an instrumental variable estimation strategy to estimate the relationship between a Nigerian woman’s age at entry into her first and current marriage and entrepreneurship. The result suggests a 5-percentage point higher likelihood of engaging in entrepreneurship for women with an additional year of at marriage entry. Further, there is about a 12-percentage point increase in the likelihood of continuous engagement in self-employed work over the prior year with an additional year of age at marriage entry. This result is consistent for women who reside in rural and urban locations. Premarital investments in education, lower fertility, and better intramarriage bargaining power are the likely operative channels that explain the estimated relationship. HIGHLIGHTS Early marriage entry has economic costs and hurts women’s overall empowerment. Early marriage in Nigeria is mainly influenced by religious and cultural factors. Women who marry early are less likely to engage in entrepreneurship and to do so continuously. There are no geographic differences in the effects of early marriage entry on entrepreneurship. Later marriage is associated with better education, declining fertility, and improved bargaining power of women.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"27 1","pages":"148 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47547304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-06DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1942512
H. Majid, K. A. Siegmann
This article seeks to clarify the effect of growth on gender equality for the case of Pakistan, a country that has seen periods of high growth alongside the persistence of stark gender inequalities. The paper addresses this aim by estimating gendered sectoral employment elasticities of growth for the period 1984–2017 and investigates their drivers. It finds that the secular trend toward productivity-driven growth since the turn of the millennium has lowered the responsiveness of men’s employment to growth impulses in particular. For women, factors related to Pakistan’s gender order are more relevant. Greater gender parity in education enables women to benefit from growth in the form of better employment access. The reverse is the case for improvements in relative women’s life expectancy, understood as indicative of their social status. The paper interprets the related effect as a reduction in the precarity of women’s employment associated with improved status. HIGHLIGHTS Employment dividends of growth are realized in a highly gender-differentiated way. Pakistan’s gender order mediates women’s volatile employment responses to growth. We use excess women’s mortality as an indicator for Pakistan’s gender order. Women workers bear the brunt of recessions through the loss and precarity of jobs. Education is especially relevant in reducing women’s employment precarity.
{"title":"The Effects of Growth on Women’s Employment in Pakistan","authors":"H. Majid, K. A. Siegmann","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.1942512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1942512","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to clarify the effect of growth on gender equality for the case of Pakistan, a country that has seen periods of high growth alongside the persistence of stark gender inequalities. The paper addresses this aim by estimating gendered sectoral employment elasticities of growth for the period 1984–2017 and investigates their drivers. It finds that the secular trend toward productivity-driven growth since the turn of the millennium has lowered the responsiveness of men’s employment to growth impulses in particular. For women, factors related to Pakistan’s gender order are more relevant. Greater gender parity in education enables women to benefit from growth in the form of better employment access. The reverse is the case for improvements in relative women’s life expectancy, understood as indicative of their social status. The paper interprets the related effect as a reduction in the precarity of women’s employment associated with improved status. HIGHLIGHTS Employment dividends of growth are realized in a highly gender-differentiated way. Pakistan’s gender order mediates women’s volatile employment responses to growth. We use excess women’s mortality as an indicator for Pakistan’s gender order. Women workers bear the brunt of recessions through the loss and precarity of jobs. Education is especially relevant in reducing women’s employment precarity.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"27 1","pages":"29 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13545701.2021.1942512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42903705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-05DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1942510
Terry-Ann L Craigie
The prevalence of men's incarceration in the United States has important unintended consequences for women. Two early studies find positive external effects of men's incarceration on women's labor market outcomes in general. However, very little is known about the labor market outcomes of women directly affected by men's incarceration. This study evaluates how women's labor market outcomes change when a male partner is currently incarcerated. It finds substantial and robust evidence that a male partner's current incarceration lowers women's weekly earnings at extensive and intensive margins, while raising women's unemployment odds at the extensive margin. These negative consequences on women's labor market outcomes warrant further policy attention. HIGHLIGHTS Women are markedly affected by the incarceration of their male partners. Less is known about how a male partner behind bars affects a woman in the labor market. Having a male partner behind bars and his time served both lower a woman's earnings. Having a male partner behind bars raises the likelihood of a woman's unemployment. These losses are statistically comparable to losses under the Great Recession.
{"title":"Men's Incarceration and Women's Labor Market Outcomes","authors":"Terry-Ann L Craigie","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.1942510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1942510","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of men's incarceration in the United States has important unintended consequences for women. Two early studies find positive external effects of men's incarceration on women's labor market outcomes in general. However, very little is known about the labor market outcomes of women directly affected by men's incarceration. This study evaluates how women's labor market outcomes change when a male partner is currently incarcerated. It finds substantial and robust evidence that a male partner's current incarceration lowers women's weekly earnings at extensive and intensive margins, while raising women's unemployment odds at the extensive margin. These negative consequences on women's labor market outcomes warrant further policy attention. HIGHLIGHTS Women are markedly affected by the incarceration of their male partners. Less is known about how a male partner behind bars affects a woman in the labor market. Having a male partner behind bars and his time served both lower a woman's earnings. Having a male partner behind bars raises the likelihood of a woman's unemployment. These losses are statistically comparable to losses under the Great Recession.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"27 1","pages":"1 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13545701.2021.1942510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49460388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1937266
J. Heintz, N. Folbre
Even long-run macroeconomic growth models that allow for endogenous growth rely on simplistic assumptions regarding demographic regimes. This paper develops a model with more realistic variation in such regimes, including both excessively high and excessively low levels of average fertility. Variations in the structure of the market economy shape these population dynamics, and these trends in turn affect macroeconomic outcomes. Like early overlapping generations models of the type proposed by Paul A. Samuelson, our approach points to market failures and the importance of social institutions and nonmarket relationships that influence transfers between the old and the young, and the costs of childbearing. It also highlights current demographic imbalances at the country level and points to the need to develop open-economy extensions of this model that can capture the effects of population redistribution through immigration. HIGHLIGHTS Demographic trends affect macroeconomic outcomes, and vice versa. These dynamics challenge the assumption that individual decisions generate sustainable outcomes. In the long run, below-replacement fertility can have serious economic consequences. The macroeconomic model outlined here suggests that costs of caring for dependents should be more equitably shared.
即使是考虑到内生增长的长期宏观经济增长模型，也依赖于对人口结构的简单假设。本文开发了一个模型，在这种制度下，包括过高和过低的平均生育率水平，有更现实的变化。市场经济结构的变化塑造了这些人口动态，而这些趋势反过来又影响宏观经济结果。与保罗·萨缪尔森(Paul A. Samuelson)提出的早期代际重叠模型一样，我们的方法指出了市场失灵、社会制度和非市场关系的重要性，这些关系影响着老年人和年轻人之间的转移，以及生育成本。它还强调了目前在国家一级的人口不平衡，并指出需要发展这种模式的开放经济扩展，以捕捉通过移民进行的人口再分配的影响。人口趋势影响宏观经济结果，反之亦然。这些动态挑战了个人决策产生可持续结果的假设。从长远来看，低于更替水平的生育率会带来严重的经济后果。这里概述的宏观经济模型表明，照顾家属的成本应该更公平地分担。
{"title":"Endogenous Growth, Population Dynamics, and Economic Structure: Long-Run Macroeconomics When Demography Matters","authors":"J. Heintz, N. Folbre","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.1937266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1937266","url":null,"abstract":"Even long-run macroeconomic growth models that allow for endogenous growth rely on simplistic assumptions regarding demographic regimes. This paper develops a model with more realistic variation in such regimes, including both excessively high and excessively low levels of average fertility. Variations in the structure of the market economy shape these population dynamics, and these trends in turn affect macroeconomic outcomes. Like early overlapping generations models of the type proposed by Paul A. Samuelson, our approach points to market failures and the importance of social institutions and nonmarket relationships that influence transfers between the old and the young, and the costs of childbearing. It also highlights current demographic imbalances at the country level and points to the need to develop open-economy extensions of this model that can capture the effects of population redistribution through immigration. HIGHLIGHTS Demographic trends affect macroeconomic outcomes, and vice versa. These dynamics challenge the assumption that individual decisions generate sustainable outcomes. In the long run, below-replacement fertility can have serious economic consequences. The macroeconomic model outlined here suggests that costs of caring for dependents should be more equitably shared.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"145 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13545701.2021.1937266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44609351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.1937265
Samia Badji
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the relationship between parental education and child mortality in Madagascar. Until recently, most research linking parental education and child mortality had overlooked the case of Sub-Saharan Africa, despite the region having a high childhood mortality rate and a low association between parental education and child survival. Adopting a careful empirical strategy based on availability of schooling infrastructure and internal instruments, this paper contributes to the literature by analyzing the role of both the father’s and mother’s education as well as different educational levels. The results demonstrate that children’s survival probabilities increase when they have a mother with at least primary schooling. Controlling for wealth reduces the effect of mothers’ education by only one-third. In contrast, fathers’ education does not play a significant role in child survival. HIGHLIGHTS Parental education is strongly associated with improvements in child health in many countries. Father’s education is not a strong determinant of child survival in Madagascar. Higher levels of maternal education increase child survival in Madagascar. Wealth only accounts for one-third of the total effect of maternal education. Increasing education levels especially for women will likely reduce child mortality in future generations.
{"title":"Parental Education and Increased Child Survival in Madagascar: What Can We Say?","authors":"Samia Badji","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2021.1937265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1937265","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper investigates the relationship between parental education and child mortality in Madagascar. Until recently, most research linking parental education and child mortality had overlooked the case of Sub-Saharan Africa, despite the region having a high childhood mortality rate and a low association between parental education and child survival. Adopting a careful empirical strategy based on availability of schooling infrastructure and internal instruments, this paper contributes to the literature by analyzing the role of both the father’s and mother’s education as well as different educational levels. The results demonstrate that children’s survival probabilities increase when they have a mother with at least primary schooling. Controlling for wealth reduces the effect of mothers’ education by only one-third. In contrast, fathers’ education does not play a significant role in child survival. HIGHLIGHTS Parental education is strongly associated with improvements in child health in many countries. Father’s education is not a strong determinant of child survival in Madagascar. Higher levels of maternal education increase child survival in Madagascar. Wealth only accounts for one-third of the total effect of maternal education. Increasing education levels especially for women will likely reduce child mortality in future generations.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"142 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13545701.2021.1937265","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47719381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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