Pub Date : 2022-08-09DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2082510
K. Chan, Stephanie Spaid Miedema, R. Naved, K. Yount
Globally, expanding women’s educational opportunities is promoted as an effective strategy for their empowerment. While women’s access to education in Bangladesh has increased in recent years, little is known about their participation in educational activities after marriage. Historically, local gender norms expect women to marry at an early age, perform domestic labor, and discontinue educational activities in adulthood. In this study, twenty-four married women and twenty-five married men ages 15–49 were interviewed about women’s experiences with post-marital education in Matlab. Results showed that husbands and wives acted within the bounds of persistent, classic patriarchal norms to seek or inhibit access to education within marriage. Despite increases in women’s primary and secondary school graduation rates in Bangladesh, this study suggests that women still face barriers to access to educational opportunities and understanding these limitations is crucial to advancing women’s pathways to economic and overall empowerment in Bangladesh. HIGHLIGHTS Married women encounter numerous barriers to education in Matlab, Bangladesh. Married couples strategize to negotiate wives’ aspiration to pursue education. Married men view wives’ post-marital education unfavorably as a means to employment. Women self-restrict education, considering lack of social and familial endorsement. Engaging husbands in research and programs to advance women’s education is needed.
{"title":"Beyond Girls’ Education: Pathways to Women’s Post-Marital Education in Matlab, Bangladesh","authors":"K. Chan, Stephanie Spaid Miedema, R. Naved, K. Yount","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2082510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2082510","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, expanding women’s educational opportunities is promoted as an effective strategy for their empowerment. While women’s access to education in Bangladesh has increased in recent years, little is known about their participation in educational activities after marriage. Historically, local gender norms expect women to marry at an early age, perform domestic labor, and discontinue educational activities in adulthood. In this study, twenty-four married women and twenty-five married men ages 15–49 were interviewed about women’s experiences with post-marital education in Matlab. Results showed that husbands and wives acted within the bounds of persistent, classic patriarchal norms to seek or inhibit access to education within marriage. Despite increases in women’s primary and secondary school graduation rates in Bangladesh, this study suggests that women still face barriers to access to educational opportunities and understanding these limitations is crucial to advancing women’s pathways to economic and overall empowerment in Bangladesh. HIGHLIGHTS Married women encounter numerous barriers to education in Matlab, Bangladesh. Married couples strategize to negotiate wives’ aspiration to pursue education. Married men view wives’ post-marital education unfavorably as a means to employment. Women self-restrict education, considering lack of social and familial endorsement. Engaging husbands in research and programs to advance women’s education is needed.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"38 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49359396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-02DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2100445
M. Floro
{"title":"A Woman Who Did Not Wait: Louise Odencrantz and Her Fight for the Common Good","authors":"M. Floro","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2100445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2100445","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"285 - 290"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42419186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2080854
Emmanuel Orkoh, C. Claassen, D. Blaauw
ABSTRACT How gender-based differences in time spent on household and labor-market activities affect men’s and women’s well-being is of growing interest to economists and policymakers. In many countries, women perform more unpaid work than men and have fewer opportunities to lift themselves out of poverty through education and training. This article analyzes the relationship between poverty and gender inequality in time use among monogamous couples in Ghana. A key finding is that women in poor households face heterogeneous levels of inequality in time use, depending on the type of activity, inequality in time use, and characteristics of the household. The study highlights the importance of devising gender-aware policies and altering entrenched cultural stereotypes, thereby helping to reduce inequality between men and women. This should afford more women the opportunity to play a more productive and economically meaningful role in the formal labor market. HIGHLIGHTS In Ghana, poor households face significantly higher gender inequality in time use compared to rich households. Levels of time-use inequality for poor women vary in relation to activity and household characteristics. Policies should prioritize reducing poverty to alleviate intrahousehold inequality. Gender-aware policies should address norms that impede women’s labor market participation and autonomous time allocation.
{"title":"Poverty and Intrahousehold Gender Inequality in Time Use in Ghana","authors":"Emmanuel Orkoh, C. Claassen, D. Blaauw","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2080854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2080854","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT How gender-based differences in time spent on household and labor-market activities affect men’s and women’s well-being is of growing interest to economists and policymakers. In many countries, women perform more unpaid work than men and have fewer opportunities to lift themselves out of poverty through education and training. This article analyzes the relationship between poverty and gender inequality in time use among monogamous couples in Ghana. A key finding is that women in poor households face heterogeneous levels of inequality in time use, depending on the type of activity, inequality in time use, and characteristics of the household. The study highlights the importance of devising gender-aware policies and altering entrenched cultural stereotypes, thereby helping to reduce inequality between men and women. This should afford more women the opportunity to play a more productive and economically meaningful role in the formal labor market. HIGHLIGHTS In Ghana, poor households face significantly higher gender inequality in time use compared to rich households. Levels of time-use inequality for poor women vary in relation to activity and household characteristics. Policies should prioritize reducing poverty to alleviate intrahousehold inequality. Gender-aware policies should address norms that impede women’s labor market participation and autonomous time allocation.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"221 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47135657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2079697
S. Manda
ABSTRACT This article explores how sugarcane commercialization impacts gender relations, and processes that shape them, using two differently structured outgrower schemes – a settlement scheme and an European Union-driven block farm in southern Zambia. Results show gendered impacts across the schemes are complex and are shaped by diverse cultural arrangements as micro-processes. Intrahousehold patterns of decision making, land, and labor dynamics reveal that changing the structure, organization, and integration of outgrower schemes does not necessarily make them responsive to strategic gender needs. Further, these processes are insufficient in altering pre-existing sociocultural imbalances. Consequently, even where schemes are intentional about being inclusive, they are likely to replicate structural inequalities and fail to engender transformational changes among participants. This article raises the need to address the politics of land and labor relations, and their implications for different social groups within their cultural-historical context. HIGHLIGHTS Gendered impacts of commercial agriculture reflect market and nonmarket dynamics. Schemes amplify preexisting inequalities despite being intentional on inclusivity. Land ownership shapes women’s responses and political reactions in schemes. Inheritance patterns may address land inequalities but more needs to be done. Addressing strategic gender needs requires market and nonmarket interventions.
{"title":"Sugarcane Commercialization and Gender Experiences in the Zambian “Sweetest Town”","authors":"S. Manda","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2079697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2079697","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores how sugarcane commercialization impacts gender relations, and processes that shape them, using two differently structured outgrower schemes – a settlement scheme and an European Union-driven block farm in southern Zambia. Results show gendered impacts across the schemes are complex and are shaped by diverse cultural arrangements as micro-processes. Intrahousehold patterns of decision making, land, and labor dynamics reveal that changing the structure, organization, and integration of outgrower schemes does not necessarily make them responsive to strategic gender needs. Further, these processes are insufficient in altering pre-existing sociocultural imbalances. Consequently, even where schemes are intentional about being inclusive, they are likely to replicate structural inequalities and fail to engender transformational changes among participants. This article raises the need to address the politics of land and labor relations, and their implications for different social groups within their cultural-historical context. HIGHLIGHTS Gendered impacts of commercial agriculture reflect market and nonmarket dynamics. Schemes amplify preexisting inequalities despite being intentional on inclusivity. Land ownership shapes women’s responses and political reactions in schemes. Inheritance patterns may address land inequalities but more needs to be done. Addressing strategic gender needs requires market and nonmarket interventions.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"254 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47458159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-22DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2081352
Elena Grinza, Francesco Devicienti, M. Rossi, D. Vannoni
ABSTRACT People’s attitudes about how paid and unpaid work should be divided between the members of a couple determine gendered socioeconomic outcomes to a great extent. It is thus important to understand how gender role attitudes (GRA) are formed and evolve. This article concentrates on a path-breaking event in life: becoming a parent. Using longitudinal data from the United Kingdom, the study shows that, in general, becoming a parent significantly shifts women’s GRA toward more traditional positions but leaves men’s attitudes unaffected. Prenatal attitudes are a critical factor. After parenthood occurs, results find a substantial traditionalization of attitudes for (both) progressive parents, while no significant change is observed for parents with conservative prenatal attitudes. Novel analyses show that the traditionalization of attitudes for progressive individuals, after they become parents, is stronger as postnatal arrangements in the division of paid and unpaid work are more traditional. HIGHLIGHTS Gender role attitudes (GRA) become more conservative once one becomes a parent. Progressive prenatal GRA and traditional postnatal settings are key determinants. Cognitive dissonance and changes in gender identity are two potential mechanisms. Results suggest that traditional institutions can foster conservative GRA. More childcare services, paternity leaves, and part-time work for men are needed.
{"title":"How Entry into Parenthood Shapes Gender Role Attitudes: New Evidence from The UK","authors":"Elena Grinza, Francesco Devicienti, M. Rossi, D. Vannoni","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2081352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2081352","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT People’s attitudes about how paid and unpaid work should be divided between the members of a couple determine gendered socioeconomic outcomes to a great extent. It is thus important to understand how gender role attitudes (GRA) are formed and evolve. This article concentrates on a path-breaking event in life: becoming a parent. Using longitudinal data from the United Kingdom, the study shows that, in general, becoming a parent significantly shifts women’s GRA toward more traditional positions but leaves men’s attitudes unaffected. Prenatal attitudes are a critical factor. After parenthood occurs, results find a substantial traditionalization of attitudes for (both) progressive parents, while no significant change is observed for parents with conservative prenatal attitudes. Novel analyses show that the traditionalization of attitudes for progressive individuals, after they become parents, is stronger as postnatal arrangements in the division of paid and unpaid work are more traditional. HIGHLIGHTS Gender role attitudes (GRA) become more conservative once one becomes a parent. Progressive prenatal GRA and traditional postnatal settings are key determinants. Cognitive dissonance and changes in gender identity are two potential mechanisms. Results suggest that traditional institutions can foster conservative GRA. More childcare services, paternity leaves, and part-time work for men are needed.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":" 16","pages":"194 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41254927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-21DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2084559
Fiona Carmichael, C. Darko, Shireen Kanji, N. Vasilakos
Across many countries, girls perform more unpaid work than boys. This article shows how the time young women and girls spend in unpaid household work contributes to the gender pay gap that is already evident by age 22. The study analyzes employment participation, type of employment, and wages using five waves of the Young Lives longitudinal survey for Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Spending longer hours in unpaid household work in adolescence positively predicts later employment participation but has a scarring effect in negatively predicting job quality (that is a job with a private or public organization) and hourly earnings, particularly for women. Blinder–Oaxaca decompositions of the gender wage gap show young women’s penalty for past household work is due to longer hours of such work rather than a higher penalty for women for a given amount of unpaid work. HIGHLIGHTS Participation in unpaid household work and paid work is gendered from a young age. Time in unpaid household work as children impacts young adults’ employment. Time in household work in adolescence is linked to lower job quality in adulthood. Girls’ longer hours in household work contribute to the gender wage gap. Girls spend less time than boys in play or leisure at all ages.
{"title":"The Contribution of Girls’ Longer Hours in Unpaid Work to Gender Gaps in Early Adult Employment: Evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam","authors":"Fiona Carmichael, C. Darko, Shireen Kanji, N. Vasilakos","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2084559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2084559","url":null,"abstract":"Across many countries, girls perform more unpaid work than boys. This article shows how the time young women and girls spend in unpaid household work contributes to the gender pay gap that is already evident by age 22. The study analyzes employment participation, type of employment, and wages using five waves of the Young Lives longitudinal survey for Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Spending longer hours in unpaid household work in adolescence positively predicts later employment participation but has a scarring effect in negatively predicting job quality (that is a job with a private or public organization) and hourly earnings, particularly for women. Blinder–Oaxaca decompositions of the gender wage gap show young women’s penalty for past household work is due to longer hours of such work rather than a higher penalty for women for a given amount of unpaid work. HIGHLIGHTS Participation in unpaid household work and paid work is gendered from a young age. Time in unpaid household work as children impacts young adults’ employment. Time in household work in adolescence is linked to lower job quality in adulthood. Girls’ longer hours in household work contribute to the gender wage gap. Girls spend less time than boys in play or leisure at all ages.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"1 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44932025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-17DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2078852
Miriam Marcén, Marina Morales
ABSTRACT This article examines the ways in which culture plays a role in the gender division of household labor. To explore this issue, the study uses data on early-arrival first- and second-generation immigrants living in the United States who have a married/unmarried partner present in the household. Because all of these individuals have grown up under the same laws, institutions, and economic conditions that prevail in the US, the differences between them in the gender division of housework may be attributed to cultural differences in their countries of ancestry. The study finds that the stronger the culture of gender equality in the country of ancestry, the greater the equality in immigrants’ current division of housework. This result is maintained when considering both housework and childcare as household labor. This work is extended by examining how culture operates and is transmitted, and whether culture may influence the work–life balance. HIGHLIGHTS Cultural norms in the country of origin determine allocation of household tasks for immigrants in the host country. More gender-equal norms are associated with a lower gender gap in housework time. Culture affects how and when housework is performed in family life, impacting couples’ work–life balance. Policies aimed at transforming gender norms can help to achieve gender equality.
{"title":"Gender Division of Household Labor in the United States: How Does Culture Operate?","authors":"Miriam Marcén, Marina Morales","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2078852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2078852","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines the ways in which culture plays a role in the gender division of household labor. To explore this issue, the study uses data on early-arrival first- and second-generation immigrants living in the United States who have a married/unmarried partner present in the household. Because all of these individuals have grown up under the same laws, institutions, and economic conditions that prevail in the US, the differences between them in the gender division of housework may be attributed to cultural differences in their countries of ancestry. The study finds that the stronger the culture of gender equality in the country of ancestry, the greater the equality in immigrants’ current division of housework. This result is maintained when considering both housework and childcare as household labor. This work is extended by examining how culture operates and is transmitted, and whether culture may influence the work–life balance. HIGHLIGHTS Cultural norms in the country of origin determine allocation of household tasks for immigrants in the host country. More gender-equal norms are associated with a lower gender gap in housework time. Culture affects how and when housework is performed in family life, impacting couples’ work–life balance. Policies aimed at transforming gender norms can help to achieve gender equality.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"166 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46690802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-12DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2079698
D. Jayawardana
ABSTRACT Early marriage is a manifestation of gender discrimination against girls, leading to adverse consequences on their well-being. This article contributes to the literature by examining the effects of early marriage on the mental well-being of women – an area often overlooked in research. Using nationally representative longitudinal data from Indonesia and applying difference-in-differences regression model with fixed-effects, this study finds that marrying early, particularly by the age of 18 years, has a strong negative impact on women’s mental health. Specifically, women who marry early are 9.6 percentage points more likely to be depressed. It further finds that a one-year delay in marriage decreases the likelihood of women having depression by approximately four percent of the mean. These findings add to the evidence of adverse health effects of early marriage and provide a rationale for policy interventions implemented toward eradicating it. HIGHLIGHTS Marrying early, particularly by age 18, has adverse effects on women’s mental health. In Indonesia, women who married early are more likely to be depressed than women who married later. Restricted labor market mobility and poor physical health are potential mechanisms. Policy interventions must move toward eradicating early marriage.
{"title":"Happily Ever After? Mental Health Effects of Early Marriage in Indonesia","authors":"D. Jayawardana","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2079698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2079698","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Early marriage is a manifestation of gender discrimination against girls, leading to adverse consequences on their well-being. This article contributes to the literature by examining the effects of early marriage on the mental well-being of women – an area often overlooked in research. Using nationally representative longitudinal data from Indonesia and applying difference-in-differences regression model with fixed-effects, this study finds that marrying early, particularly by the age of 18 years, has a strong negative impact on women’s mental health. Specifically, women who marry early are 9.6 percentage points more likely to be depressed. It further finds that a one-year delay in marriage decreases the likelihood of women having depression by approximately four percent of the mean. These findings add to the evidence of adverse health effects of early marriage and provide a rationale for policy interventions implemented toward eradicating it. HIGHLIGHTS Marrying early, particularly by age 18, has adverse effects on women’s mental health. In Indonesia, women who married early are more likely to be depressed than women who married later. Restricted labor market mobility and poor physical health are potential mechanisms. Policy interventions must move toward eradicating early marriage.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"112 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43848476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-10DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2078499
Mona Said, M. Majbouri, G. Barsoum
ABSTRACT The fact that the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has the lowest labor force participation rate for women in the world has been extensively studied, but discrimination in pay against working women has received considerably less attention. Using recently available datasets, this study examines the distribution of wages (inequality) across men and women employed in the public versus the private sector in Egypt. The analysis shows that because working women tend to be more educated than working men, the gender wage gap would have been larger if women had the same endowments. Quantile regressions and recentered influence functions show that the gender wage gap is wide at the top of the distribution, primarily in the public sector, which is a sign of a glass ceiling. The gap is also wider at the bottom of the wage distribution in the private sector, a sign of sticky floors. HIGHLIGHTS The Egyptian public sector has a relatively equitable gender wage structure, except for the top jobs. The gender wage gap is much larger in Egypt’s private sector for the low paid. Since lower-educated women often do not work, the gender pay discrimination in Egypt might be even greater than observed. Policy interventions are needed to prepare women for leadership positions and to increase their promotion opportunities.
{"title":"Sticky Floors and Glass Ceilings: Gender Wage Gap in Egypt","authors":"Mona Said, M. Majbouri, G. Barsoum","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2078499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2078499","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The fact that the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has the lowest labor force participation rate for women in the world has been extensively studied, but discrimination in pay against working women has received considerably less attention. Using recently available datasets, this study examines the distribution of wages (inequality) across men and women employed in the public versus the private sector in Egypt. The analysis shows that because working women tend to be more educated than working men, the gender wage gap would have been larger if women had the same endowments. Quantile regressions and recentered influence functions show that the gender wage gap is wide at the top of the distribution, primarily in the public sector, which is a sign of a glass ceiling. The gap is also wider at the bottom of the wage distribution in the private sector, a sign of sticky floors. HIGHLIGHTS The Egyptian public sector has a relatively equitable gender wage structure, except for the top jobs. The gender wage gap is much larger in Egypt’s private sector for the low paid. Since lower-educated women often do not work, the gender pay discrimination in Egypt might be even greater than observed. Policy interventions are needed to prepare women for leadership positions and to increase their promotion opportunities.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"137 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45396889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2085880
Robert A. Blecker, Elissa Braunstein
ABSTRACT Macroeconomic models and associated policy analyses have long focused exclusively on market production, ignoring gender and care. Decades of feminist economic research, policy analysis, and activism around gender, care, and unpaid work have provided strong intellectual foundations for redressing this lacuna. This special issue represents the collaborative theoretical modeling work of a multidisciplinary group formed to respond to that gap. This introduction to the special issue situates this work in the wider gender and macroeconomics literature, beginning with some notes on the role of mathematical modeling in feminist economics. A key conclusion that emerges from this introductory review is that while some polices, especially greater public funding of care needs, can alleviate the inequities embedded in the gendered provision of care, more equitable and sustainable development and growth are unlikely to result without a transformation of the systems of gender stratification that underlie care provisioning. HIGHLIGHTS Macroeconomic models and policymaking should center the economic and social contributions of caregivers. Care and unpaid work are fundamental to the functioning of the market economy. A transformation of the systems of gender stratification that underlie care provisioning is needed. No single solution exists, but macroeconomic models of care provide steps toward fixing gender inequities in care provisioning.
{"title":"Feminist Perspectives on Care and Macroeconomic Modeling: Introduction to the Special Issue","authors":"Robert A. Blecker, Elissa Braunstein","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2085880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2085880","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Macroeconomic models and associated policy analyses have long focused exclusively on market production, ignoring gender and care. Decades of feminist economic research, policy analysis, and activism around gender, care, and unpaid work have provided strong intellectual foundations for redressing this lacuna. This special issue represents the collaborative theoretical modeling work of a multidisciplinary group formed to respond to that gap. This introduction to the special issue situates this work in the wider gender and macroeconomics literature, beginning with some notes on the role of mathematical modeling in feminist economics. A key conclusion that emerges from this introductory review is that while some polices, especially greater public funding of care needs, can alleviate the inequities embedded in the gendered provision of care, more equitable and sustainable development and growth are unlikely to result without a transformation of the systems of gender stratification that underlie care provisioning. HIGHLIGHTS Macroeconomic models and policymaking should center the economic and social contributions of caregivers. Care and unpaid work are fundamental to the functioning of the market economy. A transformation of the systems of gender stratification that underlie care provisioning is needed. No single solution exists, but macroeconomic models of care provide steps toward fixing gender inequities in care provisioning.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"28 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42833101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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