Pub Date : 2022-12-05DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2123950
Jennifer Cohen
ABSTRACT The concept of precarity extends beyond insecure wage work into the conditions of social reproduction: supporting dependents can expose even securely employed, relatively well-paid workers to precarity. Qualitative data from public hospital nurses in Johannesburg reveal how responsibility for social reproduction can contribute to precarity among women in some contexts. This study maps nurses’ household networks to obtain a conservative estimate of dependency. Excerpts from interviews demonstrate how responsibilities are converted into precarity through household networks across different marital statuses, household structures, and ages. HIGHLIGHTS Securely employed, professional women may have precarious lives. Familial dependency can induce precarity among black women employed in nursing in South Africa. South African nurses were distressed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Gendered value systems and norms contribute to precarious subsistence. Universal basic income could mitigate micro-level crises of social reproduction.
{"title":"Precarity of Subsistence: Social Reproduction Among South African Nurses","authors":"Jennifer Cohen","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2123950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2123950","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The concept of precarity extends beyond insecure wage work into the conditions of social reproduction: supporting dependents can expose even securely employed, relatively well-paid workers to precarity. Qualitative data from public hospital nurses in Johannesburg reveal how responsibility for social reproduction can contribute to precarity among women in some contexts. This study maps nurses’ household networks to obtain a conservative estimate of dependency. Excerpts from interviews demonstrate how responsibilities are converted into precarity through household networks across different marital statuses, household structures, and ages. HIGHLIGHTS Securely employed, professional women may have precarious lives. Familial dependency can induce precarity among black women employed in nursing in South Africa. South African nurses were distressed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Gendered value systems and norms contribute to precarious subsistence. Universal basic income could mitigate micro-level crises of social reproduction.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"236 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46356684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-03DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2116070
Yolanda Hernández-Albújar, Gemma Sáez, Marta Garrido-Macías
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting lockdowns that started in March 2020 have sparked an increase in domestic labor in many families across the globe. This study focuses on gender differences in the distribution of domestic housework and childcare, as well as how they have impacted couples’ conflicts during confinement, in the context of Spain and Italy. It employs a sequential mixed-methods approach in which a quantitative survey was followed by qualitative in-depth interviews. The results of the quantitative study (N = 447) showed that, for women, total household labor performed during confinement led to the perception of an unequal household distribution, which impacted couples’ conflicts. In-depth interviews with participants from both countries confirmed the quantitative findings and allowed a nuanced understanding of how conflict negotiations evolved during the confinement. The results provide a comprehensive view of how the pandemic may have worsened women’s situation in the household. HIGHLIGHTS Pandemic lockdowns intensified the already unequal distribution of housework in households in Spain and Italy. Women disproportionally spent more hours on childcare and household chores during confinement. Traditional gender norms shaped women’s and men’s perceptions of unfairness in terms of division of housework. Gender norms also limited women’s bargaining power and shaped couples’ conflict and negotiation strategies. Policies should aim to alleviate intrahousehold inequality to achieve better work–life balance for women.
{"title":"The Impact of Household Labor Distribution on Domestic Conflicts During Covid-19 Confinement Orders in Spain and Italy","authors":"Yolanda Hernández-Albújar, Gemma Sáez, Marta Garrido-Macías","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2116070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2116070","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting lockdowns that started in March 2020 have sparked an increase in domestic labor in many families across the globe. This study focuses on gender differences in the distribution of domestic housework and childcare, as well as how they have impacted couples’ conflicts during confinement, in the context of Spain and Italy. It employs a sequential mixed-methods approach in which a quantitative survey was followed by qualitative in-depth interviews. The results of the quantitative study (N = 447) showed that, for women, total household labor performed during confinement led to the perception of an unequal household distribution, which impacted couples’ conflicts. In-depth interviews with participants from both countries confirmed the quantitative findings and allowed a nuanced understanding of how conflict negotiations evolved during the confinement. The results provide a comprehensive view of how the pandemic may have worsened women’s situation in the household. HIGHLIGHTS Pandemic lockdowns intensified the already unequal distribution of housework in households in Spain and Italy. Women disproportionally spent more hours on childcare and household chores during confinement. Traditional gender norms shaped women’s and men’s perceptions of unfairness in terms of division of housework. Gender norms also limited women’s bargaining power and shaped couples’ conflict and negotiation strategies. Policies should aim to alleviate intrahousehold inequality to achieve better work–life balance for women.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"129 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46279061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2118342
Margaret E. Blume-Kohout
The United States’ Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 improved and expanded availability of non-group health insurance. Previous studies have shown that women in the US workforce value health insurance more highly than men do. Because prior to the ACA self-employed individuals did not have guaranteed access to affordable health insurance coverage, women’s relatively lower rate of self-employment may partly have reflected their greater “job lock” due to employer-based health insurance. This article employs nationally representative survey data for 2009–18 and a quasi-experimental difference-in-difference modeling approach and finds that unmarried women’s probability of self-employment increased by 1.2 percentage points in 2015–18, after the ACA’s expansion of non-group health insurance came into effect. Among women who have never married, overall probability of self-employment increased by 1.2–1.5 percentage points versus trend, and the probability of transitioning into full-time self-employment increased by 0.9 percentage points. HIGHLIGHTS In the US, unmarried women are less likely than men to be self-employed. The Affordable Care Act improved access to non-employer-based health insurance, reducing the cost of leaving jobs. As a result, from 2015–2018, unmarried women were increasingly drawn to self-employment. The ACA’s expansion of health insurance thus provides important economic benefits beyond healthcare access.
{"title":"The Affordable Care Act and Women’s Self-Employment in the United States","authors":"Margaret E. Blume-Kohout","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2118342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2118342","url":null,"abstract":"The United States’ Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 improved and expanded availability of non-group health insurance. Previous studies have shown that women in the US workforce value health insurance more highly than men do. Because prior to the ACA self-employed individuals did not have guaranteed access to affordable health insurance coverage, women’s relatively lower rate of self-employment may partly have reflected their greater “job lock” due to employer-based health insurance. This article employs nationally representative survey data for 2009–18 and a quasi-experimental difference-in-difference modeling approach and finds that unmarried women’s probability of self-employment increased by 1.2 percentage points in 2015–18, after the ACA’s expansion of non-group health insurance came into effect. Among women who have never married, overall probability of self-employment increased by 1.2–1.5 percentage points versus trend, and the probability of transitioning into full-time self-employment increased by 0.9 percentage points. HIGHLIGHTS In the US, unmarried women are less likely than men to be self-employed. The Affordable Care Act improved access to non-employer-based health insurance, reducing the cost of leaving jobs. As a result, from 2015–2018, unmarried women were increasingly drawn to self-employment. The ACA’s expansion of health insurance thus provides important economic benefits beyond healthcare access.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"174 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46687442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2120206
Els Lecoutere, Bjorn Van Campenhout
In low- and middle-income countries, poor cooperation between members of smallholder agricultural households may lead to inefficient allocation of productive resources. This study estimates the causal mediating effects of cooperation between spouses on household welfare and public goods provision in Ugandan and Tanzanian monogamous smallholder coffee farming households. The random encouragement to participate in an intensive training program coaching couples in farming as a household enterprise and participatory intrahousehold decision making, which stimulates cooperation and, in turn, household welfare and public goods provision, enables estimating causal mediating effects while avoiding challenges of endogeneity. Spousal cooperation has positive mediating effects on household welfare, measured by total household income per capita and food security, and on household public goods provision, measured by the adoption intensity of agronomic practices and use of improved seed for food crops. Spousal cooperation has larger effects on total household income per capita with longer duration of marriage. HIGHLIGHTS In Uganda and Tanzania, the Gender Household Approach program aims to improve gender relations by promoting spousal cooperation. Participatory decision making implies strengthening women’s voice and ability to include their claims in a household. GHA presents a concept of women’s empowerment that avoids backlash by promoting shared control of resources and agency. Programs that promote spousal cooperation can improve the welfare and public goods provision of agricultural households.
{"title":"Joint Forces: The Impact of Intrahousehold Cooperation on Welfare in East African Agricultural Households","authors":"Els Lecoutere, Bjorn Van Campenhout","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2120206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2120206","url":null,"abstract":"In low- and middle-income countries, poor cooperation between members of smallholder agricultural households may lead to inefficient allocation of productive resources. This study estimates the causal mediating effects of cooperation between spouses on household welfare and public goods provision in Ugandan and Tanzanian monogamous smallholder coffee farming households. The random encouragement to participate in an intensive training program coaching couples in farming as a household enterprise and participatory intrahousehold decision making, which stimulates cooperation and, in turn, household welfare and public goods provision, enables estimating causal mediating effects while avoiding challenges of endogeneity. Spousal cooperation has positive mediating effects on household welfare, measured by total household income per capita and food security, and on household public goods provision, measured by the adoption intensity of agronomic practices and use of improved seed for food crops. Spousal cooperation has larger effects on total household income per capita with longer duration of marriage. HIGHLIGHTS In Uganda and Tanzania, the Gender Household Approach program aims to improve gender relations by promoting spousal cooperation. Participatory decision making implies strengthening women’s voice and ability to include their claims in a household. GHA presents a concept of women’s empowerment that avoids backlash by promoting shared control of resources and agency. Programs that promote spousal cooperation can improve the welfare and public goods provision of agricultural households.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"266 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45255307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2108550
Almudena Sevilla, M. D. Giusta
Jayati Ghosh taught economics at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi for nearly thirty-five years and is currently Professor of Economics at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, USA. She has authored and/or edited twenty books and more than 200 scholarly articles. Recent books include: The Making of a Catastrophe: Covid-19 and the Indian Economy (Aleph Books forthcoming); Never Done and Poorly Paid: Women’s Work in Globalising India (Women Unlimited 2009); the co-edited Handbook of Alternative Theories of Economic Development (Elgar 2016); Demonetisation Decoded (Routledge 2017; co-authored); and Informal Women Workers in the Global South Economy (Routledge 2021).
{"title":"Career and Family: Women’s Century-Long Journey Toward Equity","authors":"Almudena Sevilla, M. D. Giusta","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2108550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2108550","url":null,"abstract":"Jayati Ghosh taught economics at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi for nearly thirty-five years and is currently Professor of Economics at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, USA. She has authored and/or edited twenty books and more than 200 scholarly articles. Recent books include: The Making of a Catastrophe: Covid-19 and the Indian Economy (Aleph Books forthcoming); Never Done and Poorly Paid: Women’s Work in Globalising India (Women Unlimited 2009); the co-edited Handbook of Alternative Theories of Economic Development (Elgar 2016); Demonetisation Decoded (Routledge 2017; co-authored); and Informal Women Workers in the Global South Economy (Routledge 2021).","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"301 - 305"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42358798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2101680
K. Kosec, Jie Song, Hongdi Zhao, Brian Holtemeyer
How do fluctuations in income affect labor supply decisions, and how do their effects differ by gender? This study analyzes data from a thirteen-year rolling panel in Kyrgyzstan spanning 2004–16. It addresses the endogeneity of fluctuations in income to labor supply decisions by employing shift share instruments that exploit region-level changes over time in growth rates of different sources of revenue and production costs. Estimating a household fixed effects model, the study finds that reductions in income relative to the median spur departure from the household (for example, due to migration), with smaller impacts on women than men. However, women’s labor supply at the origin is affected significantly more, with short-term increases in hours of employment and declines in home production and other activities. Reductions in income also fuel temporary migration for both genders, with larger effects for men, and widen the gender gap in pursuit of non-compulsory education. HIGHLIGHTS Declines in income spur household departure, with larger impacts on men than women. Women are not always “left behind” following shocks; like men, they respond through changes in labor supply and livelihood decisions. At the origin, women face significantly greater increases in workloads than do men. Declines in income widen the gender gap in pursuit of non-compulsory education, favoring men. Policies that support women’s ability to control income can promote domestic work sharing and ensure income generation empowers women.
{"title":"The Gendered Impacts of Income Fluctuations on Household Departure, Labor Supply, and Human Capital Decisions: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan","authors":"K. Kosec, Jie Song, Hongdi Zhao, Brian Holtemeyer","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2101680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2101680","url":null,"abstract":"How do fluctuations in income affect labor supply decisions, and how do their effects differ by gender? This study analyzes data from a thirteen-year rolling panel in Kyrgyzstan spanning 2004–16. It addresses the endogeneity of fluctuations in income to labor supply decisions by employing shift share instruments that exploit region-level changes over time in growth rates of different sources of revenue and production costs. Estimating a household fixed effects model, the study finds that reductions in income relative to the median spur departure from the household (for example, due to migration), with smaller impacts on women than men. However, women’s labor supply at the origin is affected significantly more, with short-term increases in hours of employment and declines in home production and other activities. Reductions in income also fuel temporary migration for both genders, with larger effects for men, and widen the gender gap in pursuit of non-compulsory education. HIGHLIGHTS Declines in income spur household departure, with larger impacts on men than women. Women are not always “left behind” following shocks; like men, they respond through changes in labor supply and livelihood decisions. At the origin, women face significantly greater increases in workloads than do men. Declines in income widen the gender gap in pursuit of non-compulsory education, favoring men. Policies that support women’s ability to control income can promote domestic work sharing and ensure income generation empowers women.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"205 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49630574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-22DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2108549
J. Ghosh
{"title":"The Rise and Decline of Patriarchal Systems: An Intersectional Political Economy","authors":"J. Ghosh","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2108549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2108549","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"298 - 301"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43144763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2105375
E. Han
This study examines how teachers' unions differently affect teacher attrition by gender, relying on nationally representative, district–teacher matched data from the United States. To identify union effects, the article employs a multilevel linear model and exploits natural experiments. Results find that teachers' unions reduce teacher attrition and that the union effects greatly differ by teacher gender and teaching subject. The study also finds that the changes in legal institutions restricting the collective bargaining of teachers significantly raise teacher attrition, especially in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects. HIGHLIGHTS Teachers' unions help districts deal with teacher shortage problems by reducing attrition of their teachers. Union effects are greater for men STEM teachers than for non-STEM men teachers; the pattern is the opposite for women teachers. Because teaching is dominated by women, districts with higher union membership may imply more room for women's voices. Legal changes that undermine teachers' unions are likely to result in deteriorating employment conditions and, ultimately, poor educational outcomes.
{"title":"The Gendered Effects of Teachers’ Unions on Teacher Attrition: Evidence from District–Teacher Matched Data in the US","authors":"E. Han","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2105375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2105375","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines how teachers' unions differently affect teacher attrition by gender, relying on nationally representative, district–teacher matched data from the United States. To identify union effects, the article employs a multilevel linear model and exploits natural experiments. Results find that teachers' unions reduce teacher attrition and that the union effects greatly differ by teacher gender and teaching subject. The study also finds that the changes in legal institutions restricting the collective bargaining of teachers significantly raise teacher attrition, especially in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects. HIGHLIGHTS Teachers' unions help districts deal with teacher shortage problems by reducing attrition of their teachers. Union effects are greater for men STEM teachers than for non-STEM men teachers; the pattern is the opposite for women teachers. Because teaching is dominated by women, districts with higher union membership may imply more room for women's voices. Legal changes that undermine teachers' unions are likely to result in deteriorating employment conditions and, ultimately, poor educational outcomes.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"141 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48303206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2022.2100444
Marie Hyland, Asif M. Islam, S. Muzi
ABSTRACT This article contributes to better understanding firms’ behavior in the presence of gender discriminatory laws and its linkages with labor market outcomes for women in a developing country setting. Using data collected through the World Bank Enterprise Surveys in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the study documents the existence of nonnegligible employer discrimination in the presence of discriminatory laws. Interestingly, discriminatory behaviors, and the related limitations in women’s autonomy, are more pervasive outside the capital city, Kinshasa, which suggests that differences in enforcement and social norms may be at play. The study also finds that, in those firms that do not enforce discriminatory laws, women benefit from better labor market outcomes, in terms of their representation among the upper echelons of management and their participation in the overall workforce. The positive relationship between nondiscriminatory behaviors and female employment is particularly strong in the manufacturing sector. HIGHLIGHTS In the Democratic Republic of Congo, discriminatory laws are linked to employer discrimination against women. Firms do not follow these laws uniformly, with enforcement varying by geography and type of law. This important nuance helps uncover the interaction between national laws and local norms. Firms that do not impose discriminatory laws have more women employees and managers.
{"title":"Firms’ Behavior Under Discriminatory Laws and Women’s Employment in the Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"Marie Hyland, Asif M. Islam, S. Muzi","doi":"10.1080/13545701.2022.2100444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2100444","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article contributes to better understanding firms’ behavior in the presence of gender discriminatory laws and its linkages with labor market outcomes for women in a developing country setting. Using data collected through the World Bank Enterprise Surveys in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the study documents the existence of nonnegligible employer discrimination in the presence of discriminatory laws. Interestingly, discriminatory behaviors, and the related limitations in women’s autonomy, are more pervasive outside the capital city, Kinshasa, which suggests that differences in enforcement and social norms may be at play. The study also finds that, in those firms that do not enforce discriminatory laws, women benefit from better labor market outcomes, in terms of their representation among the upper echelons of management and their participation in the overall workforce. The positive relationship between nondiscriminatory behaviors and female employment is particularly strong in the manufacturing sector. HIGHLIGHTS In the Democratic Republic of Congo, discriminatory laws are linked to employer discrimination against women. Firms do not follow these laws uniformly, with enforcement varying by geography and type of law. This important nuance helps uncover the interaction between national laws and local norms. Firms that do not impose discriminatory laws have more women employees and managers.","PeriodicalId":47715,"journal":{"name":"Feminist Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":"70 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47699032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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