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Modeling Marronage: GIS Heuristics of Refuge Affordances in Colonial St. Croix Marronage 建模:殖民地时期圣克罗伊岛避难所可用性的地理信息系统启发法
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10816-024-09680-7
Lauren E. Kohut, Steven A. Wernke, Justin Dunnavant

On the Caribbean island of St. Croix, archival documents reference settlements of runaway enslaved Africans in the mountainous range known as Maroon Ridge. These settlements provide an important record of Afro-Atlantic resistance to enslavement. However, as both intentionally secluded and ephemeral places of refuge, these maroon settlements are difficult to locate in the archaeological record. Geospatial modeling provides one avenue for understanding African geographies of resistance. Building on prior geospatial modeling efforts, this paper uses a GIS-based multicriteria suitability analysis to characterize the shifting affordances of marronage on Danish colonial St. Croix across the second half of the eighteenth century. By considering how the island landscape “looked” to those seeking refuge, we trace how possibilities for refuge were distributed through space and over time. In this paper, we develop affordance heuristics to model refuge using digitized historic maps and publicly available LiDAR data. The resulting model suggests shifting maroon refugia sites over time and demonstrates how geospatial approaches, paired with historical archives, can model historic affordances across time.

在加勒比海的圣克罗伊岛,档案文件中提到了被奴役非洲人在被称为 "马龙岭 "的山区逃亡的定居点。这些定居点是非洲裔大西洋人反抗奴役的重要记录。然而,由于这些马龙人定居点既是有意隐蔽的,又是短暂的避难场所,因此很难在考古记录中找到它们的位置。地理空间建模为了解非洲抵抗运动的地理环境提供了一个途径。在先前地理空间建模工作的基础上,本文使用基于地理信息系统的多标准适宜性分析来描述十八世纪下半叶丹麦殖民时期圣克罗伊岛上 "褐奴 "可承受性的变化。通过考虑岛屿景观在寻求避难的人眼中的 "外观",我们追溯了避难的可能性在空间和时间上的分布情况。在本文中,我们利用数字化历史地图和公开可用的激光雷达数据,开发了负担能力启发式模型。由此产生的模型表明,褐红色的避难所地点会随着时间的推移而变化,并展示了地理空间方法如何与历史档案相结合,为不同时期的历史负担能力建模。
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引用次数: 0
Taphonomic Approach to the Interpretation of Isolated Human Skulls: Distinguishing Natural from Intentional Deposition 解读孤立人类头骨的陶塑学方法:区分自然沉积与有意沉积
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10816-024-09675-4
Silvia M. Bello, Lucile Crété

The human cranium is probably the most common single anatomical element manipulated after the death of the individual. However, it is not uncommon to find isolated crania for which it is difficult to unequivocally determine the nature of the deposition, either intentional or natural. In order to establish whether naturally deposited and intentionally deposited skulls are characterised by different taphonomic patterns, we evaluated the state of preservation of 75 isolated crania (68 naturally deposited and 7 intentionally deposited) from sites in Africa, Europe, Near East and Asia, from approximately 2 million to 20,000 years BP. As a comparative reference, we evaluated the preservation pattern of further 101 skulls from individuals buried in primary deposition at two cemeteries. Finally, to determine whether the breakage pattern of skull-cups (skulls intentionally modified and manufactured into bowls) mimics a natural skull breakage, we analysed the preservation pattern of 19 skull-cups from archaeological and ethnographic contexts. Preservation and breakage patterns were evaluated using the Zonation method and the Landmark method. Results suggest that the intentionally deposited skulls have a pattern of preservation similar to the skulls found in cemeteries, and for both these categories, skulls were generally better preserved than naturally deposited skulls. The natural breakage pattern of isolated skulls also significantly differs from the breakage pattern of skulls modified into skull-cups, suggesting that it is unlikely that skull-cups were fashioned in a manner that imitates natural breakage patterns.

人的头盖骨可能是人死后最常见的单一解剖元素。然而,我们经常发现一些孤立的头盖骨,很难明确确定其沉积的性质,是有意沉积还是自然沉积。为了确定自然沉积和有意沉积的头骨是否具有不同的岩石学模式,我们对来自非洲、欧洲、近东和亚洲遗址的 75 个孤立头骨(68 个自然沉积和 7 个有意沉积)的保存状况进行了评估,这些头骨的年代约为公元前 200 万年至公元前 2 万年。作为比较参考,我们还评估了另外 101 个头骨的保存模式,这些头骨来自两个墓地的原生沉积物。最后,为了确定头骨杯(头骨被有意改造并制造成碗)的断裂模式是否模仿自然头骨断裂,我们分析了考古学和人种学背景中 19 个头骨杯的保存模式。我们使用分区法和地标法对保存和破损模式进行了评估。结果表明,有意放置的头骨的保存模式与墓地中发现的头骨相似,而且这两类头骨的保存情况普遍好于自然放置的头骨。孤立头骨的自然破损模式也与改造成头骨杯的头骨的破损模式有很大不同,这表明头骨杯不太可能是以模仿自然破损模式的方式制作的。
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引用次数: 0
Confronting Taphonomic Challenges from Excavation Through Curation of Human Remains 从人类遗骸的发掘到保存,应对陶器学的挑战
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10816-024-09672-7
Brenda J. Baker

Taphonomy as it applies to human remains from archaeological contexts typically considers issues of preservation and diagenesis in the burial environment. Less attention has been paid to biocultural taphonomic factors including excavation techniques, expertise of excavators, and post-excavation treatment. The ways in which human remains are transported from the field to the lab and long-term storage area; effects of field conservation; how skeletons are cleaned, stored, and organized; the degree to which excavation records and osteological analyses are documented; and the management and maintenance of collections over time all have substantial impact on the ability to evaluate and contextualize them. Examples drawn from fieldwork and study of human remains from Cyprus, Egypt, Sudan, and the USA confront these human-induced taphonomic factors. Insufficient expertise and planning for storage and ongoing care of human remains may lead to missing or damaged skeletal elements, mixing, loss of provenience information, and limited accessibility. Best practices are recommended, even where locally available materials are limited. All archaeological projects in which human burials are anticipated must include experienced bioarchaeologists in fieldwork and study to minimize damage and loss of information and to ensure ethical treatment of human remains at all stages.

适用于考古环境中人类遗骸的堆积学通常考虑墓葬环境中的保存和成岩问题。人们较少关注包括发掘技术、发掘者的专业知识和发掘后处理在内的生物文化遗物学因素。将人类遗骸从野外运送到实验室和长期存放区的方式;野外保护的效果;骨骼的清洁、存放和整理方式;发掘记录和骨学分析的记录程度;以及长期管理和维护藏品的方式,都对评估和确定其背景的能力有很大影响。通过对塞浦路斯、埃及、苏丹和美国的人类遗骸进行实地考察和研究,我们可以看到这些人为因素造成的影响。在人类遗骸的存放和持续照料方面缺乏足够的专业知识和规划,可能会导致遗骸元素丢失或损坏、混杂、出处信息丢失以及可获取性受限。即使当地可用材料有限,也建议采用最佳做法。所有预计会有人类墓葬的考古项目都必须有经验丰富的生物考古学家参与实地工作和研究,以最大限度地减少损坏和信息丢失,并确保在各个阶段对人类遗骸进行合乎道德的处理。
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引用次数: 0
The Time of the Stones: A Call for Palimpsest Dissection to Explore Lithic Record Formation Processes 石头的时代:呼吁通过残片剖析探索石器记录的形成过程
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10816-024-09666-5
Santiago Sossa-Ríos, Alejandro Mayor, Laura Sánchez-Romero, Carolina Mallol, Manuel Vaquero, Cristo M. Hernández

The dissection of archaeological palimpsests has become a crucial process for achieving a diachronic understanding of the history of human groups. However, its widespread application to archaeological deposits has been hampered by both methodological and theoretical limitations, as well as by the inherent characteristics of the deposits. This paper explores whether overcoming these barriers, both methodological and theoretical, truly represents a significant shift in understanding past human behaviour, thereby motivating the pursuit of shorter timescales. To this end, we have analysed the lithic assemblages of Unit Xb from the Neanderthal site of El Salt (Alcoi, Iberian Peninsula) focusing on lithic attributes and raw material analyses, enabling the definition of raw material units and refitting sets. Considering these variables, we have applied archaeostratigraphic and spatial analyses in order to generate units of analysis whose content is compared to that of the entire unit. The defined archaeostratigraphic units display different spatial distributions and lithic composition. Some of them are attached to certain hearths and composed of refitted sets, while other units are related to areas without combustion evidence and integrated with bigger and heavier single products. Through this approach, here, we show that reducing the spatiotemporal scale of the record helps to unravel behavioural variability, reducing interpretative errors implicit in the assemblage-as-a-whole approach. This highlights the role of temporal resolution in reconstructing site formation processes and challenges research perspectives that assert the unnecessary or impossible nature of palimpsest dissection.

对考古叠层进行剖析已成为了解人类群体历史的一个重要过程。然而,由于方法和理论上的局限性以及沉积物的固有特征,这一方法在考古沉积物中的广泛应用一直受到阻碍。本文探讨了克服这些方法论和理论上的障碍是否真正代表了理解过去人类行为的重大转变,从而推动对更短时标的追求。为此,我们分析了埃尔盐尼安德特人遗址(伊比利亚半岛,阿尔科伊)Xb单元的石器组合,重点是石器属性和原材料分析,从而确定原材料单元和改装组合。考虑到这些变量,我们应用了考古地层学和空间分析,以生成分析单元,并将其内容与整个单元的内容进行比较。确定的古地层单元显示出不同的空间分布和石质成分。其中一些单元依附于某些炉膛,由改装过的成套石器组成,而另一些单元则与没有燃烧证据的区域相关,并与更大、更重的单件产品结合在一起。通过这种方法,我们在此表明,缩小记录的时空尺度有助于揭示行为的可变性,减少 "组合即整体 "方法中隐含的解释误差。这凸显了时间分辨率在重建遗址形成过程中的作用,并对那些认为没有必要或不可能进行拼合剖析的研究观点提出了挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Discrimination of Cereal Residue Adsorbed by Pottery Based on Metabolomics 基于代谢组学鉴别陶器吸附的谷物残渣
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10816-024-09667-4
Lei Lu, Rui Wen, Junjun Cui

Cereal remains are common and important archaeological finds, providing crucial evidence for the origin and development of agriculture. Many previous studies have utilized one or several molecules as biomarkers to identify archaeological remains. However, there is a lack of systematic research on characteristic metabolites of common grains, especially of ancient varieties. The goal of this study was to derive a series of more species-indicative biomarkers using untargeted metabolomics as well as provide new insights into the identification of cereal remains excavated in archaeology. First, modern cereal, pottery and archeological samples were used for untargeted metabolomics to obtain plant metabolites. Then, statistical analyses were employed to screen candidate biomarkers. It was determined there are 73, 42, 138 and 58 metabolites representing broomcorn millet, foxtail millet, wheat and rice, respectively. Among the compounds mentioned above, 33 were found to be present in the archaeological samples from the Dongxiafeng site dating back around 3600 years. These 33 biomarkers would serve as characteristic elements for systematic clustering. The results indicated that among pottery sherds from the Dongxiafeng site, the most likely processed cereal is foxtail millet, and the least likely processed cereal is wheat. The theoretical calculated proportions of four grains are as follows: broomcorn millet 26%; foxtail millet 51%; wheat 18%; rice 5%. This aligns with the agricultural tradition in this region during the early Bronze Age, characterized by dryland farming with a focus on foxtail millet and broomcorn millet, while rice and wheat were also introduced.

谷物遗骸是常见的重要考古发现,为农业的起源和发展提供了重要证据。以前的许多研究利用一种或几种分子作为生物标记来鉴定考古遗存。然而,对普通谷物,尤其是古代谷物的特征代谢物缺乏系统的研究。本研究的目标是利用非靶向代谢组学方法得出一系列更具物种指示性的生物标记物,并为考古发掘中谷物遗存的鉴定提供新的见解。首先,利用现代谷物、陶器和考古样本进行非靶向代谢组学研究,以获得植物代谢物。然后,利用统计分析筛选候选生物标志物。结果表明,代表黍、狐尾稷、小麦和水稻的代谢物分别有 73、42、138 和 58 种。在上述化合物中,发现有 33 种存在于距今约 3600 年的东峡峰遗址考古样本中。这 33 种生物标志物将作为系统聚类的特征元素。结果表明,在东峡峰遗址出土的陶片中,最有可能加工的谷物是狐尾黍,最不可能加工的谷物是小麦。四种谷物的理论计算比例如下:秫 26%;狐尾粟 51%;小麦 18%;稻 5%。这与该地区青铜时代早期的农业传统相吻合,其特点是以狐尾黍和秫为主的旱地农业,同时也引入了水稻和小麦。
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引用次数: 0
Chipped-Stone Crescents from the Terminal Pleistocene–Early Holocene of Far Western North America and the Transverse Projectile Point Hypothesis 北美远西更新世末期-全新世早期的碎石月牙和横向弹丸点假说
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1007/s10816-024-09665-6
Daniel S. Amick

Crescents are a distinctive component of several terminal Pleistocene–early Holocene (TP–EH) toolkits in the Far West, including the concave-based projectile point techno-complex, as demonstrated by archaeological associations, toolstone preferences, and manufacturing techniques. Archaeological and paleoenvironmental evidence suggests regular association with periods of wetland expansion across this region. Numerous speculative hypotheses have been proposed for the possible function(s) of these tools, but little direct investigation or testing has been conducted. This study uses the method of multiple working hypotheses to investigate these competing propositions. It draws on multiple lines of evidence from morphological and techno-functional patterns of tool damage and rejuvenation developed from a large artifact assemblage; analogs from ethnographic, historic, and archaeological cases; paleoenvironmental and ecological observations; an actualistic experimental program; and applications of foraging and design theories. Results show how morphological variation often reflects original blank form and individual tool life-history. Patterned recycling strategies include occasional manufacture from concave-base projectile points and conversion into gravers. The combined evidence best supports the hypothesized interpretation of lunate crescents as specialized transverse projectile points used primarily for open-water hunting of waterfowl by early foragers of the Great Basin and California, especially during episodic and localized increases in their abundance. These conclusions contribute to the growing picture of diversity and adaptive flexibility among early foragers in the Far West and further indicate waterfowl as a significant but temporally and spatially variable dietary component.

新月形石是远西地区几个末更新世-全新世早期(TP-EH)工具包(包括以凹面为基础的弹丸点技术复合体)的独特组成部分,考古学关联、工具石偏好和制造技术都证明了这一点。考古和古环境证据表明,该地区的湿地扩张时期与此有规律的联系。关于这些工具的可能功能,人们提出了许多推测性假设,但很少进行直接调查或测试。本研究采用多重工作假设的方法来研究这些相互竞争的命题。它利用了多种证据,包括从一个大型文物组合中发展出来的工具损坏和再生的形态和技术功能模式;人种学、历史学和考古学案例中的类比;古环境和生态观察;实际实验项目;以及觅食和设计理论的应用。研究结果表明,形态变化往往反映了原始坯料的形态和个体工具的生活史。模式化的回收策略包括偶尔从凹底射钉点制造和转换为凿形器。综合证据最能支持月牙形新月点的假设解释,即月牙形新月点是专门的横向射点,主要用于大盆地和加利福尼亚早期觅食者在开阔水域狩猎水禽,尤其是在水禽数量偶发和局部增加的时期。这些结论有助于进一步说明远西地区早期觅食者的多样性和适应灵活性,并进一步表明水禽是一个重要的、但在时间和空间上可变的食物组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Debunking Deterministic Narratives of Technological Development Through Experimentation: A Critical Review of the Prehistory of Tin Bronze Alloying 通过实验揭穿技术发展的决定论叙事:锡青铜合金史前史的批判性回顾
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10816-024-09661-w
Julia Montes-Landa, Simon Timberlake, Marcos Martinón-Torres

The currently accepted narrative on the prehistory of bronze alloying technology follows deterministic, outdated assumptions of technological progression that ignore the role of contextual and performance factors in the decision-making processes, thus neglecting human agency. In essence, it is expected that newer techniques were overarchingly more advanced than older ones and hence replaced them. The validity of this narrative should be challenged and revised. A critical analysis of worldwide literature exposed that, contrary to predictions of the accepted theory, (1) the oldest alloying techniques persisted for centuries after newer ones were invented, and (2) several techniques usually coexisted in the same contexts. We hypothesised that these counterintuitive findings could be explained by differences in performance between techniques, (dis)advantageous at different settings. To obtain empirical information on the performance of techniques and test for behaviourally relevant performance differences between them, a series of alloying experiments were conducted. The results show that all techniques can produce objects of broadly equivalent quality while offering different trade-offs during production. Therefore, every technique—or a combination—can be advantageous under certain conditions, and there are no grounds to support a linear trajectory of substitution. These results debunk the traditional narrative and predict that co-smelting and cementation techniques were more frequently practiced in the past than hitherto assumed. Our propositions prompt a readjustment of explanatory models of bronze production organisation, trade, and consumption while opening unexplored research paths for archaeology and the history of technology.

目前公认的关于青铜合金技术史前史的叙述遵循的是确定性的、过时的技术进步假设,忽视了环境和性能因素在决策过程中的作用,从而忽视了人的能动性。从本质上讲,人们认为新技术总的来说比旧技术更先进,因此取代了旧技术。这种说法的正确性应受到质疑和修正。对世界范围内的文献进行批判性分析后发现,与公认理论的预测相反,(1) 最古老的合金技术在新技术发明后依然存在了几个世纪,(2) 几种技术通常在相同的环境中并存。我们假设,这些反直觉的发现可以用不同技术之间的性能差异来解释,因为不同技术在不同环境下(不)具有优势。为了获得各种技术性能的经验信息,并检验它们之间是否存在行为相关的性能差异,我们进行了一系列合金实验。结果表明,所有技术都能生产出质量大体相当的物品,但在生产过程中会有不同的取舍。因此,在某些条件下,每种技术或技术组合都可能具有优势,没有理由支持线性替代轨迹。这些结果推翻了传统的说法,并预测共熔和胶结技术在过去的应用比迄今假设的更为频繁。我们的主张促使人们重新调整青铜生产组织、贸易和消费的解释模式,同时也为考古学和技术史开辟了尚未探索的研究道路。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating the Size and Density of the La Prele Site: Implications for Early Paleoindian Group Size 估算拉普雷尔遗址的规模和密度:对早期古印第安人群体规模的影响
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10816-024-09662-9
Spencer R. Pelton, Todd A. Surovell, Sarah A. Allaun, McKenna L. Litynski, Paul H. Sanders, Robert L. Kelly, Madeline E. Mackie, Matthew J. O’Brien

The La Prele site (ca. 12,940 cal BP) is a deeply buried, single-component mammoth kill and campsite in Wyoming (USA). The site was discovered eroding from a creek bank 3 m deep within a 7-m tall terrace scarp, and prior investigations have primarily focused on excavations accessible from the creek bank, using heavy machinery to remove sterile overburden to access the deeply buried deposits. This approach has allowed excavations to occur safely outside of deep pits, but it has limited our ability to assess the total size and density of the site. To determine total site extent, we conducted systematic bucket auger testing of the La Prele site terrace, attempting 189 augers between 1.6 m and 6.2 m deep across the landform. We use a simulation and other mathematical procedures to infer artifact density from auger artifact counts and interpolate artifact densities across the site using GIS. We determine that La Prele is around 4500 m2 in area and likely contains a buried bison bonebed and two additional artifact concentrations comparable to or exceeding the size and density of previously excavated areas. We use these insights to infer Early Paleoindian group size, concluding that around 30 people occupied La Prele.

La Prele 遗址(约公元前 12,940 年)是位于怀俄明州(美国)的一个深埋的单体猛犸象猎杀地和营地。该遗址是在一个 7 米高的阶地峭壁上从 3 米深的溪岸侵蚀而发现的,之前的调查主要集中在从溪岸进行挖掘,使用重型机械清除无菌覆盖层,以进入深埋的沉积物。这种方法使挖掘工作能够安全地在深坑之外进行,但却限制了我们评估遗址总规模和密度的能力。为了确定遗址的总范围,我们对 La Prele 遗址阶地进行了系统的斗钻测试,在整个地貌上尝试了 189 个深度在 1.6 米到 6.2 米之间的钻。我们使用模拟和其他数学方法,从钻探器物数量推断器物密度,并使用地理信息系统对整个遗址的器物密度进行内插。我们确定 La Prele 的面积约为 4500 平方米,很可能包含一个埋藏的野牛骨床和另外两个文物集中区,其面积和密度相当于或超过之前发掘的区域。我们利用这些洞察力推断出早期古印第安人的群体规模,得出的结论是大约有 30 人居住在 La Prele。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Basalt: A Methodological Framework for Analysing Wear Traces on Basalt Tools 探索玄武岩:分析玄武岩工具磨损痕迹的方法框架
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10816-024-09663-8
Lena Asryan, Veerle Rots

Basalt is a widely used raw material for tool manufacture at prehistoric sites, but a unified methodology for assessing how hominfins used basalt in prehistory is lacking. A comprehensive experimental investigation of basalt tools is, thus, necessary to establish a reliable methodological framework that can be used to explore the functional properties of archaeological basalt assemblages.

The aim of this study is to contribute to the development of a methodological framework for the analysis of use-wear on basalt tools. Basalt, characterised by its distinct mechanical and structural properties and unique response to mechanical stress, requires specialised treatment and investigation.

To address this, our basalt varieties were characterised using SEM–EDS analysis. Sequential experiments were conducted, using the experimental basalt tools in different activities, including butchery, hide, bone and woodworking to determine use-wear formation patterns. Subsequentially, various analytical tools, including optical and scanning electron microscopes, were used to analyse macro- and micro-wear traces on basalt.

Our results provide useful information on methodological aspects of use-wear formation on basalt. The inclusion of detailed cleaning and experimental protocols enhanced the robustness of our methodology. Furthermore, the combined utilisation of various microscopes enabled to compile a comprehensive and complementary information on such a complex raw material such as basalt and to characterise thoroughly the diagnostic features of the micro-wear traces (e.g. edge damage, rounding, polish).

玄武岩是史前遗址中广泛使用的工具制造原材料,但目前还缺乏一种统一的方法来评估史前人类如何使用玄武岩。因此,有必要对玄武岩工具进行全面的实验调查,以建立一个可靠的方法论框架,用于探索考古玄武岩组合的功能特性。玄武岩具有独特的机械和结构特性以及对机械应力的独特反应,需要进行专门的处理和研究。我们利用 SEMEDS 分析法对我们的玄武岩品种进行了表征。在屠宰、兽皮、骨骼和木工等不同活动中使用实验玄武岩工具进行了连续实验,以确定使用磨损形成的模式。随后,使用各种分析工具,包括光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,分析玄武岩上的宏观和微观磨损痕迹。详细的清洁和实验方案增强了我们方法的稳健性。此外,通过综合利用各种显微镜,我们还汇编了有关玄武岩这种复杂原材料的全面互补信息,并对微观磨损痕迹的诊断特征(如边缘损伤、磨圆、抛光)进行了全面描述。
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引用次数: 0
Techné of Rock Engravings—the Timna Case Study 岩石雕刻技术--蒂姆纳案例研究
IF 2.3 1区 历史学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10816-024-09658-5
Lena Dubinsky, Leore Grosman

Traditionally, rock engravings were studied through their visual characteristics. They have been analyzed with comparative and interpretative methodologies of iconography and iconology. However, there has been a recent shift towards identifying production processes, allowing reconstruction of operational characteristics through various methods. Nevertheless, the studies of the technological aspects typically focus on the operational and the mechanical, often omitting the visuality of the outcome. In the current paper, we are using ArchCUT3-D software for computational analysis of 3-D data acquired from various rock engravings located in Timna Park, southern Israel. We show how micro-morphological evidence, extracted from the engraved lines, can decode technical trends and variabilities in a technique’s particular implementation. Then, we conduct a focused examination of one group of engraved figures in order to establish a link between execution techniques and visual considerations. Based on our results and the following discussion, we suggest the term Techné to indicate the choice of technique that goes beyond the instrumental or purely operative perspectives. We highlight the intentional choice, which designs the visual rhetoric of the engraved marks and suggests cultural concepts that contrived the procedural processes.

传统上,人们通过岩画的视觉特征对其进行研究。对岩画的分析采用的是图像学和图像学的比较和解释方法。不过,最近的研究已转向确定制作过程,从而可以通过各种方法重建操作特征。然而,技术方面的研究通常侧重于操作和机械方面,往往忽略了成果的可视性。在本文中,我们使用 ArchCUT3-D 软件对从以色列南部蒂姆纳公园的各种岩刻中获取的三维数据进行了计算分析。我们展示了从雕刻线条中提取的微观形态证据如何解码技术趋势和特定技术实施过程中的变异。然后,我们对一组雕刻人物进行了重点研究,以建立雕刻技术与视觉因素之间的联系。根据我们的研究结果和下面的讨论,我们提出了 Techné 一词,用来表示超越工具性或纯粹操作性视角的技术选择。我们强调有意的选择,这种选择设计了雕刻痕迹的视觉修辞,并暗示了设计程序过程的文化概念。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
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