Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b1-6
Karin Stiasny, Judith H. Aberle
Since 1972, the documentation of human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Austria has been performed by the Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, which acts as the National Reference Laboratory for TBE and other flavivirus infections. Only hospitalized patients with a recent tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection confirmed by laboratory diagnosis are counted as cases. Confirmation is usually based on immunoglobulin (Ig) serology (namely enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] for IgM and IgG). However, this confirmation may be supplemented by virus neutralization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses if needed.
{"title":"TBE in Austria","authors":"Karin Stiasny, Judith H. Aberle","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b1-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b1-6","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1972, the documentation of human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Austria has been performed by the Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, which acts as the National Reference Laboratory for TBE and other flavivirus infections. Only hospitalized patients with a recent tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection confirmed by laboratory diagnosis are counted as cases. Confirmation is usually based on immunoglobulin (Ig) serology (namely enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] for IgM and IgG). However, this confirmation may be supplemented by virus neutralization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses if needed.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136020878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b7-6
Wilhelm Erber, Tamara Vuković-Janković
Even though tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been a notifiable disease in Croatia since 2007, there are no or only limited data available on the occurring tick species in the endemic areas, on the prevalence of TBE virus (TBEV) in ticks, its distribution in Croatia, and its genetic characteristics. Reporting of human cases also is very scarce. The Central European subtype of virus (TBEV-EU) appears to be present in Croatia.
{"title":"TBE in Croatia","authors":"Wilhelm Erber, Tamara Vuković-Janković","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b7-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b7-6","url":null,"abstract":"Even though tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been a notifiable disease in Croatia since 2007, there are no or only limited data available on the occurring tick species in the endemic areas, on the prevalence of TBE virus (TBEV) in ticks, its distribution in Croatia, and its genetic characteristics. Reporting of human cases also is very scarce. The Central European subtype of virus (TBEV-EU) appears to be present in Croatia.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b36-6
Elyes Zhioua
Ixodes ricinus is principally located in oak forests, in humid to semi-humid microclimatic zones in Northwestern Tunisia. While I. ricinus is considered the main vector of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in Europe, no reports concerning this arbovirus have been reported from North African countries. To date no human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) have been reported in Tunisia.
{"title":"TBE in Tunisia","authors":"Elyes Zhioua","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b36-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b36-6","url":null,"abstract":"Ixodes ricinus is principally located in oak forests, in humid to semi-humid microclimatic zones in Northwestern Tunisia. While I. ricinus is considered the main vector of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in Europe, no reports concerning this arbovirus have been reported from North African countries. To date no human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) have been reported in Tunisia.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b19-6
Dace Zavadska, Zane Freimane
Aggregated data on TBE cases in Latvia are available from 1955, but serological testing for TBE began in the 1970s. Since TBE became notifiable in Latvia, epidemiological changes of disease incidence have been dramatic. Between 1990–2000 Latvia had the highest rates of TBE incidence in the world, ranging from 8 to 53 cases per 100,000 population. Although the incidence decreased significantly in the past 10 years to about half – from 14.58/100,000 in 2010 to 7.86/100,000 in 2018 – Latvia still ranks very high among all countries in Europe with an annual incidence of 12.67/100,000 in 2022. The distribution of TBE cases in Latvia varies between different regions with the highest incidence usually registered near the northwestern coast.
{"title":"TBE in Latvia","authors":"Dace Zavadska, Zane Freimane","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b19-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b19-6","url":null,"abstract":"Aggregated data on TBE cases in Latvia are available from 1955, but serological testing for TBE began in the 1970s. Since TBE became notifiable in Latvia, epidemiological changes of disease incidence have been dramatic. Between 1990–2000 Latvia had the highest rates of TBE incidence in the world, ranging from 8 to 53 cases per 100,000 population. Although the incidence decreased significantly in the past 10 years to about half – from 14.58/100,000 in 2010 to 7.86/100,000 in 2018 – Latvia still ranks very high among all countries in Europe with an annual incidence of 12.67/100,000 in 2022. The distribution of TBE cases in Latvia varies between different regions with the highest incidence usually registered near the northwestern coast.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Until 2019, TBE was considered only to be an imported disease to the United Kingdom. In that year, evidence became available that the TBEV is likely circulating in the country and a first “probable case” of TBE originating in the UK was reported. In addition to TBEV, louping ill virus (LIV), a member of the TBEV-serocomplex, is also endemic in parts of the UK. Reports of clinical disease caused by LIV in livestock are mainly from Scotland, parts of North and South West England and Wales.
{"title":"TBE in United Kingdom","authors":"Maya Holding, Heinz-Josef Schmitt, Gillian Ellsbury","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b35-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b35-6","url":null,"abstract":"Until 2019, TBE was considered only to be an imported disease to the United Kingdom. In that year, evidence became available that the TBEV is likely circulating in the country and a first “probable case” of TBE originating in the UK was reported. In addition to TBEV, louping ill virus (LIV), a member of the TBEV-serocomplex, is also endemic in parts of the UK. Reports of clinical disease caused by LIV in livestock are mainly from Scotland, parts of North and South West England and Wales.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b23-6
Johannes Hermanus Jozef Reimerink, Hein Sprong, Margriet Harms, Chantal B.E.M Reusken
Until 2015, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was presumed not to be endemic in the Netherlands. Consequently, the number of diagnostic requests for detection of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) infection had been low. Between 2006 and 2015, the laboratory of the Netherlands Centre of Infectious Disease Control (Clb), 1 of the 2 laboratories that performed TBEV diagnostics in the Netherlands at the time, received an average of 20 (range 12–27) requests for TBE diagnostics per year. In the same period, TBE was diagnosed in 7 Dutch patients. All of these cases were considered to be travel-related. Indeed, 6 out of 7 patients reported that they had recently travelled to TBEV-endemic countries such as Austria (4), Germany (1), and Sweden (1).
{"title":"TBE in the Netherlands","authors":"Johannes Hermanus Jozef Reimerink, Hein Sprong, Margriet Harms, Chantal B.E.M Reusken","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b23-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b23-6","url":null,"abstract":"Until 2015, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was presumed not to be endemic in the Netherlands. Consequently, the number of diagnostic requests for detection of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) infection had been low. Between 2006 and 2015, the laboratory of the Netherlands Centre of Infectious Disease Control (Clb), 1 of the 2 laboratories that performed TBEV diagnostics in the Netherlands at the time, received an average of 20 (range 12–27) requests for TBE diagnostics per year. In the same period, TBE was diagnosed in 7 Dutch patients. All of these cases were considered to be travel-related. Indeed, 6 out of 7 patients reported that they had recently travelled to TBEV-endemic countries such as Austria (4), Germany (1), and Sweden (1).","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b14-6
Anna Nagy, Ferenc Schneider, Ezster Mezei, András Lakos
Hungarian scientists were among the pioneers in Europe as the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was isolated in 1952. However, most of their observations were published in the Hungarian language, and therefore cannot easily be accessed by the international medical community. Here the relevant Hungarian data are summarized.
{"title":"TBE in Hungary","authors":"Anna Nagy, Ferenc Schneider, Ezster Mezei, András Lakos","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b14-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b14-6","url":null,"abstract":"Hungarian scientists were among the pioneers in Europe as the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was isolated in 1952. However, most of their observations were published in the Hungarian language, and therefore cannot easily be accessed by the international medical community. Here the relevant Hungarian data are summarized.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this chapter we describe the pathogenesis of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). To cause infection, TBEV needs to cross three different barriers; the physical, the innate and adaptive and the blood-brain barrier. The trigger of innate immune and adaptive immune responses, by TBEV is necessary to clear the infection. TBEV employs strategies to evade the innate immune response. Tools to study TBEV pathogenicity such as mouse knock-out models and reverse genetics are also discussed.
{"title":"Chapter 4: Pathogenesis of TBE with a focus on molecular mechanisms","authors":"Andrea Kröger, Anna K. Överby","doi":"10.33442/26613980_4-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_4-6","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter we describe the pathogenesis of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). To cause infection, TBEV needs to cross three different barriers; the physical, the innate and adaptive and the blood-brain barrier. The trigger of innate immune and adaptive immune responses, by TBEV is necessary to clear the infection. TBEV employs strategies to evade the innate immune response. Tools to study TBEV pathogenicity such as mouse knock-out models and reverse genetics are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b30-6
Zoran Simonović, Tamara Vuković-Janković
TBE is endemic in Slovenia, and the incidence rate is one of the highest in the EU. In Slovenia, TBE virus was confirmed for the first time in 1953 with isolation of the virus from a patient’s blood. In 1955, the virus was isolated from a tick Ixodes ricinus.
{"title":"TBE in Slovenia","authors":"Zoran Simonović, Tamara Vuković-Janković","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b30-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b30-6","url":null,"abstract":"TBE is endemic in Slovenia, and the incidence rate is one of the highest in the EU. In Slovenia, TBE virus was confirmed for the first time in 1953 with isolation of the virus from a patient’s blood. In 1955, the virus was isolated from a tick Ixodes ricinus.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b34-6
Igor Nebogatkin, Olga Onishchuk, Hnatiuk Oleksandr, Wilhelm Erber, Tamara Vuković-Janković
The available data indicate that infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most common arbovirus infection in Ukraine. Natural TBE foci are mainly located in the Polissya territories (Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, Kyiv, and the Chernigiv region), as well as the Pre-Carpathian and Trans–Carpathian regions; a highly intensive distribution of TBEV was also observed in the entire mountain forest zone of Crimea and in Volinskij.
{"title":"TBE in Ukraine","authors":"Igor Nebogatkin, Olga Onishchuk, Hnatiuk Oleksandr, Wilhelm Erber, Tamara Vuković-Janković","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b34-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b34-6","url":null,"abstract":"The available data indicate that infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most common arbovirus infection in Ukraine. Natural TBE foci are mainly located in the Polissya territories (Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, Kyiv, and the Chernigiv region), as well as the Pre-Carpathian and Trans–Carpathian regions; a highly intensive distribution of TBEV was also observed in the entire mountain forest zone of Crimea and in Volinskij.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"29 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135961227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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