Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b10-6
Kuulo Kutsar
The first cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Estonia were identified in 1949. Today, Estonia is a TBE-endemic country. A TBE-endemic area in Estonia is defined as an area with circulation of the TBEV between ticks and vertebrate hosts as determined by detection of the TBEV or the demonstration of autochthonous infections in humans or animals within the last 20 years.
{"title":"TBE in Estonia","authors":"Kuulo Kutsar","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b10-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b10-6","url":null,"abstract":"The first cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Estonia were identified in 1949. Today, Estonia is a TBE-endemic country. A TBE-endemic area in Estonia is defined as an area with circulation of the TBEV between ticks and vertebrate hosts as determined by detection of the TBEV or the demonstration of autochthonous infections in humans or animals within the last 20 years.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b25-6
Katarzyna Pancer, Włodzimierz Gut
Clinical symptoms of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were first described in Poland in 1948 by Demiaszkiewicz. All patients had been living in the Białowieża region (in northeastern Poland). Similar infections were described to those that had been diagnosed in the same region before World War II as complicated cases of typhoid fever or influenza.
{"title":"TBE in Poland","authors":"Katarzyna Pancer, Włodzimierz Gut","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b25-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b25-6","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical symptoms of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were first described in Poland in 1948 by Demiaszkiewicz. All patients had been living in the Białowieża region (in northeastern Poland). Similar infections were described to those that had been diagnosed in the same region before World War II as complicated cases of typhoid fever or influenza.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b26-6
Lidia Chitimia-Dobler, Adriana Hristea, Wilhelm Erber, Tamara Vuković-Janković
Based on an epidemiological survey, human TBEV neuroinfections may have an endemic emergent course, and natural foci are in full territorial expansion. Identified risk areas are Tulcea district, Transylvania, at the base of the Carpathian Mountains and the Transylvanian Alps. TBE has been a notifiable disease since 1996. Surveillance of TBE is not done at the country level, only regionally in some counties (northern/central/western part, close to Hungary). The passive surveillance system was implemented in 2008. However, there is no regular screening and the relative risk of contracting this disease is unknown. In 1999, an outbreak of TBE in humans was recorded with a total of at least 38 human cases. The probable cause of the outbreak was goat milk and raw goat milk products. Subsequent studies to detect TBEV in ticks in the affected regions resulted in a non -specified number of TBEV isolates, which were described as belonging to the European subtype of TBEV. A publication of the neighboring Republic of Moldova described the existence of the Far-eastern subtype of TBEV just at the border to Romania.
{"title":"TBE in Romania","authors":"Lidia Chitimia-Dobler, Adriana Hristea, Wilhelm Erber, Tamara Vuković-Janković","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b26-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b26-6","url":null,"abstract":"Based on an epidemiological survey, human TBEV neuroinfections may have an endemic emergent course, and natural foci are in full territorial expansion. Identified risk areas are Tulcea district, Transylvania, at the base of the Carpathian Mountains and the Transylvanian Alps. TBE has been a notifiable disease since 1996. Surveillance of TBE is not done at the country level, only regionally in some counties (northern/central/western part, close to Hungary). The passive surveillance system was implemented in 2008. However, there is no regular screening and the relative risk of contracting this disease is unknown. In 1999, an outbreak of TBE in humans was recorded with a total of at least 38 human cases. The probable cause of the outbreak was goat milk and raw goat milk products. Subsequent studies to detect TBEV in ticks in the affected regions resulted in a non -specified number of TBEV isolates, which were described as belonging to the European subtype of TBEV. A publication of the neighboring Republic of Moldova described the existence of the Far-eastern subtype of TBEV just at the border to Romania.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b29-6
Jana Kerlik
The former Czechoslovak Republic was one of the first countries in Europe where the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was identified. This discovery was made in 1947, when Rampas and Gallia observed a high incidence of disease identified as “Czechoslovakia encephalitis”, and TBEV was isolated from Ixodes ricinus.
{"title":"TBE in Slovakia","authors":"Jana Kerlik","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b29-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b29-6","url":null,"abstract":"The former Czechoslovak Republic was one of the first countries in Europe where the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was identified. This discovery was made in 1947, when Rampas and Gallia observed a high incidence of disease identified as “Czechoslovakia encephalitis”, and TBEV was isolated from Ixodes ricinus.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b6-6
Yang Junfeng, Heinz-Josef Schmitt
The first TBE patients in China were reported in 1943, and the TBEV was isolated from the brain tissues of 2 patients in 1944 by Japanese military scientists, and from patients and ticks (Ixodes persulcatus and Haemaphysalis concinna) in 1952 by Chinese researchers. The Far Eastern viral subtype (TBEV-FE) is the endemic subtype that has been isolated from all 3 known natural foci (northeastern China, western China, and southwestern China). Recently a new “Himalayan subtype” of the TBEV (TBEV-HIM) was isolated from wild rodent Marmoata himalayana in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The main vector of the TBEV in China is I. persulcatus. One recent report suggests that the TBEV-SIB is prevalent in the Uygur region (North West China) but epidemiological modelling indicates that the TBEV may occur even widely all over China (Figure 3). Likely, the disease is often missed by clinicians due to a lack of the availability of specific diagnostic assays.
{"title":"TBE in China","authors":"Yang Junfeng, Heinz-Josef Schmitt","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b6-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b6-6","url":null,"abstract":"The first TBE patients in China were reported in 1943, and the TBEV was isolated from the brain tissues of 2 patients in 1944 by Japanese military scientists, and from patients and ticks (Ixodes persulcatus and Haemaphysalis concinna) in 1952 by Chinese researchers. The Far Eastern viral subtype (TBEV-FE) is the endemic subtype that has been isolated from all 3 known natural foci (northeastern China, western China, and southwestern China). Recently a new “Himalayan subtype” of the TBEV (TBEV-HIM) was isolated from wild rodent Marmoata himalayana in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The main vector of the TBEV in China is I. persulcatus. One recent report suggests that the TBEV-SIB is prevalent in the Uygur region (North West China) but epidemiological modelling indicates that the TBEV may occur even widely all over China (Figure 3). Likely, the disease is often missed by clinicians due to a lack of the availability of specific diagnostic assays.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136020888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most cases of TBE in childhood will present similarly as in adults. However, a more diffuse clinical picture is seen especially in preschool children. Laboratory evaluation may show elevated blood inflammatory indices, but cerebrospinal fluid analysis and anti-TBEV serology are needed for establishing the diagnosis. There is no specific treatment for TBE; supportive care needs to be provided based on the individual clinical course. The mortality in pediatric TBE is very low but severe courses have been reported in a fraction of the children. Long-term somatic residua exist, but are uncommon (2%) in childhood TBE. Yet, long-term symptoms and neurodevelopmental/cognitive deficits are seen in 10–40% of infected children. Protective immunity can be elicited in children by TBE vaccines as of 1 year of age.
{"title":"Chapter 6: TBE in children","authors":"Malin Veje, Mikael Sundin","doi":"10.33442/26613980_6-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_6-6","url":null,"abstract":"Most cases of TBE in childhood will present similarly as in adults. However, a more diffuse clinical picture is seen especially in preschool children. Laboratory evaluation may show elevated blood inflammatory indices, but cerebrospinal fluid analysis and anti-TBEV serology are needed for establishing the diagnosis. There is no specific treatment for TBE; supportive care needs to be provided based on the individual clinical course. The mortality in pediatric TBE is very low but severe courses have been reported in a fraction of the children. Long-term somatic residua exist, but are uncommon (2%) in childhood TBE. Yet, long-term symptoms and neurodevelopmental/cognitive deficits are seen in 10–40% of infected children. Protective immunity can be elicited in children by TBE vaccines as of 1 year of age.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b20-6
Auksė Mickienė
The first case of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Lithuania, diagnosed by clinical and epidemiologic criteria only, was reported in 1953. A forest worker became ill with the disease in April after a tick bite, had a typical clinical presentation with shoulder girdle muscle paralysis and bulbar syndrome, and died after 12 days from the start of clinical symptoms. Autopsy data were compatible with viral encephalitis. Serological diagnosis of TBE in Lithuania was started in 1970.
{"title":"TBE in Lithuania","authors":"Auksė Mickienė","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b20-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b20-6","url":null,"abstract":"The first case of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Lithuania, diagnosed by clinical and epidemiologic criteria only, was reported in 1953. A forest worker became ill with the disease in April after a tick bite, had a typical clinical presentation with shoulder girdle muscle paralysis and bulbar syndrome, and died after 12 days from the start of clinical symptoms. Autopsy data were compatible with viral encephalitis. Serological diagnosis of TBE in Lithuania was started in 1970.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b16-6
Kentaro Yoshii
In Japan the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), one of mosquito-borne flaviviruses, has been widely endemic on the main and on the southern islands with more than 1,000 Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases reported annually in the late 1960s. In contrast, until 1993, no TBE case had ever been reported and it was considered that there was no endemic focus of TBEV.
{"title":"TBE in Japan","authors":"Kentaro Yoshii","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b16-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b16-6","url":null,"abstract":"In Japan the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), one of mosquito-borne flaviviruses, has been widely endemic on the main and on the southern islands with more than 1,000 Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases reported annually in the late 1960s. In contrast, until 1993, no TBE case had ever been reported and it was considered that there was no endemic focus of TBEV.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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