Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b31-6
Joon Young Song
Although no human case of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been documented in South Korea to date, surveillance studies have been conducted to evaluate the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in wild ticks. Four studies collected ticks by dragging or flagging in grassland and forest, while 1 study tested wild mammals (boars and rodents) by removing ticks from them. In the wild of South Korea, Haemaphysalis spp. were the predominant species found by tick dragging, while Ixodes nipponensis became predominant when harvested from small mammals.
{"title":"TBE in South Korea","authors":"Joon Young Song","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b31-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b31-6","url":null,"abstract":"Although no human case of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been documented in South Korea to date, surveillance studies have been conducted to evaluate the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in wild ticks. Four studies collected ticks by dragging or flagging in grassland and forest, while 1 study tested wild mammals (boars and rodents) by removing ticks from them. In the wild of South Korea, Haemaphysalis spp. were the predominant species found by tick dragging, while Ixodes nipponensis became predominant when harvested from small mammals.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) exists in natural foci, which are areas where TBEV is circulating among its vectors (ticks of different species and genera) and reservoir hosts (usually rodents and small mammals). Based on phylogenetic studies, four TBEV subtypes (Far-Eastern, Siberian, European, Baikalian) and two putative subtypes (Himalayan and “178-79” group) are known. Within each subtype, some genetic lineages are described. The European subtype (TBEV-EU) (formerly known also as the “Western subtype”) of TBEV is prevalent in Europe, but it was also isolated in Western and Eastern Siberia in Russia and South Korea. The Far-Eastern subtype (TBEV-FE) was preferably found in the territory of the far-eastern part of Eurasia, but some strains were isolated in other regions of Eurasia. The Siberian (TBEV-SIB) subtype is the most common and has been found in almost all TBEV habitat areas. The Baikalian subtype is prevalent around Lake Baikal and was isolated several times from ticks and rodents. In addition to the four TBEV subtypes, one single isolate of TBEV (178-79) and two genetic sequences (Himalayan) supposed to be new TBEV subtypes were described in Eastern Siberia and China. The data on TBEV seroprevalence in humans and animals can serve as an indication for the presence or absence of TBEV in studied area.
{"title":"Chapter 11: General epidemiology of TBE","authors":"Gerhard Dobler, Sergey Tkachev","doi":"10.33442/26613980_11-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_11-6","url":null,"abstract":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) exists in natural foci, which are areas where TBEV is circulating among its vectors (ticks of different species and genera) and reservoir hosts (usually rodents and small mammals). Based on phylogenetic studies, four TBEV subtypes (Far-Eastern, Siberian, European, Baikalian) and two putative subtypes (Himalayan and “178-79” group) are known. Within each subtype, some genetic lineages are described. The European subtype (TBEV-EU) (formerly known also as the “Western subtype”) of TBEV is prevalent in Europe, but it was also isolated in Western and Eastern Siberia in Russia and South Korea. The Far-Eastern subtype (TBEV-FE) was preferably found in the territory of the far-eastern part of Eurasia, but some strains were isolated in other regions of Eurasia. The Siberian (TBEV-SIB) subtype is the most common and has been found in almost all TBEV habitat areas. The Baikalian subtype is prevalent around Lake Baikal and was isolated several times from ticks and rodents. In addition to the four TBEV subtypes, one single isolate of TBEV (178-79) and two genetic sequences (Himalayan) supposed to be new TBEV subtypes were described in Eastern Siberia and China. The data on TBEV seroprevalence in humans and animals can serve as an indication for the presence or absence of TBEV in studied area.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olaf Kahl, Vanda V. Pogodina, Tatjana Poponnikova, Jochen Süss, Vladimir I. Zlobin
TBE virus is a flavivirus and a prominent tick-borne human pathogen occurring in parts of Asia and Europe. The virus was discovered by Lev A. Zilber and co-workers in the former USSR during an expedition in the Far Eastern taiga under the most difficult conditions in 1937. They and members of a second expedition under the leadership of the Academician Evgeny N. Pavlovsky 1938 elucidated the basic eco-epidemiology of the virus. In their natural foci, TBE virus circulates between vectors, certain ixodid ticks, and some of their hosts, so-called reservoir hosts, mostly small mammals. Five different subtypes of TBE virus have been described to date.
脑炎病毒是一种黄病毒，是发生在亚洲和欧洲部分地区的一种主要的蜱传人类病原体。1937年，前苏联的列夫·a·齐伯(Lev A. Zilber)和他的同事在最艰苦的条件下对远东针叶林进行考察时发现了这种病毒。他们和叶夫根尼·n·帕夫洛夫斯基院士1938年领导的第二次考察队的成员阐明了该病毒的基本生态流行病学。在它们的自然疫源地，乙脑病毒在媒介、某些粘蜱和它们的一些宿主(所谓的宿主，主要是小型哺乳动物)之间传播。迄今为止，已经描述了五种不同的乙脑病毒亚型。
{"title":"Chapter 1: A short history of TBE","authors":"Olaf Kahl, Vanda V. Pogodina, Tatjana Poponnikova, Jochen Süss, Vladimir I. Zlobin","doi":"10.33442/26613980_1-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_1-6","url":null,"abstract":"TBE virus is a flavivirus and a prominent tick-borne human pathogen occurring in parts of Asia and Europe. The virus was discovered by Lev A. Zilber and co-workers in the former USSR during an expedition in the Far Eastern taiga under the most difficult conditions in 1937. They and members of a second expedition under the leadership of the Academician Evgeny N. Pavlovsky 1938 elucidated the basic eco-epidemiology of the virus. In their natural foci, TBE virus circulates between vectors, certain ixodid ticks, and some of their hosts, so-called reservoir hosts, mostly small mammals. Five different subtypes of TBE virus have been described to date.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136020889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The incidence of TBE ranges from ‘only single sporadic cases’ to >50/105 per year depending on the region and on the year of analysis; it is usually 1-10/105 in endemic regions in central Europe. This number may be considered as ‘low’ – not only as an individual risk but also from a public health perspective. If an individual does contract TBE, however, the disease may deeply change her/his life due to the need for acute hospital care and due to potentially severe and long-term sequelae. In 1–2% (-20%) of cases, TBE may even result in death. No specific treatments exist for TBE. The severity of the disease and high frequency of long-term sequelae result in high public awareness and concerns about tick bites in endemic areas. Public health officials in TBE-endemic areas need to address these concerns; moreover, they need to address the concerns of travelers at risk. The principal public health measures aim at reducing TBE cases by reduction of exposure and preventive vaccination. Recommendation/reimbursement of TBE vaccination still is under discussion from side of healthcare payer perspective as well as from the individuals perspective considering long term sequelae.
{"title":"Chapter 13: TBE as a matter of public health","authors":"Michael Kunze, Wilhelm Erber, Martin Haditsch","doi":"10.33442/26613980_13-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_13-6","url":null,"abstract":"The incidence of TBE ranges from ‘only single sporadic cases’ to >50/105 per year depending on the region and on the year of analysis; it is usually 1-10/105 in endemic regions in central Europe. This number may be considered as ‘low’ – not only as an individual risk but also from a public health perspective. If an individual does contract TBE, however, the disease may deeply change her/his life due to the need for acute hospital care and due to potentially severe and long-term sequelae. In 1–2% (-20%) of cases, TBE may even result in death. No specific treatments exist for TBE. The severity of the disease and high frequency of long-term sequelae result in high public awareness and concerns about tick bites in endemic areas. Public health officials in TBE-endemic areas need to address these concerns; moreover, they need to address the concerns of travelers at risk. The principal public health measures aim at reducing TBE cases by reduction of exposure and preventive vaccination. Recommendation/reimbursement of TBE vaccination still is under discussion from side of healthcare payer perspective as well as from the individuals perspective considering long term sequelae.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b12-6
Yves Hansmann, Aurélie Velay
The first human case of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection in France was reported in 1968 in Alsace, an eastern region next to the German border: a gamekeeper working in a forest near Strasbourg. Between 1970 and 1974, an extensive research survey confirmed the presence of TBEV in ticks and rodents in this French region. Eight percent of adult tick batches collected were infected (Ixodes ricinus) by the TBEV. Tick collection occurred in a forest near Strasbourg, the main city in the region. Nymphs were more rarely infected (1.6% of the collected lots). These data were confirmed in 2011 in Alsace in Guebwiller’s Valley, a middle altitude forest, with identification of western (European) subtype TBEV (TBEV-EU).
{"title":"TBE in France","authors":"Yves Hansmann, Aurélie Velay","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b12-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b12-6","url":null,"abstract":"The first human case of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection in France was reported in 1968 in Alsace, an eastern region next to the German border: a gamekeeper working in a forest near Strasbourg. Between 1970 and 1974, an extensive research survey confirmed the presence of TBEV in ticks and rodents in this French region. Eight percent of adult tick batches collected were infected (Ixodes ricinus) by the TBEV. Tick collection occurred in a forest near Strasbourg, the main city in the region. Nymphs were more rarely infected (1.6% of the collected lots). These data were confirmed in 2011 in Alsace in Guebwiller’s Valley, a middle altitude forest, with identification of western (European) subtype TBEV (TBEV-EU).","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b33-6
Daniel Desgrandchamps, Klara M. Posfay-Barbe
The first serological reports of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Switzerland date back to the early 1970s [T. Krech. Dissertation, University of Berne, 1980]. Surveillance started in 1984, and TBE became a notifiable disease in 1988. Most cases are reported between April and October with a tick bite exposure below an altitude of 1500–2000 meters.
{"title":"TBE in Switzerland and Liechtenstein","authors":"Daniel Desgrandchamps, Klara M. Posfay-Barbe","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b33-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b33-6","url":null,"abstract":"The first serological reports of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Switzerland date back to the early 1970s [T. Krech. Dissertation, University of Berne, 1980]. Surveillance started in 1984, and TBE became a notifiable disease in 1988. Most cases are reported between April and October with a tick bite exposure below an altitude of 1500–2000 meters.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b32-6
Åke Lundkvist
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was isolated for the first time in Sweden in 1958 (from ticks and from 1 tick-borne encephalitis [TBE] patient). In 2003, Haglund and colleagues reported the isolation and antigenic and genetic characterization of 14 TBEV strains from Swedish patients (samples collected 1991–1994). The first serum sample, from which TBEV was isolated, was obtained 2–10 days after onset of disease and found to be negative for anti-TBEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas TBEV-specific IgM (and TBEV-specific immunoglobulin G/cerebrospinal fluid [IgG/CSF] activity) was demonstrated in later serum samples taken during the second phase of the disease.
{"title":"TBE in Sweden","authors":"Åke Lundkvist","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b32-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b32-6","url":null,"abstract":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was isolated for the first time in Sweden in 1958 (from ticks and from 1 tick-borne encephalitis [TBE] patient). In 2003, Haglund and colleagues reported the isolation and antigenic and genetic characterization of 14 TBEV strains from Swedish patients (samples collected 1991–1994). The first serum sample, from which TBEV was isolated, was obtained 2–10 days after onset of disease and found to be negative for anti-TBEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas TBEV-specific IgM (and TBEV-specific immunoglobulin G/cerebrospinal fluid [IgG/CSF] activity) was demonstrated in later serum samples taken during the second phase of the disease.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b21-6
Wilhelm Erber, Tamara Vuković-Janković
Although there are no reliable data on the number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases or the percentage of infected ticks, based on the geography and the presence of TBE virus (TBEV) in all neighboring countries, it must be assumed that TBEV is present somewhere in Moldova.
{"title":"TBE in Moldova","authors":"Wilhelm Erber, Tamara Vuković-Janković","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b21-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b21-6","url":null,"abstract":"Although there are no reliable data on the number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases or the percentage of infected ticks, based on the geography and the presence of TBE virus (TBEV) in all neighboring countries, it must be assumed that TBEV is present somewhere in Moldova.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b11-6
Anu Jääskeläinen, Heidi Åhman
Finland is at the northernmost edge of the TBE endemic area in Europe. Here TBE is focally endemic. An aseptic encephalitis disease has been known in Kumlinge Island in Åland Islands since the 1940s. TBE is also known in Finland by name Kumlinge disease.
{"title":"TBE in Finland","authors":"Anu Jääskeläinen, Heidi Åhman","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b11-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b11-6","url":null,"abstract":"Finland is at the northernmost edge of the TBE endemic area in Europe. Here TBE is focally endemic. An aseptic encephalitis disease has been known in Kumlinge Island in Åland Islands since the 1940s. TBE is also known in Finland by name Kumlinge disease.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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