The natural cycle of the TBE virus is dependent on vector ticks and reservoir hosts. There are differing transmission cycles in varying environments, from cold northern coniferous forests to temperate central European forests. Within a natural transmission cycle, there are different ways of transmission: tick-to-tick (transovarial, sexual), host-to-tick (viremic), and also tick-to-tick and host-to-host. The complexity of natural transmission cycles is inadequately explored and poorly understood.
{"title":"Chapter 3: Transmission/Natural cycle","authors":"Lidia Chitimia-Dobler, Ute Mackenstedt, Olaf Kahl","doi":"10.33442/26613980_3-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_3-6","url":null,"abstract":"The natural cycle of the TBE virus is dependent on vector ticks and reservoir hosts. There are differing transmission cycles in varying environments, from cold northern coniferous forests to temperate central European forests. Within a natural transmission cycle, there are different ways of transmission: tick-to-tick (transovarial, sexual), host-to-tick (viremic), and also tick-to-tick and host-to-host. The complexity of natural transmission cycles is inadequately explored and poorly understood.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136020881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
TBE is the most important tick-borne arbovirus disease of humans. Epidemiological data indicate a trend towards an increasing severity with higher age. A number of possible genetic and non-genetic risk factors have been identified, which might have an impact on the manifestation and severity of human disease. Different TBEV strains seem to cause differing clinical courses of disease. While the TBE-EU mainly causes a biphasic course, the clinical course of TBEV-FE and TBEV-SIB are mainly monophasic. The diagnosis of TBE is based on serological tests. So far there is no effective treatment of TBEV infections.
{"title":"Chapter 5: TBE in adults","authors":"Johannes P. Borde, Joanna Zajkowska","doi":"10.33442/26613980_5-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_5-6","url":null,"abstract":"TBE is the most important tick-borne arbovirus disease of humans. Epidemiological data indicate a trend towards an increasing severity with higher age. A number of possible genetic and non-genetic risk factors have been identified, which might have an impact on the manifestation and severity of human disease. Different TBEV strains seem to cause differing clinical courses of disease. While the TBE-EU mainly causes a biphasic course, the clinical course of TBEV-FE and TBEV-SIB are mainly monophasic. The diagnosis of TBE is based on serological tests. So far there is no effective treatment of TBEV infections.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"61 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b18-6
Wilhelm Erber
There is very little information and there are only a few publications on TBE in Kyrgyzstan. A survey by Atkinson references the following: In humans and birds low seropositivity has been demonstrated as early as 1973. In 1978 the TBEV was isolated from ticks, and twelve human cases were reported between 1976–1981.
{"title":"TBE in Kyrgyzstan","authors":"Wilhelm Erber","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b18-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b18-6","url":null,"abstract":"There is very little information and there are only a few publications on TBE in Kyrgyzstan. A survey by Atkinson references the following: In humans and birds low seropositivity has been demonstrated as early as 1973. In 1978 the TBEV was isolated from ticks, and twelve human cases were reported between 1976–1981.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"148 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b24-6
Katrine M. Paulsen, Rose Vikse, Arnulf Soleng, Kristin Edgar, Heidi Elisabeth Heggen Lindstedt, Dagny H. Dorenberg, Berit Sofie Wiklund, Åshild Andreassen
In Norway, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been a mandatory notifiable disease since 1975 (Norwegian Surveillance system for communicable diseases, MSIS). According to ECDCs classification, coastal areas in southern Norway (counties of Agder, and Vestfold and Telemark) are endemic for TBE. Further, Viken County (former Østfold, Akershus and Buskerud), and western and northern Norway to Brønnøy municipality is imperiled.
{"title":"TBE in Norway","authors":"Katrine M. Paulsen, Rose Vikse, Arnulf Soleng, Kristin Edgar, Heidi Elisabeth Heggen Lindstedt, Dagny H. Dorenberg, Berit Sofie Wiklund, Åshild Andreassen","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b24-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b24-6","url":null,"abstract":"In Norway, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been a mandatory notifiable disease since 1975 (Norwegian Surveillance system for communicable diseases, MSIS). According to ECDCs classification, coastal areas in southern Norway (counties of Agder, and Vestfold and Telemark) are endemic for TBE. Further, Viken County (former Østfold, Akershus and Buskerud), and western and northern Norway to Brønnøy municipality is imperiled.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b13-6
Gerhard Dobler, Ute Mackenstedt
The beginning of research on TBE in Germany was influenced and inspired by the results and developments of TBE research in the former Czechoslovakia. There, TBE virus was detected in the Czechoslovak Republic in 1948. In Germany, the first evidence of the presence of TBE virus was found by Sinnecker and his group in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). The first virus strains were isolated also by Sinnecker’s group in the early 1960s. In the former Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) TBE research started with research on TBE virus in the region of Franconia by Scheid and Ackermann. In the region of Lower Franconia a virus was isolated which was called “Zimmern Virus” after the location of the isolation. Unfortunately, all these virus strains were lost but it can be assumed that they all belonged to the Western (European) subtype of TBE virus.
{"title":"TBE in Germany","authors":"Gerhard Dobler, Ute Mackenstedt","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b13-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b13-6","url":null,"abstract":"The beginning of research on TBE in Germany was influenced and inspired by the results and developments of TBE research in the former Czechoslovakia. There, TBE virus was detected in the Czechoslovak Republic in 1948. In Germany, the first evidence of the presence of TBE virus was found by Sinnecker and his group in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). The first virus strains were isolated also by Sinnecker’s group in the early 1960s. In the former Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) TBE research started with research on TBE virus in the region of Franconia by Scheid and Ackermann. In the region of Lower Franconia a virus was isolated which was called “Zimmern Virus” after the location of the isolation. Unfortunately, all these virus strains were lost but it can be assumed that they all belonged to the Western (European) subtype of TBE virus.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136020884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b28-6
Vladimir Petrović, Elizabeta Ristanović, Aleksandar Potkonjak
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was first isolated in the former Yugoslavia in 1953 from the blood of infected human patients in Slovenia. The virus was isolated from ticks in 1954, also in Slovenia. Thereafter a number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) foci were registered in the western part of the country, while in the Republic of Serbia such foci were not registered. In the period following 1969, no new infections with TBEV could be confirmed in the Republic of Serbia through the routine serological testing of samples from more than 1,000 patients with clinical signs of meningitis and encephalitis, as conducted in laboratories of the Institute of Immunobiology and Virology “Torlak” in Belgrade.
{"title":"TBE in Serbia","authors":"Vladimir Petrović, Elizabeta Ristanović, Aleksandar Potkonjak","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b28-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b28-6","url":null,"abstract":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was first isolated in the former Yugoslavia in 1953 from the blood of infected human patients in Slovenia. The virus was isolated from ticks in 1954, also in Slovenia. Thereafter a number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) foci were registered in the western part of the country, while in the Republic of Serbia such foci were not registered. In the period following 1969, no new infections with TBEV could be confirmed in the Republic of Serbia through the routine serological testing of samples from more than 1,000 patients with clinical signs of meningitis and encephalitis, as conducted in laboratories of the Institute of Immunobiology and Virology “Torlak” in Belgrade.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martin Pfeffer, Hannah M. Schmuck, Michael Leschnik
TBE can cause clinical symptomatic disease in dogs and horses Diagnosis of TBEV infection in animals is similar to diagnosis in humans Animals can be used as sentinels for human exposure
{"title":"Chapter 8: TBE in animals","authors":"Martin Pfeffer, Hannah M. Schmuck, Michael Leschnik","doi":"10.33442/26613980_8-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_8-6","url":null,"abstract":"TBE can cause clinical symptomatic disease in dogs and horses Diagnosis of TBEV infection in animals is similar to diagnosis in humans Animals can be used as sentinels for human exposure","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"212 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b15-6
Valentina Tagliapietra, Flavia Riccardo, Martina Del Manso, Giovanni Rezza
Italy is considered a low-incidence country for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe. Areas at higher risk for TBE in Italy are geographically clustered in the forested and mountainous regions and provinces in the north east part of the country, as suggested by TBE case series published over the last decade. A national enhanced surveillance system for TBE has been established since 2017. Before this, information on the occurrence of TBE cases at the national level in Italy was lacking. Both incidence rates and the geographical distribution of the disease were mostly inferred from endemic areas where surveillance was already in place, ad hoc studies and international literature.
{"title":"TBE in Italy","authors":"Valentina Tagliapietra, Flavia Riccardo, Martina Del Manso, Giovanni Rezza","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b15-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b15-6","url":null,"abstract":"Italy is considered a low-incidence country for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe. Areas at higher risk for TBE in Italy are geographically clustered in the forested and mountainous regions and provinces in the north east part of the country, as suggested by TBE case series published over the last decade. A national enhanced surveillance system for TBE has been established since 2017. Before this, information on the occurrence of TBE cases at the national level in Italy was lacking. Both incidence rates and the geographical distribution of the disease were mostly inferred from endemic areas where surveillance was already in place, ad hoc studies and international literature.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b3-6
Marjan Van Esbroeck, Tinne Lernout, Vanessa Suin, Steven Van Gucht
In 2018, the two first human tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases with possible/probable autochthonous infection were diagnosed at the National Reference Centre (NRC) of Arbovirus (The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium). Every year, some imported cases of TBE are also detected, infected in other European countries such as Germany, Scandinavia, Austria, Kyrgyzstan or Slovenia and Russia.
{"title":"TBE in Belgium","authors":"Marjan Van Esbroeck, Tinne Lernout, Vanessa Suin, Steven Van Gucht","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b3-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b3-6","url":null,"abstract":"In 2018, the two first human tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases with possible/probable autochthonous infection were diagnosed at the National Reference Centre (NRC) of Arbovirus (The Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium). Every year, some imported cases of TBE are also detected, infected in other European countries such as Germany, Scandinavia, Austria, Kyrgyzstan or Slovenia and Russia.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.33442/26613980_12b4-6
Wilhelm Erber, Tamara Vuković-Janković
Very limited information is available for Bosnia showing the occurrence of TBE. Even though there have been some elder case reports in the northern parts of the country, including alimentary infections, details have not been published.
{"title":"TBE in Bosnia and Herzegovina","authors":"Wilhelm Erber, Tamara Vuković-Janković","doi":"10.33442/26613980_12b4-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33442/26613980_12b4-6","url":null,"abstract":"Very limited information is available for Bosnia showing the occurrence of TBE. Even though there have been some elder case reports in the northern parts of the country, including alimentary infections, details have not been published.","PeriodicalId":477308,"journal":{"name":"Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136021445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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