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Bad Feelings, Best Explanations: In Defence of the Propitiousness Theory of the Low Mood System 糟糕的情绪,最好的解释:为情绪低落系统的好胜心理论辩护
IF 0.9 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10670-023-00773-5
James Turner
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引用次数: 0
Suspension, Entailment, and Presupposition 悬念、本质和预设
IF 0.9 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10670-023-00779-z
Luis Rosa
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引用次数: 0
The Explanatory Role of Machine Learning in Molecular Biology 机器学习在分子生物学中的解释作用
IF 0.9 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10670-023-00772-6
Fridolin Gross
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引用次数: 0
How to Know That You’re Not a Zombie 如何知道自己不是僵尸
IF 0.9 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10670-023-00769-1
Brentyn J. Ramm
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引用次数: 0
The Importance of Understanding Deep Learning. 了解深度学习的重要性。
IF 0.9 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10670-022-00605-y
Tim Räz, Claus Beisbart

Some machine learning models, in particular deep neural networks (DNNs), are not very well understood; nevertheless, they are frequently used in science. Does this lack of understanding pose a problem for using DNNs to understand empirical phenomena? Emily Sullivan has recently argued that understanding with DNNs is not limited by our lack of understanding of DNNs themselves. In the present paper, we will argue, contra Sullivan, that our current lack of understanding of DNNs does limit our ability to understand with DNNs. Sullivan's claim hinges on which notion of understanding is at play. If we employ a weak notion of understanding, then her claim is tenable, but rather weak. If, however, we employ a strong notion of understanding, particularly explanatory understanding, then her claim is not tenable.

有些机器学习模型,尤其是深度神经网络(DNN),并不十分为人所知;然而,它们却经常被用于科学领域。这种不理解是否会对使用 DNNs 理解经验现象造成问题?艾米丽-沙利文(Emily Sullivan)最近提出,使用 DNNs 理解并不会因为我们对 DNNs 本身缺乏了解而受到限制。在本文中,我们将反驳沙利文的观点,认为我们目前对 DNNs 的理解不足确实限制了我们利用 DNNs 理解的能力。沙利文的观点取决于哪种理解概念在起作用。如果我们使用的是一种弱理解概念,那么她的观点是站得住脚的,但相当薄弱。然而,如果我们使用的是强理解概念,尤其是解释性理解,那么她的说法就站不住脚了。
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引用次数: 0
Higher-Order Evidence and the Dynamics of Self-Location: An Accuracy-Based Argument for Calibrationism. 高阶证据与自我定位的动力:基于精度的校准论证》。
IF 0.9 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10670-022-00589-9
Brett Topey

The thesis that agents should calibrate their beliefs in the face of higher-order evidence-i.e., should adjust their first-order beliefs in response to evidence suggesting that the reasoning underlying those beliefs is faulty-is sometimes thought to be in tension with Bayesian approaches to belief update: in order to obey Bayesian norms, it's claimed, agents must remain steadfast in the face of higher-order evidence. But I argue that this claim is incorrect. In particular, I motivate a minimal constraint on a reasonable treatment of the evolution of self-locating beliefs over time and show that calibrationism is compatible with any generalized Bayesian approach that respects this constraint. I then use this result to argue that remaining steadfast isn't the response to higher-order evidence that maximizes expected accuracy.

代理人应该在高阶证据面前校准他们的信念--也就是说,应该在有证据表明这些信念的推理有误时调整他们的一阶信念--这一论点有时被认为与贝叶斯信念更新方法相冲突:据称,为了遵守贝叶斯规范,代理人必须在高阶证据面前保持坚定。但我认为这种说法是不正确的。具体而言,我提出了合理处理自我定位信念随时间演变的最小约束,并证明校准主义与任何尊重这一约束的广义贝叶斯方法都是兼容的。然后,我用这一结果来论证,保持坚定并不是对高阶证据做出最大化预期准确性的回应。
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引用次数: 0
Cardinal Composition. 卡迪纳尔成分
IF 0.9 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-07-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10670-022-00591-1
Lisa Vogt, Jonas Werner

The thesis of Weak Unrestricted Composition says that every pair of objects has a fusion. This thesis has been argued by Contessa (Analysis 72(3):455-457, 2012) and Smith (Erkenntnis 84(1):41-55, 2019) to be compatible with the world being junky and hence to evade an argument against the necessity of Strong Unrestricted Composition proposed by Bohn (Analysis 69(1):27-31, 2009a, Philos Q 59(235):193-201, 2009b). However, neither Weak Unrestricted Composition alone nor the different variants of it that have been proposed in the literature can provide us with a satisfying answer to the special composition question, or so we will argue. We will then go on to explore an alternative family of purely mereological rules in the vicinity of Weak Unrestricted Composition, Cardinal Composition: A plurality of pairwise non-overlapping objects composes an object iff the objects in the plurality are of cardinality smaller than κ. As we will show, all the instances for infinite κs determine fusion and are compatible with junk, and every instance for a κ>0 is furthermore compatible with gunk and dense chains of parthood.

弱无限制构成论认为,每一对对象都有一个融合体。康泰萨(Analysis 72(3):455-457, 2012)和史密斯(Erkenntnis 84(1):41-55, 2019)认为这个论题与世界是垃圾相容的,从而回避了博恩(Analysis 69(1):27-31, 2009a,Philos Q 59(235):193-201, 2009b)提出的反对强无限制构成必要性的论证。然而,无论是弱无限制构成,还是文献中提出的弱无限制构成的不同变体,都无法为特殊构成问题提供一个令人满意的答案。接下来,我们将继续探讨与弱无限制构成相近的另一种纯粹的纯粹学规则--红衣主教构成:如果复数中的对象的卡片数小于 κ,那么成对不重叠的复数就构成了一个对象。正如我们将要展示的,所有无限κ的实例都决定了融合,并且与垃圾兼容,而κ>ℵ0的每个实例都进一步与垃圾和同位的密集链兼容。
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引用次数: 0
A Bayesian View on the Dr. Evil Scenario. 从贝叶斯角度看 "邪恶博士 "事件。
IF 0.9 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10670-022-00536-8
Feraz Azhar, Alan H Guth, Mohammad Hossein Namjoo

In Defeating Dr. Evil with Self-Locating Belief, Adam Elga proposes and defends a principle of indifference for self-locating beliefs: if an individual is confident that his world contains more than one individual who is in a state subjectively indistinguishable from his own, then he should assign equal credences to the hypotheses that he is any one of these individuals. Through a sequence of thought experiments, Elga in effect claims that he can derive the credence function that should apply in such situations, thus justifying his principle of indifference. Here we argue, using a Bayesian approach, that Elga's reasoning is circular: in analyzing the third of his thought experiments, he uses an assertion that is justifiable only if one assumes, from the start, the principle of indifference that he is attempting to justify. We agree with Elga that the assumption of equal credences is a very reasonable principle, in the absence of any reason to assign unequal credences, but we do not agree that the equality of credences can be so derived.

在《用自我定位信念打败邪恶博士》一书中,亚当-埃尔加(Adam Elga)提出并捍卫了自我定位信念的漠视原则:如果一个人确信他的世界中有不止一个人处于主观上与他自己无异的状态,那么他就应该对他是其中任何一个人的假设赋予同等的可信度。通过一系列思想实验,埃尔加实际上声称他可以推导出适用于这种情况的可信度函数,从而证明他的冷漠原则是正确的。在这里,我们用贝叶斯方法论证了埃尔加的推理是循环论证:在分析他的第三个思想实验时,他使用了一个论断,而这个论断只有在人们从一开始就假设他试图证明的冷漠原则时才是合理的。我们同意埃尔加的观点,即在没有任何理由赋予不平等可信度的情况下,假定可信度相等是一个非常合理的原则,但我们不同意可信度相等可以这样推导出来。
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引用次数: 0
Transformative Experiences, Cognitive Modelling and Affective Forecasting. 变革性体验、认知建模和情感预测。
IF 0.8 2区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-03-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10670-022-00523-z
Marvin Mathony, Michael Messerli

In the last seven years, philosophers have discussed the topic of transformative experiences. In this paper, we contribute to a crucial issue that is currently under-researched: transformative experiences' influence on cognitive modelling. We argue that cognitive modelling can be operationalized as affective forecasting, and we compare transformative and non-transformative experiences with respect to the ability of affective forecasting. Our finding is that decision-makers' performance in cognitively modelling transformative experiences does not systematically differ from decision-makers' performance in cognitively modelling non-transformative experiences. This claim stands in strict opposition to L.A. Paul's main argument.

在过去的七年里,哲学家们讨论了变革性体验这一话题。在本文中,我们将探讨一个目前研究不足的重要问题:变革性体验对认知建模的影响。我们认为,认知建模可操作化为情感预测,并就情感预测能力对变革性体验和非变革性体验进行了比较。我们的发现是,决策者在对变革性体验进行认知建模时的表现与决策者在对非变革性体验进行认知建模时的表现并无系统性差异。这一观点与 L.A. Paul 的主要论点完全相反。
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引用次数: 0
Confirmation by Robustness Analysis: A Bayesian Account. 稳健性分析确认:贝叶斯论述。
IF 0.8 2区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-05-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10670-022-00537-7
Lorenzo Casini, Jürgen Landes

Some authors claim that minimal models have limited epistemic value (Fumagalli, 2016; Grüne-Yanoff, 2009a). Others defend the epistemic benefits of modelling by invoking the role of robustness analysis for hypothesis confirmation (see, e.g., Levins, 1966; Kuorikoski et al., 2010) but such arguments find much resistance (see, e.g., Odenbaugh & Alexandrova, 2011). In this paper, we offer a Bayesian rationalization and defence of the view that robustness analysis can play a confirmatory role, and thereby shed light on the potential of minimal models for hypothesis confirmation. We illustrate our argument by reference to a case study from macroeconomics. At the same time, we also show that there are cases in which robustness analysis is detrimental to confirmation. We characterize these cases and link them to recent investigations on evidential variety (Landes, 2020b, 2021; Osimani and Landes, forthcoming). We conclude that robustness analysis over minimal models can confirm, but its confirmatory value depends on concrete circumstances.

一些学者认为,最小模型的认识价值有限(Fumagalli, 2016; Grüne-Yanoff, 2009a)。另一些学者则援引稳健性分析对假设确认的作用,为建模的认识论益处辩护(见 Levins, 1966; Kuorikoski et al.在本文中,我们对稳健性分析可以起到确认作用的观点进行了贝叶斯合理化解释和辩护,从而阐明了最小模型在假设确认方面的潜力。我们引用宏观经济学中的一个案例来说明我们的论点。同时,我们也表明,在有些情况下,稳健性分析不利于确认。我们描述了这些情况,并将它们与最近关于证据多样性的研究联系起来(Landes,2020b,2021;Osimani 和 Landes,即将出版)。我们的结论是,对最小模型的稳健性分析可以证实,但其证实价值取决于具体情况。
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引用次数: 0
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