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Rethinking Competitiveness in the Age of AI: A Comparative Index-Based Approach 重新思考人工智能时代的竞争力:基于比较指数的方法
IF 1.7 4区 经济学 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70018
Geeho Jeon

This study examines the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities on national competitiveness through a comparative analysis of the IMD World Competitiveness Index and three major AI indices: Oxford AI Readiness, Tortoise AI Index and Stanford AI Index. Utilizing correlation analysis, multiple regression and K-means clustering across samples of 64, 59 and 35 countries, respectively, the research identifies infrastructure and research capacity as key predictors of national competitiveness, with regression models explaining 52.4%–60.8% of IMD variance and Pearson correlations exceeding 75% for predictive validity. Clustering analysis delineates AI-advanced nations (A2 cluster) with superior AI performance relative to national competitiveness and resource-dependent laggards (C2 cluster) at risk of stagnation without AI investment. The study proposes open innovation strategies, inspired by collaborative ecosystems like shared mobility, leveraging government-industry-academia partnerships and digital public infrastructure (DPI) to address gaps in government policy, research capacity and infrastructure, with case studies of the United States and Singapore. For Least Developed Countries (LDCs), a 2 × 2 strategy matrix outlines low-cost, high-impact AI initiatives to enable a bypass strategy, leveraging open innovation ecosystems to circumvent traditional industrial pathways. Findings underscore AI's transformative role in redefining competitiveness, driven by qualitative capabilities like efficiency, innovation and governance, offering actionable pathways for advanced economies and LDCs to close competitiveness gaps through strategic AI integration and DPI investments.

本研究通过比较分析IMD世界竞争力指数和三个主要的人工智能指数:牛津人工智能准备指数、乌龟人工智能指数和斯坦福人工智能指数,考察了人工智能能力对国家竞争力的影响。利用相关分析、多元回归和k均值聚类,研究发现基础设施和研究能力是国家竞争力的关键预测因素,回归模型解释了52.4%-60.8%的IMD方差,Pearson相关性的预测效度超过75%。聚类分析描述了相对于国家竞争力而言,人工智能表现优越的人工智能先进国家(A2集群)和没有人工智能投资就有停滞风险的资源依赖落后国家(C2集群)。该研究提出了开放式创新战略,受到共享移动等协作生态系统的启发,利用政府-产学研伙伴关系和数字公共基础设施(DPI)来解决政府政策、研究能力和基础设施方面的差距,并对美国和新加坡进行了案例研究。对于最不发达国家(LDCs), 2x2战略矩阵概述了低成本、高影响力的人工智能举措,以实现绕过战略,利用开放式创新生态系统绕过传统的工业途径。研究结果强调,在效率、创新和治理等定性能力的推动下,人工智能在重新定义竞争力方面发挥了变革性作用,为发达经济体和最不发达国家通过战略性人工智能整合和DPI投资缩小竞争力差距提供了可行途径。
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引用次数: 0
She Is a Guest in My House: Exploring the Barriers to Asset Development and Decision-Making Autonomy Among Young Women in Southern Uganda 她是我家的客人:探索乌干达南部年轻女性资产开发和决策自主的障碍
IF 1.7 4区 经济学 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70022
Josephine Nabayinda, Proscovia Nabunya, Ozge Sensoy Bahar, Samuel Kizito, Lindsay Stark, Phionah Namatovu, Susan S. Witte, Torsten B. Neilands, Mary M. McKay, Fred M. Ssewamala

Traditional values and beliefs perpetuate gender inequalities and marginalize women in many societies worldwide by limiting their access to economic resources and decision-making abilities. In-depth interviews were conducted among 53 young women and men to explore the barriers to asset development and decision-making autonomy among adolescent girls transitioning into young women in southern Uganda. Five themes emerged from the participants’ narratives, including societal expectations, restricted mobility, early pregnancies and marriages, limited motivation and parental perceptions. Findings from this study emphasize the widespread gender disparities in asset ownership and decision-making autonomy in southern Uganda, rooted in restrictive gender norms.

Trial Registration: The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01447615

传统的价值观和信仰限制了妇女获得经济资源和决策能力,使世界上许多社会中的性别不平等永久化,并使妇女边缘化。对53名青年男女进行了深入访谈,以探讨乌干达南部少女向年轻女性过渡时资产开发和决策自主权的障碍。参与者的叙述中出现了五个主题,包括社会期望、受限的流动性、早孕和早婚、有限的动机和父母的看法。这项研究的结果强调了乌干达南部在资产所有权和决策自主权方面普遍存在的性别差异,其根源在于限制性的性别规范。试验注册:该研究在ClinicalTrials.gov上注册:NCT01447615
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引用次数: 0
No Time to Waste: A Synthesis of Evidence on Time Reallocation Following Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions 不浪费时间:水、环境卫生和个人卫生干预措施后时间重新分配的综合证据
IF 1.7 4区 经济学 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70015
Hugh Sharma Waddington, Sarah K. Dickin, Kishore Basak, Saranya Mohandas, Biljana Macura

Large amounts of time are wasted globally accessing water for domestic uses and sanitation, disproportionately impacting women and girls. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis based on evidence mapping initiatives. Our synthesis of the evidence found a mean reduction of 15 min per trip for water supply interventions, and 3 min per trip for sanitation interventions, adding up to around 8 h per week and 3.5 h per week respectively at the household level. Time-savings from improvements in the quantity of water supplied were very large, whether improved water supplies were provided at the household or community level. In contrast, studies on water treatment reported small increases in time, and there were no studies that reported reallocation following hygiene interventions. We found limited evidence on time reallocation to other activities, but disaggregated data showed girls were significantly more likely to attend school following interventions that improved water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) at the household level. Of note, nearly half of the eligible studies collecting information about time use were identified in the grey literature. This policy-relevant evidence contributes to the case for increasing investments in appropriate water supply and sanitation interventions.

全球在获取家庭用水和卫生用水方面浪费了大量时间,对妇女和女童的影响尤为严重。我们进行了一项基于证据映射计划的系统回顾和荟萃分析。我们综合证据发现,供水干预措施每趟平均减少15分钟,卫生干预措施每趟平均减少3分钟,在家庭层面上每周分别减少约8小时和3.5小时。无论是在家庭一级还是在社区一级改善供水,改善供水数量所节省的时间都非常多。相比之下,关于水处理的研究报告了时间的小幅增加,并且没有研究报告了卫生干预后的重新分配。我们发现将时间重新分配到其他活动的证据有限,但分类数据显示,在家庭层面改善供水、环境卫生和个人卫生(WASH)的干预措施后,女孩上学的可能性明显提高。值得注意的是,在收集时间使用信息的合格研究中,有近一半是在灰色文献中发现的。这一与政策相关的证据有助于增加对适当供水和卫生干预措施的投资。
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引用次数: 0
Human Capital and Export Performance in East Asia: Focusing on Gender Inequality 东亚人力资本与出口绩效:以性别不平等为中心
IF 1.7 4区 经济学 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70020
Dae-yub Nam

This study investigates the impact of gender-disaggregated human capital on export performance in 11 East Asian countries, utilizing panel data spanning 1990–2022. Human capital is measured by the Human Development Index, expected years of schooling, and mean years of schooling, and export performance is captured by both the share of medium- and high-tech exports and total exports as a percentage of GDP. Employing panel regression and error correction models, the analysis distinguishes between short- and long-term effects. The results indicate that male human capital currently exerts a stronger influence on export performance, reflecting prevailing industrial structures and patterns of labour force participation. However, the contribution of female human capital—particularly expected years of schooling—has increased over time. The findings further demonstrate that human capital accumulation has a limited short-term but substantial long-term effect on export performance. Moreover, reducing gender inequality, as measured by the gender development index and gender inequality index, is positively associated with export outcomes. These results underscore the importance of gender-sensitive human capital investment and policies that promote educational attainment and labour market inclusion for sustained export growth.

本研究利用1990-2022年的面板数据,调查了11个东亚国家按性别分类的人力资本对出口绩效的影响。人力资本是通过人类发展指数、预期受教育年限和平均受教育年限来衡量的,而出口业绩则由中、高科技出口和总出口占国内生产总值的百分比来衡量。采用面板回归和误差修正模型,分析区分了短期和长期影响。结果表明,男性人力资本目前对出口绩效的影响更大,反映了普遍的产业结构和劳动力参与模式。然而,女性人力资本的贡献——尤其是预期受教育年限——随着时间的推移而增加。研究结果进一步表明,人力资本积累对出口绩效的短期影响有限,但长期影响很大。此外,以性别发展指数和性别不平等指数衡量,减少性别不平等与出口结果呈正相关。这些结果强调了性别敏感的人力资本投资和促进受教育程度和劳动力市场包容性的政策对持续出口增长的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Proliferation of Corruption in Africa: The Ineluctable Role of Inequality of Opportunity 非洲腐败的扩散:机会不平等的不可避免的作用
IF 1.7 4区 经济学 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70019
Luis Jacinto Ela Alene

The aim of this study is to analyse the effects of inequality of opportunity on corruption in Africa. In a panel of 40 African countries over the period 2000–2023, the results from the MMG-Sys show positive and significant effects of inequality of opportunity on the level of corruption in Africa. These effects are higher in sub-Saharan African countries than in North Africa. However, these effects diminish as the country develops. As our results are robust, we recommend improving access to basic goods and services in general and in sub-Saharan Africa in particular. Creating formal employment by diversifying the economy and better managing resources and aid. Finally, the creation of solid institutions to fight corruption and promote democratic principles in Africa is recommended.

本研究的目的是分析非洲机会不平等对腐败的影响。在2000年至2023年期间对40个非洲国家进行的小组调查中,MMG-Sys的结果显示,机会不平等对非洲的腐败程度产生了积极而显著的影响。这些影响在撒哈拉以南非洲国家比在北非更严重。然而,这些影响会随着国家的发展而减弱。由于我们的研究结果是可靠的,我们建议在总体上,特别是在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,改善对基本商品和服务的获取。通过经济多样化和更好地管理资源和援助创造正式就业。最后,建议在非洲建立坚实的机构来打击腐败和促进民主原则。
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引用次数: 0
Bypassing Bribes: Mobile Money and Corruption in Africa 绕开贿赂:非洲的移动货币和腐败
IF 1.7 4区 经济学 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70016
Ashley Blair Simpson, Zack Zimbalist

Drawing on a sample of up to 100 000 individuals across 31 African countries, we use repeated cross-sectional surveys and multilevel regression models to examine how national mobile money activity correlates with individual bribe payments over time. In a novel contribution, our findings reveal a robust association between higher mobile money activity at the national level and reduced bribe payments for nonmonopoly public services at the individual level. We argue that the growing prevalence of mobile money likely enhances transparency and increases the costs of engaging in corruption. Additionally, by enabling direct and digital payment of service fees, mobile money may allow users to bypass intermediaries and government officials who might otherwise solicit bribes.

通过对31个非洲国家多达10万人的抽样调查,我们使用重复的横断面调查和多层次回归模型来研究国家移动货币活动与个人贿赂行为之间的关系。在一项新颖的贡献中,我们的研究结果揭示了在国家层面上更高的移动货币活动与在个人层面上减少非垄断公共服务的贿赂支付之间存在强大的关联。我们认为,移动货币的日益普及可能会提高透明度,并增加参与腐败的成本。此外,通过直接和数字支付服务费,移动货币可以让用户绕过中介机构和政府官员,否则他们可能会收取贿赂。
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引用次数: 0
China's Science Museum Gift to Ethiopia: Rethinking Shared Agency in Industrialization-Driven Development Aid 中国科技馆赠予埃塞俄比亚:重新思考工业化驱动发展援助中的共享机构
IF 1.7 4区 经济学 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-08-25 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70017
Wu Junfang, Jérémie Eyssette

In 2022, China introduced Ethiopia's Science Museum as a diplomatic gift. With its AI research centre focused on developing practical commercial outlets, Ethiopia's Science Museum enables China and Ethiopia to strategically align policy objectives and economic stakeholders within a win-win public–private partnership. This article explores the notions of coconstructed gift and shared agency through a jointly handled Rubik's Cube model applied to development aid. It demonstrates that while serving the recipient's interests, Ethiopia's Science Museum simultaneously constitutes China's new development aid tool, that is, an upgraded version of Guangdong Science Center, the China-supported museum in Senegal and China-aided Industrial Parks in Ethiopia. A gift-level analysis subsequently offers a counterpoint to conventional critiques on China's self-serving aid to Africa and opens new avenues for research on industrialization-driven China–Africa cooperation.

2022年,中国将埃塞俄比亚科学博物馆作为外交礼物赠送给埃塞俄比亚。埃塞俄比亚科学博物馆的人工智能研究中心专注于开发实用的商业渠道,使中国和埃塞俄比亚能够在双赢的公私伙伴关系中战略性地协调政策目标和经济利益相关者。本文通过一个应用于发展援助的共同处理的魔方模型,探讨了共同构建的礼物和共同代理的概念。这表明,埃塞俄比亚科技馆在服务于受援国利益的同时,也构成了中国新的发展援助工具,即广东科学中心、中国援建塞内加尔科技馆和中国援建埃塞俄比亚工业园的升级版。随后,一份礼物层面的分析提供了对中国对非自私援助的传统批评的反驳,并为工业化驱动的中非合作研究开辟了新的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Harsh Winter Shocks and Distress Sales: Consumption and Asset Smoothing Among Livestock Farmers in Kyrgyzstan 严冬冲击和滞销:吉尔吉斯斯坦畜牧农民的消费和资产平滑
IF 1.7 4区 经济学 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-08-04 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70011
Kadyrbek Sultakeev, Martin Petrick

The sale of livestock has long been considered a means of mitigation in case of drought, but there is no evidence of how this is achieved in the event of severe winters. This article focuses on the exceptionally harsh winter days that Kyrgyzstan experienced in 2012, as well as harsh winter days in other years, to analyse how livestock owners responded to the shock. Our quantitative analysis is based on nationally representative household panel data combined with geo-referenced daily temperature data. The results of the fixed effect regression show a heterogeneous household response to harsh winter days consistent with a poverty trap, which is supported by qualitative evidence. Rich households sell their animals to smooth consumption, while poor households prioritize protecting their scarce assets and are generally unable or unwilling to sell. While this asset-preserving strategy may support long-term economic resilience, it is associated with statistically significant declines in food consumption among poor households during severe winter shocks, indicating a trade-off between short-term welfare and asset protection.

长期以来,出售牲畜一直被认为是缓解干旱的一种手段,但没有证据表明在严冬的情况下如何做到这一点。本文聚焦于2012年吉尔吉斯斯坦经历的异常严酷的冬季,以及其他年份的严酷冬季,分析牲畜场主如何应对这种冲击。我们的定量分析是基于全国代表性的家庭面板数据,结合地理参考的每日温度数据。固定效应回归的结果显示,家庭对严冬的异质反应与贫困陷阱一致,这得到了定性证据的支持。富裕家庭出售牲畜以满足消费需求,而贫困家庭则优先考虑保护其稀缺资产,通常无法或不愿出售牲畜。虽然这种资产保护战略可能支持长期的经济韧性,但在严重的冬季冲击期间,它与贫困家庭食品消费的统计显着下降有关,表明短期福利与资产保护之间的权衡。
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引用次数: 0
Analysing the Effect of Education on Income Dynamics in Togo 多哥教育对收入动态的影响分析
IF 1.7 4区 经济学 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-08-02 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70012
Hamitande Dout, Ayira Korem, Koffi Sodokin, Mawuli Kodjovi Couchoro, Ayi Gavriel Ayayi

The objective of this study is to analyse the effect of education on the income-level dynamics in Togo. The data used are pseudo-panels constructed from survey data from the Unified Questionnaire of Basic Welfare Indicators (QUIBB) of 2006, 2011 and 2015 and the Harmonized Survey of Household Living Conditions (EHCVM) of 2021 of Togo. The methodological approaches used are the generalized moment method and quantile regression for panel data. The main results show that there is no linear relationship between education level and overall income, with the relationship following an inverted U-shaped curve. However, the results show a positive and significant linear relationship between higher education and income levels. Additionally, investment in education strengthens the impact of education on income. Looking at the income quantiles, there is a significant positive relationship between education and income in the third quantile.

本研究的目的是分析教育对多哥收入水平动态的影响。使用的数据是根据多哥2006年、2011年和2015年基本福利指标统一问卷(QUIBB)和2021年住户生活条件协调调查(EHCVM)的调查数据构建的伪面板。使用的方法学方法是对面板数据的广义矩法和分位数回归。主要结果表明,教育水平与总体收入之间不存在线性关系,呈倒u型曲线。然而,结果显示高等教育与收入水平之间存在显著的正线性关系。此外,教育投资强化了教育对收入的影响。从收入分位数来看,在第三分位数中,教育与收入之间存在显著的正相关关系。
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引用次数: 0
Evolving Farm and Off-Farm Income Sources and Jobs in Rural Africa 非洲农村不断变化的农业和非农收入来源和就业
IF 1.7 4区 经济学 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-07-28 DOI: 10.1002/jid.70010
Chrispinus Mutsami, Martin C. Parlasca, Matin Qaim

Livelihood sources in rural Africa are diverse and dynamic. Using recent primary survey data from four African countries—Kenya, Namibia, Tanzania and Zambia—we consider regions with different conditions related to climate, agroecology, infrastructure and nature conservation to analyse the role of various income sources for households and individuals. Although most rural households are involved in small-scale farming, we challenge the conventional notion that own agricultural activities still constitute the main source of income. On average, off-farm sources—including wage employment, self-employment, remittances, and transfers—account for 60% of total household income. The off-farm income share increases with total income, meaning that the poorest households are the ones most dependent on agriculture. These patterns are similar across all four countries. Most off-farm employment involves self-employed activities in small informal businesses. More lucrative formal employment opportunities are rare and mostly pursued by individuals with post-secondary education and training. Men are more likely to be involved in wage employment than women. Furthermore, individual social networks and access to road and market infrastructure are positively associated with off-farm employment. The important role of off-farm jobs for rural development should receive more policy attention. Larger investments into generating inclusive non-agricultural employment opportunities are needed.

非洲农村的生计来源多种多样,充满活力。利用最近来自肯尼亚、纳米比亚、坦桑尼亚和赞比亚四个非洲国家的初步调查数据,我们考虑了与气候、农业生态、基础设施和自然保护相关的不同条件的地区,以分析家庭和个人各种收入来源的作用。虽然大多数农村家庭都从事小规模农业,但我们挑战自己的农业活动仍然是主要收入来源的传统观念。平均而言,非农业来源——包括工资就业、自营职业、汇款和转移——占家庭总收入的60%。非农收入占比随着总收入的增加而增加,这意味着最贫困的家庭是最依赖农业的家庭。这些模式在这四个国家都是相似的。大多数非农业就业涉及小型非正规企业的自雇活动。更有利可图的正式就业机会很少,而且大多是受过高等教育和培训的个人追求的。男性比女性更有可能从事有薪就业。此外,个人社会网络和获得道路和市场基础设施与非农就业呈正相关。非农就业对农村发展的重要作用应得到更多的政策关注。需要加大投资,创造包容性的非农就业机会。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of International Development
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