This article contends with queer joy as an epistemology to highlight an affective experience that grounds a basis for revising dominant approaches to sexual ethics. Drawing on findings from a mixed‐methods study with 100 2SLGBTQ+ young adults from Canada and the US, we argue that queer and trans people mobilize queer sexual joy as an epistemology of script breaking that led participants to explore freedom and play, enjoy novel forms of care and communality, and to challenge oppression. We found that 2SLGBTQ+ young adults are undermining dominant sexual cultures which perpetuate gender‐based violence through cisheteronormative logics of objectification and dominance. Rather than simply producing misery, normative sex and gender regimes produced a disorientation among 2SLGBTQ+ young adults which was fruitful for breaking sexual scripts and developing approaches to sex and relationships grounded in greater authenticity, creativity, reciprocity, play, and joy. We propose that by taking queer joy as a way of knowing, we may learn how queer and trans people negotiate the performativity of gender and sex, their own bodily knowledge, and the epistemic injustices that have precluded this knowledge from being valued. Pushing against the “joy deficit” in sociology that constrains the field to the study of the misery that minority communities face, this paper not only demonstrates what sociologists might learn from the texture of queer and trans lives, but also how these lessons can help to undermine cisheteronormativity as a root cause of gender‐based violence.
{"title":"“The loving queer gaze”: The epistemological significance of queer joy","authors":"JJ Wright, Joshua Falek","doi":"10.1111/soc4.13255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13255","url":null,"abstract":"This article contends with queer joy as an epistemology to highlight an affective experience that grounds a basis for revising dominant approaches to sexual ethics. Drawing on findings from a mixed‐methods study with 100 2SLGBTQ+ young adults from Canada and the US, we argue that queer and trans people mobilize queer sexual joy as an epistemology of script breaking that led participants to explore freedom and play, enjoy novel forms of care and communality, and to challenge oppression. We found that 2SLGBTQ+ young adults are undermining dominant sexual cultures which perpetuate gender‐based violence through cisheteronormative logics of objectification and dominance. Rather than simply producing misery, normative sex and gender regimes produced a disorientation among 2SLGBTQ+ young adults which was fruitful for breaking sexual scripts and developing approaches to sex and relationships grounded in greater authenticity, creativity, reciprocity, play, and joy. We propose that by taking queer joy as a way of knowing, we may learn how queer and trans people negotiate the performativity of gender and sex, their own bodily knowledge, and the epistemic injustices that have precluded this knowledge from being valued. Pushing against the “joy deficit” in sociology that constrains the field to the study of the misery that minority communities face, this paper not only demonstrates what sociologists might learn from the texture of queer and trans lives, but also how these lessons can help to undermine cisheteronormativity as a root cause of gender‐based violence.","PeriodicalId":47997,"journal":{"name":"Sociology Compass","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141740572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corrupt actors operate in an environment with numerous mechanisms designed to expose and punish their illegal behavior. Therefore, they organize their activity to reduce risk and uncertainty surrounding the situation, which takes place within and beyond a formal hierarchy. This article approaches the subject from a multidisciplinary perspective, applying theories of organization and organizationality—such as communicative constitution of organizations, social organization, partial organization, complete organization, neopatrimonialism, and patronage–to explain the organizing element of different forms of corruption. By introducing the ideas of the organization and organizationality, this study presents a new dimension of corruption and provides new insight into the scholarship on the topic.
{"title":"Organization and organizationality of corruption","authors":"David Jancsics","doi":"10.1111/soc4.13254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13254","url":null,"abstract":"Corrupt actors operate in an environment with numerous mechanisms designed to expose and punish their illegal behavior. Therefore, they organize their activity to reduce risk and uncertainty surrounding the situation, which takes place within and beyond a formal hierarchy. This article approaches the subject from a multidisciplinary perspective, applying theories of organization and organizationality—such as communicative constitution of organizations, social organization, partial organization, complete organization, neopatrimonialism, and patronage–to explain the organizing element of different forms of corruption. By introducing the ideas of the organization and organizationality, this study presents a new dimension of corruption and provides new insight into the scholarship on the topic.","PeriodicalId":47997,"journal":{"name":"Sociology Compass","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141740474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although innovation is a core element of capitalist dynamics, it turns out that, to date, there is no coherent Economic Sociology of innovation, leaving the discipline oblivious to explaining fundamental economic dynamics. Nor has the enormous importance of novelty and innovation in current societal transitions evoked a corresponding research program in Economic Sociology, meaning that Economic Sociology struggles to grasp contemporary societal change. The article reviews the rather disparate diversity of approaches that could speak to a remedy, stepwise assembling and integrating them to establish the principles of an Economic Sociology approach to innovation. First, resonating with ‘embeddedness’ as the core paradigm of Economic Sociology, it spells out the embeddedness of innovation processes in social institutions. Next, it reviews innovation in relation to the diversity of normative, cultural‐cognitive, regulative, and relational institutions, carving out the relevance of the combination of institutions in ‘fields.’ It then determines ‘valuation’ as the overarching mechanism of how institutional frameworks interact with innovation processes. Eventually, discussing ‘institutional work’ as a major property of institutional frameworks, it raises awareness for the mechanisms of the ‘co‐evolution’ of institutions and innovations.
{"title":"Principles of an economic sociology of innovation","authors":"Filippo Reale","doi":"10.1111/soc4.13247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13247","url":null,"abstract":"Although innovation is a core element of capitalist dynamics, it turns out that, to date, there is no coherent Economic Sociology of innovation, leaving the discipline oblivious to explaining fundamental economic dynamics. Nor has the enormous importance of novelty and innovation in current societal transitions evoked a corresponding research program in Economic Sociology, meaning that Economic Sociology struggles to grasp contemporary societal change. The article reviews the rather disparate diversity of approaches that could speak to a remedy, stepwise assembling and integrating them to establish the principles of an Economic Sociology approach to innovation. First, resonating with ‘embeddedness’ as the core paradigm of Economic Sociology, it spells out the embeddedness of innovation processes in social institutions. Next, it reviews innovation in relation to the diversity of normative, cultural‐cognitive, regulative, and relational institutions, carving out the relevance of the combination of institutions in ‘fields.’ It then determines ‘valuation’ as the overarching mechanism of how institutional frameworks interact with innovation processes. Eventually, discussing ‘institutional work’ as a major property of institutional frameworks, it raises awareness for the mechanisms of the ‘co‐evolution’ of institutions and innovations.","PeriodicalId":47997,"journal":{"name":"Sociology Compass","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141611614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immigrant children in the U.S. often learn English before their caretakers, leading them to take on the role of day‐to‐day translators (“language brokers”). This study explores the familial socialization of immigrant, linguistic‐minority families in the U.S. by drawing on deductive‐inductive thematic analysis of 14 semi‐structured interviews with Asian American and Latinx young adult language brokers reflecting on how this role shaped their childhoods and prepared them for adulthood. The bulk of interviewees experienced working‐class childhoods. Despite this, respondents seem to have experienced a family socialization model that reflects elements of both middle‐class and working‐class models. “Immigrant Linguistic Maturation” (ILM) consists of linguistic scaffolding in English and heritage languages, verbal airtime, and engagement with authority figures, while also leading children to hold adult knowledge, roles, and responsibilities. Racial and ethnic differences primarily lie in the actors involved in ILM socialization processes. Extended family, and especially grandparents, played a more active role in the ILM socialization of Asian American brokers, while ILM socialization of Latinx brokers was primarily driven by parents, particularly mothers. The case of Asian American and Latinx language brokers calls attention to the importance of factors like immigrant background and linguistic marginalization in shaping familial socialization.
在美国，移民儿童往往比他们的看护人更早学会英语，这导致他们承担起日常翻译（"语言经纪人"）的角色。本研究通过对 14 个半结构式访谈的演绎-归纳主题分析，探讨了美国移民、语言少数群体家庭的家庭社会化，访谈对象为亚裔美国人和拉美裔年轻成人语言经纪人，他们在访谈中反思了这一角色如何塑造了他们的童年并为成年做好了准备。大部分受访者的童年都是工人阶级的。尽管如此，受访者经历的家庭社会化模式似乎同时反映了中产阶级和工人阶级模式的元素。"移民语言成熟"（ILM）包括英语和遗产语言的语言支架、口头表达时间和与权威人物的接触，同时也引导儿童掌握成人的知识、角色和责任。种族和民族差异主要在于参与 ILM 社会化过程的行为者。大家庭，尤其是祖父母，在亚裔美国人经纪人的 ILM 社会化过程中发挥了更积极的作用，而拉美裔经纪人的 ILM 社会化主要是由父母，尤其是母亲推动的。美籍亚裔和拉美裔语言经纪人的案例使人们注意到移民背景和语言边缘化等因素在形成家庭社会化方面的重要性。
{"title":"The immigrant linguistic maturation of Asian American and Latinx language brokers","authors":"Kimberly Higuera","doi":"10.1111/soc4.13221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13221","url":null,"abstract":"Immigrant children in the U.S. often learn English before their caretakers, leading them to take on the role of day‐to‐day translators (“language brokers”). This study explores the familial socialization of immigrant, linguistic‐minority families in the U.S. by drawing on deductive‐inductive thematic analysis of 14 semi‐structured interviews with Asian American and Latinx young adult language brokers reflecting on how this role shaped their childhoods and prepared them for adulthood. The bulk of interviewees experienced working‐class childhoods. Despite this, respondents seem to have experienced a family socialization model that reflects elements of both middle‐class and working‐class models. “Immigrant Linguistic Maturation” (ILM) consists of linguistic scaffolding in English and heritage languages, verbal airtime, and engagement with authority figures, while also leading children to hold adult knowledge, roles, and responsibilities. Racial and ethnic differences primarily lie in the actors involved in ILM socialization processes. Extended family, and especially grandparents, played a more active role in the ILM socialization of Asian American brokers, while ILM socialization of Latinx brokers was primarily driven by parents, particularly mothers. The case of Asian American and Latinx language brokers calls attention to the importance of factors like immigrant background and linguistic marginalization in shaping familial socialization.","PeriodicalId":47997,"journal":{"name":"Sociology Compass","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141573459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change and its related impacts are fast becoming the dominant force in the housing market. The fundamental role that housing plays in people's lives makes these effects particularly pernicious, often impacting employment, school attendance, undermining physical and mental health, disrupting social networks, and contributing to food insecurity. The complexity of addressing these issues is compounded by the cyclical and reciprocal relationships among these factors, with housing inequalities frequently lying at the core and climate change impacts percolating throughout. I introduce the framework of acute, secondary, and pre‐emptive/reactive impacts to help understand these mechanisms. To understand and contextualize these connections, I provide a brief overview racial segregation in the United States and related inequalities that place some individuals, groups, and communities at greater risk. Other key sources of housing instability in the United States that are often closely related to housing segregation include lack of affordable housing, growing income inequality, housing discrimination, evictions, and foreclosures, all of which contribute to unequal housing outcomes. These factors are explored using the temporal framework to discuss their connection to climate change, which is in and of itself a major force of housing instability.
{"title":"Shelter from the storm: The growing threats from climate change to housing in the United States","authors":"Mary J. Fischer","doi":"10.1111/soc4.13245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13245","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change and its related impacts are fast becoming the dominant force in the housing market. The fundamental role that housing plays in people's lives makes these effects particularly pernicious, often impacting employment, school attendance, undermining physical and mental health, disrupting social networks, and contributing to food insecurity. The complexity of addressing these issues is compounded by the cyclical and reciprocal relationships among these factors, with housing inequalities frequently lying at the core and climate change impacts percolating throughout. I introduce the framework of acute, secondary, and pre‐emptive/reactive impacts to help understand these mechanisms. To understand and contextualize these connections, I provide a brief overview racial segregation in the United States and related inequalities that place some individuals, groups, and communities at greater risk. Other key sources of housing instability in the United States that are often closely related to housing segregation include lack of affordable housing, growing income inequality, housing discrimination, evictions, and foreclosures, all of which contribute to unequal housing outcomes. These factors are explored using the temporal framework to discuss their connection to climate change, which is in and of itself a major force of housing instability.","PeriodicalId":47997,"journal":{"name":"Sociology Compass","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141577868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erving Goffman's seminal theorization of stigma is at the heart of social scientific conceptualizations of identity management. Using data from qualitative interviews with queer South Asian women in Canada, this article proposes revisions of Goffman's Stigma theory. Intervening his supposition of acceptance and hostility as the two possible reactions to stigma revelation, I establish denial as an additional reaction to identity disclosure. A denial reaction has four key characteristics: (1) resistance to queer sexuality, (2) prescriptive enforcement of heterosexuality, (3) refusal to accept lesbian relationships, and (4) avoidance of conversation about queerness. I argue that disclosure to parents does not always translate to outness; rather, it can force the individual back into the closet. I refer to this non‐linear process as the culturally expansive closet. The article presents a sexual identity management process model that accounts for these culturally collectivist experiences. The results are significant for rethinking and affirming non‐Western ways of managing stigmatized identities.
{"title":"Theorizing a denial reaction to coming out: Revising Goffman's stigma through a sexual identity process model","authors":"Sonali Patel","doi":"10.1111/soc4.13246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13246","url":null,"abstract":"Erving Goffman's seminal theorization of stigma is at the heart of social scientific conceptualizations of identity management. Using data from qualitative interviews with queer South Asian women in Canada, this article proposes revisions of Goffman's <jats:italic>Stigma theory</jats:italic>. Intervening his supposition of acceptance and hostility as the two possible reactions to stigma revelation, I establish denial as an additional reaction to identity disclosure. A denial reaction has four key characteristics: (1) resistance to queer sexuality, (2) prescriptive enforcement of heterosexuality, (3) refusal to accept lesbian relationships, and (4) avoidance of conversation about queerness. I argue that disclosure to parents does not always translate to outness; rather, it can force the individual back into the closet. I refer to this non‐linear process as the culturally expansive closet. The article presents a sexual identity management process model that accounts for these culturally collectivist experiences. The results are significant for rethinking and affirming non‐Western ways of managing stigmatized identities.","PeriodicalId":47997,"journal":{"name":"Sociology Compass","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141552018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bargaining between husband and wife is reflective of the power dynamics in marriage. Women's access to resources and power through bargaining is integral to their empowerment, particularly in the Global South, where more traditional patriarchal family cultures prevail. This review summarizes the key theories concerning marital bargaining and evaluates the recent developments in research on marital bargaining by exploring patterns, determinants, and consequences of bargaining over power and resources among couples in the Global South. Several future research directions are proposed: examining the long‐term implications of the Covid‐19 pandemic on women's agency, employing a more comparative approach, and navigating marital bargaining from a broader family context.
{"title":"Gender dynamics and marital bargaining in the Global South","authors":"Jia Yu","doi":"10.1111/soc4.13244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13244","url":null,"abstract":"Bargaining between husband and wife is reflective of the power dynamics in marriage. Women's access to resources and power through bargaining is integral to their empowerment, particularly in the Global South, where more traditional patriarchal family cultures prevail. This review summarizes the key theories concerning marital bargaining and evaluates the recent developments in research on marital bargaining by exploring patterns, determinants, and consequences of bargaining over power and resources among couples in the Global South. Several future research directions are proposed: examining the long‐term implications of the Covid‐19 pandemic on women's agency, employing a more comparative approach, and navigating marital bargaining from a broader family context.","PeriodicalId":47997,"journal":{"name":"Sociology Compass","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141552020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the last few years, the proliferation of digital labour platforms has led to the transformation of business models and labour relations in an increasing number of economic activities, including highly feminized and informal traditional sectors, such as care and domestic work. Drawing on an analysis of 37 digital care platforms in Spain, this research compares the distinctive features and structural power dynamics they engender, and it constructs a taxonomy of business models of these care platforms. By analysing the main features of their operational models, we are capable of distinguishing three main types of platforms: marketplace, on‐demand, and digital placement agencies. First, the paper argues that the distinctive features of each digital platform business model have differentiated impacts on working conditions in terms of access to tasks, remuneration, flexibility and means of control. This differentiation allows us to understand what is transformative and what is continuous in platforms' precarization or formalisation of care work and working conditions of carers, mainly women and migrants. Each business model has its differentiated outcomes in terms of labour control and reorganization of women's and migrants' reproductive work. Second, more broadly, while digital care platforms may have contributed to facilitating workers' access to jobs, reducing transaction costs and standardising processes, this has often been through the creation of more flexible and insecure forms of work and to increased market pressures. Therefore, this study contributes to existing research addressing the degree of formalization of labour relations in digital platform work through a nuanced analysis of their business models.
{"title":"A taxonomy of business models of digital care platforms in Spain","authors":"Paula Rodríguez‐Modroño","doi":"10.1111/soc4.13243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13243","url":null,"abstract":"In the last few years, the proliferation of digital labour platforms has led to the transformation of business models and labour relations in an increasing number of economic activities, including highly feminized and informal traditional sectors, such as care and domestic work. Drawing on an analysis of 37 digital care platforms in Spain, this research compares the distinctive features and structural power dynamics they engender, and it constructs a taxonomy of business models of these care platforms. By analysing the main features of their operational models, we are capable of distinguishing three main types of platforms: marketplace, on‐demand, and digital placement agencies. First, the paper argues that the distinctive features of each digital platform business model have differentiated impacts on working conditions in terms of access to tasks, remuneration, flexibility and means of control. This differentiation allows us to understand what is transformative and what is continuous in platforms' precarization or formalisation of care work and working conditions of carers, mainly women and migrants. Each business model has its differentiated outcomes in terms of labour control and reorganization of women's and migrants' reproductive work. Second, more broadly, while digital care platforms may have contributed to facilitating workers' access to jobs, reducing transaction costs and standardising processes, this has often been through the creation of more flexible and insecure forms of work and to increased market pressures. Therefore, this study contributes to existing research addressing the degree of formalization of labour relations in digital platform work through a nuanced analysis of their business models.","PeriodicalId":47997,"journal":{"name":"Sociology Compass","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141552120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using an exploratory sample of focus groups and surveys, we captured university students' experiences of comedic/satirical videos. We mined students' feedback to determine if those videos could enhance critical perspectives/consciousness about racial inequities, especially inequities impacting Black Americans. The literature on humor overflows with psychological explanations; we are more interested in sociological explanations. We find that when students interpret comedic materials intended as springboards for university discussions about racial inequities, they pay attention to social factors. These factors include the diversity or mixed company of classrooms; the social, cultural, historical, and/or linguistic contexts in comedic/satirical performances; and the racial/ethnic identities of both the comedians and the butts of the comedians' jokes. Intersectional identities may also play a role in perceptions of marginalized and dominant group members featured in the video clips. More specifically, students are more tolerant of Black comedians poking fun at Black characters/issues or critiquing, with levity, dominant group members and structures that are sources of racial inequities, especially inequities impacting Black Americans. Appropriate attention to social factors like these may lay a foundation for comedic/satirical materials to facilitate a reading of the world that helps students to become more reflexive about social/racial injustices.
{"title":"“That's funny but…!”: University students, humor, and critical consciousness about anti‐black racism","authors":"L. Janelle Dance, Anna Poudel, Sutton Marvin","doi":"10.1111/soc4.13235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13235","url":null,"abstract":"Using an exploratory sample of focus groups and surveys, we captured university students' experiences of comedic/satirical videos. We mined students' feedback to determine if those videos could enhance critical perspectives/consciousness about racial inequities, especially inequities impacting Black Americans. The literature on humor overflows with psychological explanations; we are more interested in sociological explanations. We find that when students interpret comedic materials intended as springboards for university discussions about racial inequities, they pay attention to social factors. These factors include the diversity or mixed company of classrooms; the social, cultural, historical, and/or linguistic contexts in comedic/satirical performances; and the racial/ethnic identities of both the comedians and the butts of the comedians' jokes. Intersectional identities may also play a role in perceptions of marginalized and dominant group members featured in the video clips. More specifically, students are more tolerant of Black comedians poking fun at Black characters/issues or critiquing, with levity, dominant group members and structures that are sources of racial inequities, especially inequities impacting Black Americans. Appropriate attention to social factors like these may lay a foundation for comedic/satirical materials to facilitate a reading of the world that helps students to become more reflexive about social/racial injustices.","PeriodicalId":47997,"journal":{"name":"Sociology Compass","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141522457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although scientific research is often crucial for efforts to achieve improved environmental regulation for industrial products and processes, scientists who document or publicize research on possible risks can face suppression or censorship by industry, government, and other actors. This study contributes to the sociology of science by examining the challenges and responses of environmental scientists in the U.S. in two research areas: toxic chemicals and climate change. Drawing on comparative and processual methods applied to a small‐N, unique data set of cases, the study conducts formal coding of variables for contextual conditions and four general categories of the suppression sequence: triggering circumstances and actions, suppression actions, responses, and outcomes. The first stage of the analysis identifies significant relationships between contextual conditions and the suppression sequence, such as the different forms of suppression that government employees and university professors face. The second stage identifies three composite processual sequences: employment risk for government scientists, records attacks for both government and university scientists, and reputation attacks on university scientists. Together, the two types of analysis advance research by identifying novel relationships in a more systematic way than is accomplished with the standard approach of one or a few cases. The approach also examines the benefits of a mode of comparative analysis that can be more readily connected with theory testing via process tracing at the case level. The practical issue of responding to suppression or censorship is considered, which could be of value to environmental scientists and their partners.
{"title":"Scientists, censorship, and suppression: A combined comparative‐processual analysis of U.S. cases involving chemical and climate change expertise","authors":"David J. Hess","doi":"10.1111/soc4.13241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13241","url":null,"abstract":"Although scientific research is often crucial for efforts to achieve improved environmental regulation for industrial products and processes, scientists who document or publicize research on possible risks can face suppression or censorship by industry, government, and other actors. This study contributes to the sociology of science by examining the challenges and responses of environmental scientists in the U.S. in two research areas: toxic chemicals and climate change. Drawing on comparative and processual methods applied to a small‐N, unique data set of cases, the study conducts formal coding of variables for contextual conditions and four general categories of the suppression sequence: triggering circumstances and actions, suppression actions, responses, and outcomes. The first stage of the analysis identifies significant relationships between contextual conditions and the suppression sequence, such as the different forms of suppression that government employees and university professors face. The second stage identifies three composite processual sequences: employment risk for government scientists, records attacks for both government and university scientists, and reputation attacks on university scientists. Together, the two types of analysis advance research by identifying novel relationships in a more systematic way than is accomplished with the standard approach of one or a few cases. The approach also examines the benefits of a mode of comparative analysis that can be more readily connected with theory testing via process tracing at the case level. The practical issue of responding to suppression or censorship is considered, which could be of value to environmental scientists and their partners.","PeriodicalId":47997,"journal":{"name":"Sociology Compass","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141552019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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