Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1177/09562478241230290
Héctor Herrera
This paper utilizes a climate justice perspective to examine municipal green bonds (MGBs), a green-labelled debt instrument issued by subnational governmental entities, such as municipalities or cities, that determines financial, social and environmental redistributions in the context of climate change. This analysis focuses on the origins and financial construction of MGBs as the “descendant” of US municipal bonds and provides data on their recent diffusion in Africa and Latin America. It then draws connections with the lessons learned from critical analyses of US municipal bonds. The case study section explores one wastewater MGB of San Francisco (California) and creates material and theoretical connections with MGBs issued to finance water infrastructure in Mexico City (Mexico) and Cape Town (South Africa). The article concludes that the analysis and implementation of municipal green bonds needs a climate justice approach in order to recognize and address the production and reproduction of climate injustices.
{"title":"The proliferation of municipal green bonds in Africa and Latin America: the need for a climate justice approach","authors":"Héctor Herrera","doi":"10.1177/09562478241230290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09562478241230290","url":null,"abstract":"This paper utilizes a climate justice perspective to examine municipal green bonds (MGBs), a green-labelled debt instrument issued by subnational governmental entities, such as municipalities or cities, that determines financial, social and environmental redistributions in the context of climate change. This analysis focuses on the origins and financial construction of MGBs as the “descendant” of US municipal bonds and provides data on their recent diffusion in Africa and Latin America. It then draws connections with the lessons learned from critical analyses of US municipal bonds. The case study section explores one wastewater MGB of San Francisco (California) and creates material and theoretical connections with MGBs issued to finance water infrastructure in Mexico City (Mexico) and Cape Town (South Africa). The article concludes that the analysis and implementation of municipal green bonds needs a climate justice approach in order to recognize and address the production and reproduction of climate injustices.","PeriodicalId":48038,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140205712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.1177/09562478241230498
Nura Ali, Margarita Garfias Royo, Kenny Cupers, George Arabbu Ndege, Jack Campbell-Clause, Jhono Bennett
Reporting from ongoing research and planning with low-income residents in Nairobi, Lagos and Johannesburg, this field note discusses infrastructure-led sustainability transitions that are in progress, probable and possible from the perspective of Africa’s politically marginalized urban majority. Its authors probe to what extent efforts to advance more sustainable urban futures in African cities can foster climate justice – not only in terms of resource distribution and infrastructural access but also in terms of political rights, recognition and participation in decision-making about what those futures should or could be. They suggest different ways by which engaging with the infrastructural lives of politically marginalized urban subjects and collectives may allow reframing of dominant, donor-driven sustainability agendas.
{"title":"How can Africa’s urban majority reframe sustainability agendas?","authors":"Nura Ali, Margarita Garfias Royo, Kenny Cupers, George Arabbu Ndege, Jack Campbell-Clause, Jhono Bennett","doi":"10.1177/09562478241230498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09562478241230498","url":null,"abstract":"Reporting from ongoing research and planning with low-income residents in Nairobi, Lagos and Johannesburg, this field note discusses infrastructure-led sustainability transitions that are in progress, probable and possible from the perspective of Africa’s politically marginalized urban majority. Its authors probe to what extent efforts to advance more sustainable urban futures in African cities can foster climate justice – not only in terms of resource distribution and infrastructural access but also in terms of political rights, recognition and participation in decision-making about what those futures should or could be. They suggest different ways by which engaging with the infrastructural lives of politically marginalized urban subjects and collectives may allow reframing of dominant, donor-driven sustainability agendas.","PeriodicalId":48038,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140147917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1177/09562478241229947
Anyi Milena Muñoz Chavez, LINA Marcela Cárdenas Cleves, Luis Fernando Marmolejo Rebellón
Zero Waste household practices adopted in informal settlements have facilitated the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and contributed to income generation, food security and the strengthening of the social fabric. In four informal settlements in Santiago de Cali (Colombia), these practices were identified through participatory methodologies, and statistical tests of association between variables were used to determine possible causes of their implementation. These practices were found to be associated with characteristics of the residents including their connection to the cultural traditions of their places of origin, their resilience and solidarity, the satisfaction of their basic needs and their search for a healthy environment. This paper discusses these practices, the elements that drive them and their main benefits, highlighting the need for public policies to recognize their contributions in addressing global challenges and for future research to quantify their contributions.
{"title":"Zero Waste household practices in informal settlements: an opportunity to improve the living conditions of the urban poor and address global challenges","authors":"Anyi Milena Muñoz Chavez, LINA Marcela Cárdenas Cleves, Luis Fernando Marmolejo Rebellón","doi":"10.1177/09562478241229947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09562478241229947","url":null,"abstract":"Zero Waste household practices adopted in informal settlements have facilitated the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and contributed to income generation, food security and the strengthening of the social fabric. In four informal settlements in Santiago de Cali (Colombia), these practices were identified through participatory methodologies, and statistical tests of association between variables were used to determine possible causes of their implementation. These practices were found to be associated with characteristics of the residents including their connection to the cultural traditions of their places of origin, their resilience and solidarity, the satisfaction of their basic needs and their search for a healthy environment. This paper discusses these practices, the elements that drive them and their main benefits, highlighting the need for public policies to recognize their contributions in addressing global challenges and for future research to quantify their contributions.","PeriodicalId":48038,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140105928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.1177/09562478241226782
Lauren Hermanus, Liza Rose CiroliA
Within global debates, decentralization with respect to renewable electricity is positioned as pivotal in overlapping calls for decarbonization, energy access and just transitions. The promise is that technologies that are smaller and distributed will deliver a range of benefits, including enabling infrastructural innovations and expanding sustainable access, notably by empowering local authorities. While shifting to low-carbon systems is imperative, in this paper we call for attention to the complexity, opportunities and risks of commonly celebrated experiments in distributed electricity technologies when applied to African contexts. We draw on the case of Uganda, unpacking a series of four innovative electricity projects currently under way. For each case, we look at the actors involved and the imagined relationship between the projects and the incumbent grid. From these cases, we argue that, in this African context characterized by contested urban governance and fragmented networks, careful attention to supporting urban scale institutional and infrastructural development is necessary, although in many cases bypassed.
{"title":"Distributed energy technologies, decentralizing systems and the future of African cities","authors":"Lauren Hermanus, Liza Rose CiroliA","doi":"10.1177/09562478241226782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09562478241226782","url":null,"abstract":"Within global debates, decentralization with respect to renewable electricity is positioned as pivotal in overlapping calls for decarbonization, energy access and just transitions. The promise is that technologies that are smaller and distributed will deliver a range of benefits, including enabling infrastructural innovations and expanding sustainable access, notably by empowering local authorities. While shifting to low-carbon systems is imperative, in this paper we call for attention to the complexity, opportunities and risks of commonly celebrated experiments in distributed electricity technologies when applied to African contexts. We draw on the case of Uganda, unpacking a series of four innovative electricity projects currently under way. For each case, we look at the actors involved and the imagined relationship between the projects and the incumbent grid. From these cases, we argue that, in this African context characterized by contested urban governance and fragmented networks, careful attention to supporting urban scale institutional and infrastructural development is necessary, although in many cases bypassed.","PeriodicalId":48038,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140105923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-09DOI: 10.1177/09562478241230037
Gotelind Alber
In collaboration with women’s organizations in India, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa, an approach for a novel gender assessment of urban climate policies was developed and tested. The Gender Assessment and Monitoring of Mitigation and Adaptation (GAMMA) methodology allows for an in-depth analysis of the institutional framework and the mitigation and adaptation policies of cities. Its application by the women’s organizations in 14 pilot cities led to policy recommendations on how to integrate gender equality into urban mitigation and adaptation actions. The results of a monitoring exercise show that the project has made a significant step forward in raising awareness of gender issues and gender-responsive action at the urban level. It provides civil society organizations working on climate justice with a tool to push local governments to work towards low-carbon, resilient, gender-just and inclusive cities. It can also be used by local governments for self-assessment.
{"title":"A novel approach to work towards gender-responsive urban climate policy","authors":"Gotelind Alber","doi":"10.1177/09562478241230037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09562478241230037","url":null,"abstract":"In collaboration with women’s organizations in India, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa, an approach for a novel gender assessment of urban climate policies was developed and tested. The Gender Assessment and Monitoring of Mitigation and Adaptation (GAMMA) methodology allows for an in-depth analysis of the institutional framework and the mitigation and adaptation policies of cities. Its application by the women’s organizations in 14 pilot cities led to policy recommendations on how to integrate gender equality into urban mitigation and adaptation actions. The results of a monitoring exercise show that the project has made a significant step forward in raising awareness of gender issues and gender-responsive action at the urban level. It provides civil society organizations working on climate justice with a tool to push local governments to work towards low-carbon, resilient, gender-just and inclusive cities. It can also be used by local governments for self-assessment.","PeriodicalId":48038,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140071680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-23DOI: 10.1177/09562478231214140
Pryor Placino, N. Rugkhapan
This paper critically examines the dominant role of concrete in the modernization of Asian cities since the mid twentieth century. While builders, architects, planners and citizens have long praised the advantages of concrete, we argue that concrete can no longer be seen as socially and environmentally neutral in the Anthropocene. When concrete cracks, it does so literally and metaphorically. The cracks manifest not only in the actual material but as socioecological concerns. We employ the concept of “shadow places” to explore the underside of concrete production where those cracks emerge. Using case studies at the edges of Metro Manila, Philippines, we shed light on the precarious livelihoods of workers in an unregulated aggregate quarry and the dust pollution affecting neighbourhoods near cement plants. These two cases offer insights not only into specific socioecological issues but also into how communities negotiate them. We expose concrete’s entanglements and their implications for urban development.
{"title":"Making visible concrete’s shadow places: mixing environmental concerns and social inequalities into building materials","authors":"Pryor Placino, N. Rugkhapan","doi":"10.1177/09562478231214140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09562478231214140","url":null,"abstract":"This paper critically examines the dominant role of concrete in the modernization of Asian cities since the mid twentieth century. While builders, architects, planners and citizens have long praised the advantages of concrete, we argue that concrete can no longer be seen as socially and environmentally neutral in the Anthropocene. When concrete cracks, it does so literally and metaphorically. The cracks manifest not only in the actual material but as socioecological concerns. We employ the concept of “shadow places” to explore the underside of concrete production where those cracks emerge. Using case studies at the edges of Metro Manila, Philippines, we shed light on the precarious livelihoods of workers in an unregulated aggregate quarry and the dust pollution affecting neighbourhoods near cement plants. These two cases offer insights not only into specific socioecological issues but also into how communities negotiate them. We expose concrete’s entanglements and their implications for urban development.","PeriodicalId":48038,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization","volume":"25 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139161683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/09562478231190283
Abdifatah Ismael Tahir
This paper explores urban land governance in Hargeisa as a critical site of Somaliland’s post-conflict statecraft. Two key issues make this study imperative. First, the current research on Somaliland focuses on the central authority ( 1 ) with scant attention to the organization and functioning of the urban state and its effect for the urban poor, thus obscuring the importance of the conurbation as a site for statecraft. Second, Somaliland’s post-conflict statecraft is marked by inconsistencies, previously unexplored. While the creation of the subnational state is characterized as bottom-up, with its origins in community-led peacebuilding, its governance practices are characterized by exclusionary top-down procedures imported from colonial and postcolonial periods. Based on interviews with key informants, archival research and document analysis, I historicize these layers of the state-building processes. I argue that the top-down approach of post-conflict land governance, a critical site of statecraft, marginalizes the disadvantaged by creating bureaucracies that favour the affluent.
{"title":"Post-conflict statecraft, land governance and exclusion in Hargeisa, Somaliland","authors":"Abdifatah Ismael Tahir","doi":"10.1177/09562478231190283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09562478231190283","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores urban land governance in Hargeisa as a critical site of Somaliland’s post-conflict statecraft. Two key issues make this study imperative. First, the current research on Somaliland focuses on the central authority ( 1 ) with scant attention to the organization and functioning of the urban state and its effect for the urban poor, thus obscuring the importance of the conurbation as a site for statecraft. Second, Somaliland’s post-conflict statecraft is marked by inconsistencies, previously unexplored. While the creation of the subnational state is characterized as bottom-up, with its origins in community-led peacebuilding, its governance practices are characterized by exclusionary top-down procedures imported from colonial and postcolonial periods. Based on interviews with key informants, archival research and document analysis, I historicize these layers of the state-building processes. I argue that the top-down approach of post-conflict land governance, a critical site of statecraft, marginalizes the disadvantaged by creating bureaucracies that favour the affluent.","PeriodicalId":48038,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136093173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/09562478231205369
Hyung Min Kim
This research investigates a South Korean land value capture experience in peri-urban development. With the growing demand for urban land, rent gaps grew. A South Korean public development scheme, the Housing Site Development Promotion Act (HSDPA), enabled a public development agency to financialize and recoup the rent gaps by allowing for land acquisition at agricultural value. Hence, these peri-urban projects were self-funded in providing infrastructure at “no cost” to the government. A case study – of Yongin-Jukjeon on the periphery of Seoul – reveals that the rent gap between pre-development and post-development was over fivefold, and the public development agency achieved an internal rate of return of 262 per cent after paying for decent-quality infrastructure facilities by the national standard. Despite the size of this return, the rent gap was also shared among and reallocated to other key actors including original landowners, construction companies and end-users.
{"title":"Peri-urban rent gap and land value capture by government-led urban development in South Korea","authors":"Hyung Min Kim","doi":"10.1177/09562478231205369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09562478231205369","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates a South Korean land value capture experience in peri-urban development. With the growing demand for urban land, rent gaps grew. A South Korean public development scheme, the Housing Site Development Promotion Act (HSDPA), enabled a public development agency to financialize and recoup the rent gaps by allowing for land acquisition at agricultural value. Hence, these peri-urban projects were self-funded in providing infrastructure at “no cost” to the government. A case study – of Yongin-Jukjeon on the periphery of Seoul – reveals that the rent gap between pre-development and post-development was over fivefold, and the public development agency achieved an internal rate of return of 262 per cent after paying for decent-quality infrastructure facilities by the national standard. Despite the size of this return, the rent gap was also shared among and reallocated to other key actors including original landowners, construction companies and end-users.","PeriodicalId":48038,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136093044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1177/09562478231195512
Johan Mottelson, Alessandro Venerandi
Several studies have documented extensive low-density urban expansion of cities in sub-Saharan Africa, exacerbating issues of inadequate infrastructure, limited mobility and human impact on the environment. However, the relation between socioeconomic factors and urban expansion trends in sub-Saharan Africa remains understudied. This study investigates the links between household socioeconomic status and urban form of informal settlements based on case studies in Maputo, Mozambique. The findings of the study underscore that (1) built densification occurs over time, reflecting an incremental house expansion process enabled by household economic resources; (2) households with higher socioeconomic status consume comparatively more land, contributing to urban expansion; (3) households in more recently established settlements within the city limits have higher socioeconomic status than households in older settlements located in comparable proximity to the city centre; and (4) rental housing is more widespread in the centrally located settlements and accommodates younger residents with lower socioeconomic status.
{"title":"Urban density and socioeconomic characteristics of informal settlements: evidence of interrelation from Maputo, Mozambique","authors":"Johan Mottelson, Alessandro Venerandi","doi":"10.1177/09562478231195512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09562478231195512","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have documented extensive low-density urban expansion of cities in sub-Saharan Africa, exacerbating issues of inadequate infrastructure, limited mobility and human impact on the environment. However, the relation between socioeconomic factors and urban expansion trends in sub-Saharan Africa remains understudied. This study investigates the links between household socioeconomic status and urban form of informal settlements based on case studies in Maputo, Mozambique. The findings of the study underscore that (1) built densification occurs over time, reflecting an incremental house expansion process enabled by household economic resources; (2) households with higher socioeconomic status consume comparatively more land, contributing to urban expansion; (3) households in more recently established settlements within the city limits have higher socioeconomic status than households in older settlements located in comparable proximity to the city centre; and (4) rental housing is more widespread in the centrally located settlements and accommodates younger residents with lower socioeconomic status.","PeriodicalId":48038,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Urbanization","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136168130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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