Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.1080/08838151.2022.2146116
M. Grizzard, A. Eden
ABSTRACT Character liking, identification, and parasocial interaction/relationships are terms used in various literatures to describe character engagement. The current paper synthesizes more than six decades of research in media psychology and communication science to organize and delineate four processes related to character engagement with fictional characters: Attention, Appraisal, Affiliation, and Assessment. In addition to defining and distinguishing these four processes, we describe how they are influenced by narrative, character, and viewer features, leading to moral adjustment – that is, a viewer’s own morality being shaped and molded through exposure to fictional personae. We endeavor here to diminish conceptual confusion and to clarify causal, temporal, and reciprocal relationships between the four factors regarding moral adjustment in viewers. By uniting these processes under a single conceptual model, we provide a framework for understanding moral adjustment through character engagement that can serve as a launch point for more focused research projects.
{"title":"The Character Engagement and Moral Adjustment Model (CEMAM): A Synthesis of More than Six Decades of Research","authors":"M. Grizzard, A. Eden","doi":"10.1080/08838151.2022.2146116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2022.2146116","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Character liking, identification, and parasocial interaction/relationships are terms used in various literatures to describe character engagement. The current paper synthesizes more than six decades of research in media psychology and communication science to organize and delineate four processes related to character engagement with fictional characters: Attention, Appraisal, Affiliation, and Assessment. In addition to defining and distinguishing these four processes, we describe how they are influenced by narrative, character, and viewer features, leading to moral adjustment – that is, a viewer’s own morality being shaped and molded through exposure to fictional personae. We endeavor here to diminish conceptual confusion and to clarify causal, temporal, and reciprocal relationships between the four factors regarding moral adjustment in viewers. By uniting these processes under a single conceptual model, we provide a framework for understanding moral adjustment through character engagement that can serve as a launch point for more focused research projects.","PeriodicalId":48051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46261325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.1080/08838151.2022.2120482
M. Grabe, E. Bucy
ABSTRACT Contemporary concerns about the integrity of information are not easily dismissible as merely a perennial cycle of moral panic. In an attempt to provide context and map territory for future research, this conceptual paper draws comparisons between disinformation, the deliberate fabrication and dissemination of false information, and tabloid news – a news format with a century’s old reputation for sparking consternation over journalistic truth telling. Sociological functions, information economy particularities, and message packaging features are comparatively scrutinized, revealing areas of divergence, convergence, and symbiotic interface between disinformation and tabloid news that likely afford the success of both formats.
{"title":"Moral panics about the integrity of information in democratic systems:Comparing tabloid news to disinformation","authors":"M. Grabe, E. Bucy","doi":"10.1080/08838151.2022.2120482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2022.2120482","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Contemporary concerns about the integrity of information are not easily dismissible as merely a perennial cycle of moral panic. In an attempt to provide context and map territory for future research, this conceptual paper draws comparisons between disinformation, the deliberate fabrication and dissemination of false information, and tabloid news – a news format with a century’s old reputation for sparking consternation over journalistic truth telling. Sociological functions, information economy particularities, and message packaging features are comparatively scrutinized, revealing areas of divergence, convergence, and symbiotic interface between disinformation and tabloid news that likely afford the success of both formats.","PeriodicalId":48051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42157165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.1080/08838151.2022.2131788
W. Potter
ABSTRACT Over the past half century, media scholars have generated a large literature of empirical studies, criticisms, and reviews that present many different ideas about what cultivation means. Those meanings are analyzed across three major components of the cultivation literature: George Gerbner’s macro theory, the Cultural Indicators Project design, and the large number of exploratory studies that have attempted to expand the explanatory ability of cultivation. These different meanings for cultivation are then evaluated on the criterion of their potential viability to increase our understanding about media processes and effects as we move into the future.
{"title":"What Does the Idea of Media Cultivation Mean?","authors":"W. Potter","doi":"10.1080/08838151.2022.2131788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2022.2131788","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Over the past half century, media scholars have generated a large literature of empirical studies, criticisms, and reviews that present many different ideas about what cultivation means. Those meanings are analyzed across three major components of the cultivation literature: George Gerbner’s macro theory, the Cultural Indicators Project design, and the large number of exploratory studies that have attempted to expand the explanatory ability of cultivation. These different meanings for cultivation are then evaluated on the criterion of their potential viability to increase our understanding about media processes and effects as we move into the future.","PeriodicalId":48051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44178154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.1080/08838151.2022.2131787
Stephen D. Perry
ABSTRACT The father of peace studies addressed more nuances in the progress toward peace than journalism scholarship has applied to date. One problem has been emphasizing direct violence over cultural and structural violence. This essay questions the assumption that all parties in a conflict should be treated equally, suggesting that journalists judge motivations ranging from selfish to philanthropic. Philosophies of just peace and just war provide a series of questions to prompt variation in scholarly assessment of conflict situations. Journalists are encouraged to create tension against cultural and structural violence using a proposed framework to promote an enduring equanimous peace.
{"title":"Value Consistency in Peace Journalism: Opposing Structural and Cultural Violence through Prodding for Positive Peace","authors":"Stephen D. Perry","doi":"10.1080/08838151.2022.2131787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2022.2131787","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The father of peace studies addressed more nuances in the progress toward peace than journalism scholarship has applied to date. One problem has been emphasizing direct violence over cultural and structural violence. This essay questions the assumption that all parties in a conflict should be treated equally, suggesting that journalists judge motivations ranging from selfish to philanthropic. Philosophies of just peace and just war provide a series of questions to prompt variation in scholarly assessment of conflict situations. Journalists are encouraged to create tension against cultural and structural violence using a proposed framework to promote an enduring equanimous peace.","PeriodicalId":48051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42794501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.1080/08838151.2022.2144316
Julia R. Fox
ABSTRACT Studies comparing comedic and serious news have found conflicting results as to whether the inclusion of humor benefits learning information from those shows. Other studies examining learning from comedic news without a serious news comparison, based on whether the humor was presented as funny or informational, have also found conflicting results. This review offers some explanations for those conflicting findings, focusing on the methods and theoretical approaches used in those studies, and suggests a dynamic theoretical approach researchers in this area can take to get a better understanding of the impact of humor on acquiring information from comedic news messages.
{"title":"Funny You Mention It: A Synthesis of Published Research on Learning from Comedic Versus Serious News","authors":"Julia R. Fox","doi":"10.1080/08838151.2022.2144316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2022.2144316","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Studies comparing comedic and serious news have found conflicting results as to whether the inclusion of humor benefits learning information from those shows. Other studies examining learning from comedic news without a serious news comparison, based on whether the humor was presented as funny or informational, have also found conflicting results. This review offers some explanations for those conflicting findings, focusing on the methods and theoretical approaches used in those studies, and suggests a dynamic theoretical approach researchers in this area can take to get a better understanding of the impact of humor on acquiring information from comedic news messages.","PeriodicalId":48051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42186859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.1080/08838151.2022.2120481
R. Holbert, Elizabeth S. Baik, Meghnaa Tallapragada, C. Tolan, Heather L. LaMarre, Bruce W. Hardy
ABSTRACT Explanatory power is a key criterion for assessing the strength of a theory. This essay provides an expanded detailing of explanatory power’s three components: Plausibility, range, and postdiction. In addition, a case is made for how plausibility advancements signal field-general contributions, range-based works gravitate toward subfield-specific offerings, and postdiction assessments can be field-general or subfield-specific. This discussion is grounded with a focus on four theories: Agenda Setting, Cultivation, Uses and Gratifications, and Social Cognitive Theory. Implications for future theory advancement are discussed and short- and long-term research initiatives are detailed.
{"title":"“Balancing Field-General and Subfield-Specific Contributions When Addressing, Utilizing, or Assessing a Theory’s Explanatory Power”","authors":"R. Holbert, Elizabeth S. Baik, Meghnaa Tallapragada, C. Tolan, Heather L. LaMarre, Bruce W. Hardy","doi":"10.1080/08838151.2022.2120481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2022.2120481","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Explanatory power is a key criterion for assessing the strength of a theory. This essay provides an expanded detailing of explanatory power’s three components: Plausibility, range, and postdiction. In addition, a case is made for how plausibility advancements signal field-general contributions, range-based works gravitate toward subfield-specific offerings, and postdiction assessments can be field-general or subfield-specific. This discussion is grounded with a focus on four theories: Agenda Setting, Cultivation, Uses and Gratifications, and Social Cognitive Theory. Implications for future theory advancement are discussed and short- and long-term research initiatives are detailed.","PeriodicalId":48051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46814489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.1080/08838151.2022.2137510
Karyn Riddle, Xining Liao, Matt Minich
ABSTRACT The concept of media enjoyment has both delighted and frustrated entertainment scholars for several decades. Although a rich body of research highlights how media experiences can entertain, amuse, and enlighten audiences, the scholarship is conceptually, theoretically, and methodologically fragmented. In this synthesis paper, we first tackle conceptual issues, reviewing prior research that has both supported and challenged a hedonic approach to enjoyment. We then argue the enjoyment-as-attitude approach best explains the processes through which audiences experience enjoyment. We conclude by addressing definitional, methodological, and other implications for this approach. Areas for future research are also discussed.
{"title":"Media Enjoyment: A Synthesis","authors":"Karyn Riddle, Xining Liao, Matt Minich","doi":"10.1080/08838151.2022.2137510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2022.2137510","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The concept of media enjoyment has both delighted and frustrated entertainment scholars for several decades. Although a rich body of research highlights how media experiences can entertain, amuse, and enlighten audiences, the scholarship is conceptually, theoretically, and methodologically fragmented. In this synthesis paper, we first tackle conceptual issues, reviewing prior research that has both supported and challenged a hedonic approach to enjoyment. We then argue the enjoyment-as-attitude approach best explains the processes through which audiences experience enjoyment. We conclude by addressing definitional, methodological, and other implications for this approach. Areas for future research are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":48051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41646182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.1080/08838151.2022.2138890
Erica Scharrer, Srividya Ramasubramanian, Omotayo O. Banjo
ABSTRACT The U.S. population is becoming more diverse in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, and sexuality. In some ways, television, film, video game, and news content reflect that reality. Yet, in other ways, such content falls short, in terms of underrepresenting particular social groups and/or depicting those groups in a limited manner. The current review essay details the ways in which a number of minoritized social groups are portrayed in major media forms in the U.S. and connects to the research on implications of such depictions for minoritized as well as non-minoritized groups. A call for future research that centers the ways in which identities are intersectional, balances agency and vulnerability, and unpacks the complex and contextual nature of media content and influence is made, in addition to identifying new topical areas for research.
{"title":"Media, Diversity, and Representation in the U.S.: A Review of the Quantitative Research Literature on Media Content and Effects","authors":"Erica Scharrer, Srividya Ramasubramanian, Omotayo O. Banjo","doi":"10.1080/08838151.2022.2138890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2022.2138890","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The U.S. population is becoming more diverse in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, and sexuality. In some ways, television, film, video game, and news content reflect that reality. Yet, in other ways, such content falls short, in terms of underrepresenting particular social groups and/or depicting those groups in a limited manner. The current review essay details the ways in which a number of minoritized social groups are portrayed in major media forms in the U.S. and connects to the research on implications of such depictions for minoritized as well as non-minoritized groups. A call for future research that centers the ways in which identities are intersectional, balances agency and vulnerability, and unpacks the complex and contextual nature of media content and influence is made, in addition to identifying new topical areas for research.","PeriodicalId":48051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45735693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-19DOI: 10.1080/08838151.2022.2100376
T. Waddell, Chelsea Elizabeth Moss, Adrienne Holz, James D. Ivory
ABSTRACT This article presents a synthesis and interpretation of research on character portrayals in digital game content using a systematic review of existing studies (N = 30) based on a larger database search (N = 1,127). Character sex and gender has been the most frequently studied dimension, followed by character sexualization and character race and ethnicity. Other characteristics studied include characters from the LGBTQ community, body size, age, and mental well-being, along with character behaviors such as violence, profanity, and gambling. Overall, studies consistently observe that portrayals under-represent female and nonwhite characters and include problematic depictions. Methodological recommendations are provided.
{"title":"Character Portrayals in Digital Games: A Systematic Review of More than Three Decades of Existing Research","authors":"T. Waddell, Chelsea Elizabeth Moss, Adrienne Holz, James D. Ivory","doi":"10.1080/08838151.2022.2100376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2022.2100376","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article presents a synthesis and interpretation of research on character portrayals in digital game content using a systematic review of existing studies (N = 30) based on a larger database search (N = 1,127). Character sex and gender has been the most frequently studied dimension, followed by character sexualization and character race and ethnicity. Other characteristics studied include characters from the LGBTQ community, body size, age, and mental well-being, along with character behaviors such as violence, profanity, and gambling. Overall, studies consistently observe that portrayals under-represent female and nonwhite characters and include problematic depictions. Methodological recommendations are provided.","PeriodicalId":48051,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42156950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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