Pub Date : 2023-03-07DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2175493
Yannick Kluch
ABSTRACT Drawing from interviews with 31 collegiate athlete activists, the goal of this study was to identify barriers to athlete activism in the hegemonic arena of U.S. college sport. I utilize a multilevel analysis to map how activism is rendered counter-hegemonic, non-normative behavior in college sport through barriers manifesting at the macro-level (societal), meso-level (organizational), and micro-level (individual). Barriers at the macro-level include social norms prioritizing athlete identity and stigma attached to activism, while barriers at the meso-level include the strict regulation of athletes’ lives, isolation on campus, team cultural norms, and institutional power relations. Finally, emotional exhaustion and lack of rapport with peers manifested at the micro-level, further constituting barriers to activist efforts. The complex interplay of barriers at multiple levels, I argue, perpetuates a hegemonic order where contemporary collegiate athlete activists and the arena of sport become sites for the struggle for power – that is, cultural sites in which the battle between hegemonic forces and agents of resistance becomes manifested and visible. HIGHLIGHTS Collegiate activists face barriers to activism on many levels, ranging from macro-(societal) to meso- (organizational) and micro-levels (individual). There continues to be intense stigma attached to activist behaviors in U.S.intercollegiate sport, despite an increase in activism. On an emotional level, collegiate athlete activists often experience feelings of isolation and exhaustion. At the institutional level, unsupportive institutional climates and team cultural norms can prevent athletes from engaging in activism. The barriers identified serve as powerful hegemonic tools to render activism non-normative behavior in U.S.intercollegiate sport.
{"title":"Why don’t more college athletes engage in activism? A multilevel analysis of barriers to activism in the hegemonic arena of intercollegiate sport","authors":"Yannick Kluch","doi":"10.1080/14413523.2023.2175493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2023.2175493","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Drawing from interviews with 31 collegiate athlete activists, the goal of this study was to identify barriers to athlete activism in the hegemonic arena of U.S. college sport. I utilize a multilevel analysis to map how activism is rendered counter-hegemonic, non-normative behavior in college sport through barriers manifesting at the macro-level (societal), meso-level (organizational), and micro-level (individual). Barriers at the macro-level include social norms prioritizing athlete identity and stigma attached to activism, while barriers at the meso-level include the strict regulation of athletes’ lives, isolation on campus, team cultural norms, and institutional power relations. Finally, emotional exhaustion and lack of rapport with peers manifested at the micro-level, further constituting barriers to activist efforts. The complex interplay of barriers at multiple levels, I argue, perpetuates a hegemonic order where contemporary collegiate athlete activists and the arena of sport become sites for the struggle for power – that is, cultural sites in which the battle between hegemonic forces and agents of resistance becomes manifested and visible. HIGHLIGHTS Collegiate activists face barriers to activism on many levels, ranging from macro-(societal) to meso- (organizational) and micro-levels (individual). There continues to be intense stigma attached to activist behaviors in U.S.intercollegiate sport, despite an increase in activism. On an emotional level, collegiate athlete activists often experience feelings of isolation and exhaustion. At the institutional level, unsupportive institutional climates and team cultural norms can prevent athletes from engaging in activism. The barriers identified serve as powerful hegemonic tools to render activism non-normative behavior in U.S.intercollegiate sport.","PeriodicalId":48057,"journal":{"name":"Sport Management Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43799323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-28DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2148861
Mitchell McSweeney
ABSTRACT Social entrepreneurship has garnered increased attention from scholars in a number of disciplines, especially international development and to a growing degree, sport management. Responding to recent calls within institutional theory and sport management, in this study, the lens of institutional work is employed to explore how a refugee-led organization in Uganda and its members utilize sport-related social entrepreneurship to create, maintain, and disrupt institutions. Data analysis revealed three overarching themes related to the purposeful, intentional work of actors, including: the use of sport microfinance savings groups to fill institutional voids; social entrepreneurship work by refugees to build social and economic value; and experimentation work to disrupt gender norms. Findings underscore the way in which both organizations and individuals engage in sport-related social entrepreneurial activities to create, maintain, and contest interrelated institutions, in particular institutionalized poverty and gender. Discussion is presented which expands theoretical and practical knowledge on the institutional work and practices of individuals and organizations acting innovatively to contest institutional arrangements and the poverty of refugees. HIGHLIGHTS Entrepreneurship is claimed to contribute to poverty alleviation in base-of-the-pyramid markets. Limited research has investigated the institutional work of social entrepreneurship. Sport and social entrepreneurship combine to foster institutional work by refugees. Institutional work by refugees both challenges and maintains institutional arrangements.
{"title":"Sport and social entrepreneurship in the base-of-the-pyramid: The institutional work of refugees and a refugee-led organization in Uganda","authors":"Mitchell McSweeney","doi":"10.1080/14413523.2022.2148861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2022.2148861","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Social entrepreneurship has garnered increased attention from scholars in a number of disciplines, especially international development and to a growing degree, sport management. Responding to recent calls within institutional theory and sport management, in this study, the lens of institutional work is employed to explore how a refugee-led organization in Uganda and its members utilize sport-related social entrepreneurship to create, maintain, and disrupt institutions. Data analysis revealed three overarching themes related to the purposeful, intentional work of actors, including: the use of sport microfinance savings groups to fill institutional voids; social entrepreneurship work by refugees to build social and economic value; and experimentation work to disrupt gender norms. Findings underscore the way in which both organizations and individuals engage in sport-related social entrepreneurial activities to create, maintain, and contest interrelated institutions, in particular institutionalized poverty and gender. Discussion is presented which expands theoretical and practical knowledge on the institutional work and practices of individuals and organizations acting innovatively to contest institutional arrangements and the poverty of refugees. HIGHLIGHTS Entrepreneurship is claimed to contribute to poverty alleviation in base-of-the-pyramid markets. Limited research has investigated the institutional work of social entrepreneurship. Sport and social entrepreneurship combine to foster institutional work by refugees. Institutional work by refugees both challenges and maintains institutional arrangements.","PeriodicalId":48057,"journal":{"name":"Sport Management Review","volume":"26 1","pages":"582 - 606"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41844102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-28DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2140886
Nina Siegfried
ABSTRACT Since the founding of the National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA) in 1949, wheelchair basketball has expanded to over 200 teams in the U.S. and Canada. Despite the success and growth of wheelchair basketball in the U.S., NWBA programs still face funding challenges. Considering the potential to generate funding through corporate sponsorship, nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals in charge of sponsorship management of NWBA programs to gain insight into the acquisition and relationship management of their sponsorship programs. Findings showed several unique ways NWBA programs attract sponsors, including focusing on sponsors with an existing interest in the disability community, and highlighting the unique assets of NWBA teams such as their compelling stories, the program’s impact, disability expertise, and corporate social engagement opportunities. Communication, evaluation, and cross-marketing opportunities were found to be key in retaining sponsors. Both successful sponsorship acquisition and retention are underlined by relationship marketing efforts to build commitment and trust by establishing an emotional connection and mutually beneficial relationship between the sponsor and the team, as well as having a dense network of relationships between the sport property and sponsor. The results aid current and future programs in successful sponsorship acquisition and retention. HIGHLIGHTS NWBA teams heavily rely on building commitment with potential sponsors for sponsorship acquisition. NWBA sport managers need to focus on the relationship building through their unique assets and offerings. NWBA teams retain sponsors through building and keeping trust and commitment. Sponsorship activation, ROI measures, and cross-marketing opportunities are key for sponsorship retention.
{"title":"Relationship marketing: a strategy for acquiring long-term strategic sponsorships in the disability sport sector","authors":"Nina Siegfried","doi":"10.1080/14413523.2022.2140886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2022.2140886","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since the founding of the National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA) in 1949, wheelchair basketball has expanded to over 200 teams in the U.S. and Canada. Despite the success and growth of wheelchair basketball in the U.S., NWBA programs still face funding challenges. Considering the potential to generate funding through corporate sponsorship, nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals in charge of sponsorship management of NWBA programs to gain insight into the acquisition and relationship management of their sponsorship programs. Findings showed several unique ways NWBA programs attract sponsors, including focusing on sponsors with an existing interest in the disability community, and highlighting the unique assets of NWBA teams such as their compelling stories, the program’s impact, disability expertise, and corporate social engagement opportunities. Communication, evaluation, and cross-marketing opportunities were found to be key in retaining sponsors. Both successful sponsorship acquisition and retention are underlined by relationship marketing efforts to build commitment and trust by establishing an emotional connection and mutually beneficial relationship between the sponsor and the team, as well as having a dense network of relationships between the sport property and sponsor. The results aid current and future programs in successful sponsorship acquisition and retention. HIGHLIGHTS NWBA teams heavily rely on building commitment with potential sponsors for sponsorship acquisition. NWBA sport managers need to focus on the relationship building through their unique assets and offerings. NWBA teams retain sponsors through building and keeping trust and commitment. Sponsorship activation, ROI measures, and cross-marketing opportunities are key for sponsorship retention.","PeriodicalId":48057,"journal":{"name":"Sport Management Review","volume":"26 1","pages":"540 - 560"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42755767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-25DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2152936
Svenja Feiler, D. Coates, P. Wicker, C. Breuer
ABSTRACT In surveys across countries, nonprofit sports clubs report their perceived financial situation using some form of Likert scale; however, it is unclear what this subjectively reported rating reflects. The purpose of this study is to examine the link between objective financial measures and club officials’ perceptions of the financial situation. The main research question is: What objective financial measures best reflect the level and changes in the perceived financial situation of nonprofit sports clubs? The study used panel data from four consecutive waves of a German sports club’s panel (n = 2,859). The clubs’ financial situation was assessed on a 6-point scale (1 = no problem; 6 = existential problem). This subjective measure was juxtaposed with several objective financial measures drawn from the literature and financial theories. These measures include general financial measures like interest coverage, margin, and revenue diversification, but also measures specifically developed for the nonprofit sports clubs’ context. The results of regression analyses show that operating margin, revenue diversity, the share of facility expenses relative to total expenses, and administrative expenses relative to total revenue significantly explained the subjectively rated financial situation. The findings suggest that objective financial measures are required to better understand the financial situation of sports clubs and design more targeted support programmes. HIGHLIGHTS Objective financial measures are applied to examine the subjectively measured financial situation of nonprofit sports clubs. Panel data from a sports club panel are used. Operating margin, revenue diversity, and proportions of administrative and facility expenses reflect the perceived financial situation of clubs. Clubs perceive lower financial troubles when revenue exceeds expenses, which is a prerequisite for staying financially stable. Clubs should be supported by sports governing bodies in their financial management.
{"title":"The perceived financial situation of nonprofit sports clubs explained by objective financial measures","authors":"Svenja Feiler, D. Coates, P. Wicker, C. Breuer","doi":"10.1080/14413523.2022.2152936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2022.2152936","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In surveys across countries, nonprofit sports clubs report their perceived financial situation using some form of Likert scale; however, it is unclear what this subjectively reported rating reflects. The purpose of this study is to examine the link between objective financial measures and club officials’ perceptions of the financial situation. The main research question is: What objective financial measures best reflect the level and changes in the perceived financial situation of nonprofit sports clubs? The study used panel data from four consecutive waves of a German sports club’s panel (n = 2,859). The clubs’ financial situation was assessed on a 6-point scale (1 = no problem; 6 = existential problem). This subjective measure was juxtaposed with several objective financial measures drawn from the literature and financial theories. These measures include general financial measures like interest coverage, margin, and revenue diversification, but also measures specifically developed for the nonprofit sports clubs’ context. The results of regression analyses show that operating margin, revenue diversity, the share of facility expenses relative to total expenses, and administrative expenses relative to total revenue significantly explained the subjectively rated financial situation. The findings suggest that objective financial measures are required to better understand the financial situation of sports clubs and design more targeted support programmes. HIGHLIGHTS Objective financial measures are applied to examine the subjectively measured financial situation of nonprofit sports clubs. Panel data from a sports club panel are used. Operating margin, revenue diversity, and proportions of administrative and facility expenses reflect the perceived financial situation of clubs. Clubs perceive lower financial troubles when revenue exceeds expenses, which is a prerequisite for staying financially stable. Clubs should be supported by sports governing bodies in their financial management.","PeriodicalId":48057,"journal":{"name":"Sport Management Review","volume":"26 1","pages":"607 - 627"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46579836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-25DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2148858
Katherine Sveinson, Elizabeth B. Delia, Aaron C. Mansfield, Emma Calow
ABSTRACT Team identity is periodically disrupted by identity threat, yet minimal research has addressed how life-disrupting threats impact team identity. In the current study, the authors employed a case study design to examine the effects of a life-disrupting threat (i.e., the start of the COVID-19 pandemic) on team identity. The authors, leveraging interviews and participant journaling, examined individuals who identify with at least one sport team, finding that team identity was mostly “inactive” as this life-disrupting threat set in. Further, although participants recognized the importance of their fandom in terms of social connectivity (i.e., relationships with fellow fans) and opportunity for escape, they emphasized that, overall, being a fan was unimportant during the early months of the pandemic. Collectively, these findings highlight the need to study team identity (and identity threat) from a more “macro” perspective – that is, considering fandom in conjunction with other salient factors in fans’ lives. HIGHLIGHTS A case study design was used to understand how a life-disrupting threat (i.e., the start of the COVID-19 pandemic) impacted team identity. During a period of life-disrupting threat, team identity was not salient, becoming an inactive frame of reference. Individuals recognized a simultaneous importance and unimportance of their fandom amid the life-disrupting threat. The research has implications concerning team identity from a macro perspective, or the extent to which fandom fits into the rest of life.
{"title":"The Impact of a Life-Disrupting Threat on Team Identity","authors":"Katherine Sveinson, Elizabeth B. Delia, Aaron C. Mansfield, Emma Calow","doi":"10.1080/14413523.2022.2148858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2022.2148858","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Team identity is periodically disrupted by identity threat, yet minimal research has addressed how life-disrupting threats impact team identity. In the current study, the authors employed a case study design to examine the effects of a life-disrupting threat (i.e., the start of the COVID-19 pandemic) on team identity. The authors, leveraging interviews and participant journaling, examined individuals who identify with at least one sport team, finding that team identity was mostly “inactive” as this life-disrupting threat set in. Further, although participants recognized the importance of their fandom in terms of social connectivity (i.e., relationships with fellow fans) and opportunity for escape, they emphasized that, overall, being a fan was unimportant during the early months of the pandemic. Collectively, these findings highlight the need to study team identity (and identity threat) from a more “macro” perspective – that is, considering fandom in conjunction with other salient factors in fans’ lives. HIGHLIGHTS A case study design was used to understand how a life-disrupting threat (i.e., the start of the COVID-19 pandemic) impacted team identity. During a period of life-disrupting threat, team identity was not salient, becoming an inactive frame of reference. Individuals recognized a simultaneous importance and unimportance of their fandom amid the life-disrupting threat. The research has implications concerning team identity from a macro perspective, or the extent to which fandom fits into the rest of life.","PeriodicalId":48057,"journal":{"name":"Sport Management Review","volume":"26 1","pages":"561 - 581"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42672865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-25DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2138110
Keita Kinoshita, Shintaro Sato
ABSTRACT Youth can often be the subject of rude and discourteous behaviors in their sport setting, given their susceptibility to the social environments. Incivility refers to insensitive behavior that exhibits a lack of respect for others, namely, disrespectful and rude behaviors. Incivility is a significant issue in youth sport since it negatively influences teams and individuals. The present study aims to investigate 1) how incivility and psychological safety are associated with each other over time and 2) the influence of the initial value of psychological safety and the change in psychological safety on youth athletes’ well-being and social outcomes. Three-wave time-lagged data collection was employed, and the present study included 283 youth athletes who completed the survey three times. The hypotheses were tested in SEM with cross-lagged panel and growth latent curve modeling. The results showed that coach and teammate incivility were significantly associated with the change in psychological safety. In contrast, the initial value of psychological safety was a significant antecedent of the subsequent coach and teammate incivility, well-being, and social outcomes. Lastly, the change in psychological safety was significantly associated with youth athletes’ well-being and social outcomes. The findings suggest that incivility and psychological safety were reciprocally associated, and psychological safety rather than incivility was a significant predictor of youths’ well-being and social outcomes. The present study found a mechanism underlying the relationship between incivility, psychological safety, and essential outcomes (i.e., well-being and social outcomes) in youth sport. HIGHLIGHTS Coach and teammate incivility influenced the change of psychological safety over time. Psychological safety predicted subsequent coach and teammate incivility. Psychological safety was significantly associated with youth athletes’ well-being and social outcomes.
{"title":"Incivility and psychological safety in youth sport: the reciprocal effects and its impact on well-being and social outcomes","authors":"Keita Kinoshita, Shintaro Sato","doi":"10.1080/14413523.2022.2138110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2022.2138110","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Youth can often be the subject of rude and discourteous behaviors in their sport setting, given their susceptibility to the social environments. Incivility refers to insensitive behavior that exhibits a lack of respect for others, namely, disrespectful and rude behaviors. Incivility is a significant issue in youth sport since it negatively influences teams and individuals. The present study aims to investigate 1) how incivility and psychological safety are associated with each other over time and 2) the influence of the initial value of psychological safety and the change in psychological safety on youth athletes’ well-being and social outcomes. Three-wave time-lagged data collection was employed, and the present study included 283 youth athletes who completed the survey three times. The hypotheses were tested in SEM with cross-lagged panel and growth latent curve modeling. The results showed that coach and teammate incivility were significantly associated with the change in psychological safety. In contrast, the initial value of psychological safety was a significant antecedent of the subsequent coach and teammate incivility, well-being, and social outcomes. Lastly, the change in psychological safety was significantly associated with youth athletes’ well-being and social outcomes. The findings suggest that incivility and psychological safety were reciprocally associated, and psychological safety rather than incivility was a significant predictor of youths’ well-being and social outcomes. The present study found a mechanism underlying the relationship between incivility, psychological safety, and essential outcomes (i.e., well-being and social outcomes) in youth sport. HIGHLIGHTS Coach and teammate incivility influenced the change of psychological safety over time. Psychological safety predicted subsequent coach and teammate incivility. Psychological safety was significantly associated with youth athletes’ well-being and social outcomes.","PeriodicalId":48057,"journal":{"name":"Sport Management Review","volume":"26 1","pages":"246 - 270"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44670321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2137969
Minkyo Lee, R. F. Potter, Jingjing Han
ABSTRACT In this study we test how audience emotions induced by televised sports interact with the emotional tone of advertisements to influence ad processing. Past research exploring this carry-over effect has either neglected the arousal induced by the sporting event or failed to present positive and negative ads to participants. In this study we use a 2 (sports-induced valence: positive/negative) x 2 (sports-induced arousal: calm/arousing), x 2 (ad valence: positive/negative) mixed-design experiment. Participants had psychophysiological measures of cognitive resource allocation and emotional response measured throughout. We found that positive advertisements performed best in cognitive resource allocation in a congruent arousing/positive programming context, whereas negative advertisements worked better following an incongruent calm/positive programming context. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed. HIGHLIGHTS We use the theory of dual-motivation systems to undersatnd program-ad matching. Different patterns of memory processing occurr as interacting functions of sport and ad-induced emotions. Positive ads perform best in a congruent situation (i.e., a close win). Negative ads worked best following an incongruent situation (i.e., a lopsided win).
{"title":"Motivational system approach to understand ad processing following various game outcomes","authors":"Minkyo Lee, R. F. Potter, Jingjing Han","doi":"10.1080/14413523.2022.2137969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2022.2137969","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study we test how audience emotions induced by televised sports interact with the emotional tone of advertisements to influence ad processing. Past research exploring this carry-over effect has either neglected the arousal induced by the sporting event or failed to present positive and negative ads to participants. In this study we use a 2 (sports-induced valence: positive/negative) x 2 (sports-induced arousal: calm/arousing), x 2 (ad valence: positive/negative) mixed-design experiment. Participants had psychophysiological measures of cognitive resource allocation and emotional response measured throughout. We found that positive advertisements performed best in cognitive resource allocation in a congruent arousing/positive programming context, whereas negative advertisements worked better following an incongruent calm/positive programming context. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed. HIGHLIGHTS We use the theory of dual-motivation systems to undersatnd program-ad matching. Different patterns of memory processing occurr as interacting functions of sport and ad-induced emotions. Positive ads perform best in a congruent situation (i.e., a close win). Negative ads worked best following an incongruent situation (i.e., a lopsided win).","PeriodicalId":48057,"journal":{"name":"Sport Management Review","volume":"26 1","pages":"517 - 539"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44508799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2127179
P. Bertin, S. Delouvée, Kathleen McColl, Jan‐Willem van Prooijen
ABSTRACT Conspiracy theories arise during important societal and political events, with negative consequences. Yet, conspiracy theories remain to be investigated in the context of sporting tournaments, in spite of the importance of such events in contemporary societies. During the 2018 FIFA World Cup, conspiracy theories alleging that the newly introduced video Assistant Referee (VAR) was used with malevolent motives gained popularity online. In this paper, we used a Twitter content analysis to explore VAR conspiracy theories during the World Cup (N = 2,768 tweets). Conspiracy tweets peaked after eliminations of some teams and were strongly associated with labels referring to self-categorization at the group-level, supporting the notion that conspiracy beliefs are triggered by contexts threatening one’s social identity. Conspiracy tweets were also correlated with tweets expressing skepticism or defiance against the VAR, suggesting that conspiracy beliefs might be related to sport fans’ other identity management strategies. Finally, we drew an intergroup typology of VAR conspiracy beliefs’ recurrent figures, highlighting that higher ordered categorization helped conspiracy narratives and content to adapt throughout the tournament. We discuss the identity management strategy status of sport fans’ conspiracy beliefs. HIGHLIGHTS Tweets accusing the Video Assistant Referee to be a conspiracy peaked as some teams were eliminated from the 2018 FIFA World Cup. A small proportion of group-stage matches generated most of the conspiracy tweets, notably those leading to African teams’ eliminations. Conspiracy tweets were characterized by group-level labels, suggesting conspiracy beliefs were expressed as identity management strategies. Conspiracy narratives evolved through the tournament following a higher ordered categorization process to include more eliminated teams.
{"title":"Rage against the machine: investigating conspiracy theories about the video assistant referee on Twitter during the 2018 FIFA World Cup","authors":"P. Bertin, S. Delouvée, Kathleen McColl, Jan‐Willem van Prooijen","doi":"10.1080/14413523.2022.2127179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2022.2127179","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Conspiracy theories arise during important societal and political events, with negative consequences. Yet, conspiracy theories remain to be investigated in the context of sporting tournaments, in spite of the importance of such events in contemporary societies. During the 2018 FIFA World Cup, conspiracy theories alleging that the newly introduced video Assistant Referee (VAR) was used with malevolent motives gained popularity online. In this paper, we used a Twitter content analysis to explore VAR conspiracy theories during the World Cup (N = 2,768 tweets). Conspiracy tweets peaked after eliminations of some teams and were strongly associated with labels referring to self-categorization at the group-level, supporting the notion that conspiracy beliefs are triggered by contexts threatening one’s social identity. Conspiracy tweets were also correlated with tweets expressing skepticism or defiance against the VAR, suggesting that conspiracy beliefs might be related to sport fans’ other identity management strategies. Finally, we drew an intergroup typology of VAR conspiracy beliefs’ recurrent figures, highlighting that higher ordered categorization helped conspiracy narratives and content to adapt throughout the tournament. We discuss the identity management strategy status of sport fans’ conspiracy beliefs. HIGHLIGHTS Tweets accusing the Video Assistant Referee to be a conspiracy peaked as some teams were eliminated from the 2018 FIFA World Cup. A small proportion of group-stage matches generated most of the conspiracy tweets, notably those leading to African teams’ eliminations. Conspiracy tweets were characterized by group-level labels, suggesting conspiracy beliefs were expressed as identity management strategies. Conspiracy narratives evolved through the tournament following a higher ordered categorization process to include more eliminated teams.","PeriodicalId":48057,"journal":{"name":"Sport Management Review","volume":"26 1","pages":"495 - 516"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46972984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-17DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2120010
Stacy-Lynn Sant, Christine Maleske, Wenche Wang, Elizabeth King
ABSTRACT Human trafficking is a complex human rights issue, and it has been associated with hosting large-scale sport events since the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. Along with potential increases in demand for low-wage labour, the influx of tourists may lead to increased demand for sexual services which may be met, in part, by trafficked persons. Event rights holders and local organising committees have recognised human trafficking as a risk to be managed, leading to the implementation of anti-trafficking initiatives in host communities. In this study we employed a social event leverage framework and the theory of diffusion of innovations to examine how large-scale sport events can be harnessed by local communities to promote awareness of human trafficking. Using a social constructionist perspective, we utilised an instrumental case study design to understand the processes involved in planning, designing, and implementing event-related anti-trafficking campaigns. In this instance, the case – the 2020 Super Bowl hosted in Miami, Florida – facilitated the examination of the processes involved in leveraging events for the purpose of increasing awareness of human trafficking. Data included semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and archival materials. Results of a thematic analysis highlighted the importance of peer networks, local and international partnerships, and campaign strategy in the execution of event-related anti-trafficking campaigns. HIGHLIGHTS Utilises diffusion of innovations to examine the planning and management of event-related social marketing campaigns. Highlights the social value of events for promoting awareness of human trafficking. Emphasises the importance of collaboration, peer networks, and existing anti-trafficking and event infrastructure in event leveraging.
{"title":"Leveraging sport events for the promotion of human rights in host communities: diffusion of anti-trafficking campaigns at Super Bowl LIV","authors":"Stacy-Lynn Sant, Christine Maleske, Wenche Wang, Elizabeth King","doi":"10.1080/14413523.2022.2120010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2022.2120010","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Human trafficking is a complex human rights issue, and it has been associated with hosting large-scale sport events since the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. Along with potential increases in demand for low-wage labour, the influx of tourists may lead to increased demand for sexual services which may be met, in part, by trafficked persons. Event rights holders and local organising committees have recognised human trafficking as a risk to be managed, leading to the implementation of anti-trafficking initiatives in host communities. In this study we employed a social event leverage framework and the theory of diffusion of innovations to examine how large-scale sport events can be harnessed by local communities to promote awareness of human trafficking. Using a social constructionist perspective, we utilised an instrumental case study design to understand the processes involved in planning, designing, and implementing event-related anti-trafficking campaigns. In this instance, the case – the 2020 Super Bowl hosted in Miami, Florida – facilitated the examination of the processes involved in leveraging events for the purpose of increasing awareness of human trafficking. Data included semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and archival materials. Results of a thematic analysis highlighted the importance of peer networks, local and international partnerships, and campaign strategy in the execution of event-related anti-trafficking campaigns. HIGHLIGHTS Utilises diffusion of innovations to examine the planning and management of event-related social marketing campaigns. Highlights the social value of events for promoting awareness of human trafficking. Emphasises the importance of collaboration, peer networks, and existing anti-trafficking and event infrastructure in event leveraging.","PeriodicalId":48057,"journal":{"name":"Sport Management Review","volume":"26 1","pages":"203 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47496432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2119722
Thomas J. Aicher, Bob Heere, Michael Odio, J. Ferguson
ABSTRACT The majority of sport service quality research uses a performance-only measurement technique, a major departure from the foundational theories upon which those studies are grounded. In this study we examined the utility of importance-performance analyses (IPA) to the measurement of sport service quality. Importance-performance analysis has been scantly used in sport literature, and the research that has employed it has ignored advancements: Gap 1 analysis, Gap 2 analysis, and three-factor theory. Data were collected via a partnership with a professional soccer club in the United States. A total of 680 respondents completed the online questionnaire, and responses were used to conduct the four analyses. Results demonstrate the utility of IPA and benefits of measuring both importance and performance to understand consumer attitudes when making service attribute decisions. HIGHLIGHTS The article analyzes a method to include importance and performance in evaluating sport service quality, which aligns better with service quality theories. The paper explains and demonstrates the utility of the different IPA methods. IPA methods provide useful insights into evaluating the service attributes and provides stronger recommendations compared to performance only measures. Three-factor theory measures relative importance and ties attribute performance to overall performance, a useful method for consumer behavior research.
{"title":"Looking beyond performance: understanding service quality through the importance-performance analysis","authors":"Thomas J. Aicher, Bob Heere, Michael Odio, J. Ferguson","doi":"10.1080/14413523.2022.2119722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2022.2119722","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The majority of sport service quality research uses a performance-only measurement technique, a major departure from the foundational theories upon which those studies are grounded. In this study we examined the utility of importance-performance analyses (IPA) to the measurement of sport service quality. Importance-performance analysis has been scantly used in sport literature, and the research that has employed it has ignored advancements: Gap 1 analysis, Gap 2 analysis, and three-factor theory. Data were collected via a partnership with a professional soccer club in the United States. A total of 680 respondents completed the online questionnaire, and responses were used to conduct the four analyses. Results demonstrate the utility of IPA and benefits of measuring both importance and performance to understand consumer attitudes when making service attribute decisions. HIGHLIGHTS The article analyzes a method to include importance and performance in evaluating sport service quality, which aligns better with service quality theories. The paper explains and demonstrates the utility of the different IPA methods. IPA methods provide useful insights into evaluating the service attributes and provides stronger recommendations compared to performance only measures. Three-factor theory measures relative importance and ties attribute performance to overall performance, a useful method for consumer behavior research.","PeriodicalId":48057,"journal":{"name":"Sport Management Review","volume":"26 1","pages":"448 - 470"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47273620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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