America's municipalities, as political actors, have become the cultural arena for changes in Black social integration and inclusion. Growing racial diversity presumably offers new opportunities for residential inclusion, resulting in less segregation, in an increasingly pluralistic and multiethnic society. This study examines patterns of Black segregation from Whites and non-Blacks across America's increasingly multiracial municipalities over the last four decades. Our results reveal high, yet steep decline in Black segregation from Whites since 1990, as measured by the index of dissimilarity (D), decreasing from 77 to 64. However, Black–White segregation remains exceptionally high compared to other racial groups. Black segregation from Hispanics has also declined since 1990, but segregation from Asians has changed very little. In metro municipalities, fringe suburbs pose serious challenges for Black integration, suggesting new bastions of segregation. Nonmetro municipalities, particularly county seats, still show higher levels of segregation, reflecting enduring social structures that impede racial mixing. Fixed-effects models that control for unobserved municipal-period effects indicate that observed changes in the predictors cannot fully ‘explain’ the differentials in Black segregation or the large downward trend since 1990. Racial inequalities—in income, housing and labour market opportunities—nevertheless continue to reinforce persistent Black municipal segregation from Whites and other non-Black populations. It remains to be seen whether Black segregation will continue to decline indefinitely in a multiethnic society or evolve in new and unexpected ways as racial diversity penetrates the American landscape.
During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, many urban planners focused on urban exodus. However, a research gap exists as to whether the spread of the infection affected changes in the migration destination determinants of family households. This study aims to clarify the shifting determinants of the migration destinations of family households with children who migrated from the urban centre of the Japanese metropolitan areas because of the spread of the infection during the pandemic. This study adopted a life-course perspective of the shift in migration destination determinants from the pre-pandemic to the pandemic periods. The participants were recruited through a web-based questionnaire survey. As a result, this study concluded that family households with children who mentioned the spread of COVID-19 infection as a migration motive exhibited significant shifts in their migration destination determinants, emphasising the importance of social interaction-related factors. The social interaction factors are the favorability of communities, community ties, returning to their hometown, and proximity to relatives. Conversely, the influence of work, living environment, and housing factors on family migration did not change much from the pre-pandemic to the pandemic periods. This means that the pandemic did not affect migration motives related to work, the living environment, and housing. Therefore, the unique contribution of this study lies in its revelation of the temporal precedence of shifts in the prioritisation of social interaction determinants from pre-pandemic to pandemic periods. Our findings suggest that they might migrated from urban centres to other cities that offer opportunities for social interaction.
Since the raising of China's ‘Going-Out’ policy, the number of Chinese residing in Africa has increased dramatically, providing these families with greater convenience in cross-border mobility. This article empirically examines this emerging transnational population of Chinese families in Zimbabwe, focusing on the social reproduction of this relatively understudied group. We identify an educational migration strategy used by these families as a ‘three-step’ pathway: sending their children back to China for primary school, returning to Zimbabwe for middle school, and ultimately aiming for admission to Western universities. Using Bourdieu's notion of capital, we analyse how these educational decisions facilitate the transformation of family mobility into cultural and social capital, reinforcing transmigrant family strategies of social reproduction. This study bridges the gap between preuniversity educational mobility and lifelong transnational mobility aspirations, highlighting the foundational role of family influence. It broadens the theoretical scope of international education research by examining how Chinese primary education, Zimbabwean secondary education, and Western higher education, each as an imagined community, collectively shape family aspirations and emphasise the enduring impact of family plans on international student mobility.
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