Disasters最新文献

Since the end of the Second World War in 1945, the erection of camps within and across state borders has become the most common response to the influx of displaced persons. Based on empirical evidence from northern Uganda, this paper aims to provide answers to two main questions: (i) how does the camp influence and frame the upbringing of children?; and (ii) how do caregivers shape and adjust upbringing within this setting and when they return to their ‘former homes’ ? Interviews and focus-group discussions were conducted with 48 caregivers living in Kitgum District, northern Uganda. Deductive thematic analysis was employed to structure participants' accounts of past and present interconnections between upbringing and (previous) encampment. By paying close attention to their (counter-)narratives, people's agency and coping are emphasised through the simultaneous forging of new interconnections (that is, discontinuities) and holding on to old interconnections (that is, continuities) between upbringing, the camp, and the post-war village.

أصبح إقامة المخيمات داخل حدود الدول وعبرها الاستجابة الأكثر شيوعًا لتدفق النازحين منذ نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية، واستنادًا إلى الأدلة التجريبية في شمال أوغندا، تهدف هذه الورقة البحثية إلى تقديم نظرة ثاقبة لسؤالين رئيسيين: (1) كيف تؤثر المخيمات على تنشئة الأطفال وتؤطرها؟، و(2) كيف يشكل مقدمو الرعاية التنشئة ويعدلونها في هذه البيئة وعند عودتهم إلى ”ديارهم السابقة“؟ أُجريت مقابلات ومناقشات جماعية مركزة مع 48 من مقدمي الرعاية الذين يعيشون في منطقة كيتجوم بشمال أوغندا، واُستخدم التحليل المواضيعي الاستنتاجي لتنظيم شهادات المشاركين حول الترابطات السابقة والحالية بين التنشئة والمخيمات (السابقة)، ومن خلال إيلاء اهتمام وثيق لسردياتهم (المقابلة)، تتأكد وكالة الناس وتأقلمهم من خلال الصياغة المتزامنة لترابطات جديدة (أي، الانقطاع) والتمسك بالترابطات السابقة (أي، الاستمرارية) بين التنشئة، والمخيمات، والقرى ما بعد الحرب.

自第二次世界大战结束以来，在国境内和跨境建立营地成为应对流离失所者流入的最常见手段。根据乌干达北部的实证证据，本论文旨在为两个主要问题提供见解：（1）营地如何影响和构架儿童的教养？；和（2）护理者如何在这个背景下以及在返回“以前的家”后塑造和调整教养？访谈和焦点小组讨论在居住于乌干达北部基特古姆区的48名护理者的参与下举行。采用演绎主题分析以建造参与者关于教养和（过去）宿营之间的过去和现在的相互联系的叙述。经由密切地关注他们的（反）叙事，强调人们在教养、营地和战后村庄之间同时建立新的相互联系（即不连续性）及保持过去的相互联系（即连续性）的能动性和因应能力。

The risk of famine is rising in many countries today. Bold changes to famine information and response systems are urgently needed to improve capacities to prevent famine. To this end, the paper identifies six insights from social-ecological systems (SES) thinking for understanding and preventing famine. It argues that a state of famine emerges from human–environment interdependencies, complex causality, and non-linear system dynamics, shaped by history and context. The likelihood of famine can be reduced by strengthening resilience to the diverse stresses and shocks that drive destitution, food insecurity, undernutrition, morbidity, and mortality. SES thinking offers new opportunities to understand the dynamics of famine, diagnose lesser-known drivers, pinpoint new metrics, ascertain leverage points for intervention, and develop conceptual frameworks to inform policy. SES concepts and methods could also support the development of practical analytical tools to guide decisionmakers on how, where, and when to intervene most effectively and efficiently to strengthen resilience to the drivers of famine.

Aid relations in protracted displacement comprise a diversity of actors with different influence and involvement over time. Building on the case of Sri Lanka's northern Muslim's expulsion from the north of the country in 1990, this paper investigates the dynamic space of aid relations in their drawn-out internal displacement. The study draws on 38 key informant interviews and 10 focus-group discussions, conducted in Sri Lanka (Jaffna, Mannar, Puttalam, and Colombo) in 2022. The paper contributes new knowledge of the local dynamics of assistance in protracted displacement, by analysing the roles of a wide set of actors within this dynamic space of aid relations over time. The analysis incorporates angles and voices often overlooked in mainstream humanitarian studies, including internally displaced persons, hosts, and Middle Eastern aid funders. The study argues that a long-term perspective and a variety of voices provide foundations for more productive engagement with localisation in humanitarian action in protracted displacement crises.

This study presents an update of forensic accounting of the numbers and demographics of migrants found deceased in the Evros region of Greece in the years from 2015–22. Compared to data from 2000–14, this update reflects the mounting number of border-related deaths in the region, as well as the changing demographic trends associated with the migrants who perish crossing the Greek-Turkish border. Specifically, the paper documents a broadening of locations from which migrants originate, the increasing diversity of migrant death locations, and a shift in the leading causes of death. It contains important forensic accounting of the unique humanitarian crisis occurring along the Greek-Turkish land border while also providing an additional context for the global migration crisis. The data presented here offer insights into other forensic stakeholders impacted by the global migration crisis, with respect to what factors contribute to and detract from identification rates, and can help stakeholders make informed policy decisions.

Understanding the dynamics of nonviolent action in situations of armed conflict has been labelled as the ‘new frontier’ in resistance studies. This paper assesses the growing body of literature on civilian resistance against rebel groups. Drawn from a systematic review of academic articles, book chapters, and policy documents, examples of civilian resistance are ordered in three distinct categories of unarmed action: deception; dissent; and defiance. This classification provides the conceptual framework to tackle the main research question: does civilian resistance against rebels work to protect unarmed populations from violence and harm? By scrutinising the effectiveness of civilian resistance, the paper seeks to provide a necessary corrective to the dominant view expressed in the literature, which, as argued, is overly optimistic regarding the prospects of wringing substantial concessions from armed groups via nonviolent action. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implications, focusing on normative challenges facing external actors eager to support civilian resisters.

This study explores the impacts of armed conflict on women's sexual and reproductive health in Colombia, building on a reproductive justice perspective to analyse original interviews with stakeholders in healthcare, women's rights, and peacebuilding. The analysis reveals that war affects women's sexual and reproductive health in three ways, through violent politicisation, collateral damage, and intersectional dimensions. First, multiple armed actors have used women's health as an instrument in politically motivated strategies to increase their power, assigning political meaning to sexuality and reproduction within the context of war. Second, women's health has also suffered from secondary damage of conflict resulting from a decay in healthcare service provision and an unmet need for healthcare services among those affected by sexual and reproductive violence. Third, marginalised women have been particularly affected by a discriminatory nexus of poverty, ethnicity, and geographic inequality. The paper concludes with a reflection on the opportunities for reproductive justice in Colombia.

The alarming rise in occurrences of disasters, along with the positive development of corporate social responsibility (CSR), has led to the growing need for and involvement of businesses in disaster relief. However, this involvement differs greatly across organisations, and the fragmented research that exists has not offered an understanding of these differences and how they affect disaster relief. This study provides a comprehensive model of companies' involvement in disaster relief by integrating two disaster relief frameworks (activities and timing) into two CSR frameworks (motivation and employee engagement). The result is the MATE Model of four inextricably linked dimensions (motivation, activities, timing, and employee engagement), examined in a qualitative study with 57 interviewees across 34 organisations in Australia. The resulting Corporate Involvement in Disasters Model details the four MATE dimensions and categorises three approaches to corporate involvement in disaster relief: reactive, relational, and comprehensive. This model details a roadmap for effective business involvement in disaster relief.

This paper assesses the extent to which the COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic directed the attention and resources of the international community away from peacebuilding, and the potential impact of this on conflict-affected environments. It draws from a global survey, interviews, and conversations with peacebuilding practitioners, publicly available information on peacebuilding funding, and real-time data on conflict events from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. The paper argues that resources and attention have ‘pivoted’ away from peacebuilding to tackle the threat presented by COVID-19, and that this can—but does not always—adversely affect conflict dynamics. It contends that this pivoting belies the interconnectedness of crises, leads to ‘forgotten crises’ and escalating threats, and exposes deficiencies in peacebuilding funding and, more broadly, preparedness and crisis response. Crises do, however, provide opportunities for reflection and change, including how to address these deficiencies and, in so doing, advance more efficient, effective, and ethical practice.

COVID-19 highlighted interconnections between matters of identity and citizenship, vulnerability, and inclusion in/exclusion from systems of care in times of crisis. Migrant workers from Nagaland state, northeast India, were disproportionately impacted by the pandemic's socioeconomic consequences. The public health emergency brought into question who is ‘Indian’ and the citizenship rights attached to that identity, heightening migrants' exclusion from central structures. Communitarian responses in Nagaland enhanced resilience in the face of often inadequate government responses; however, COVID-19 also exposed structural inequalities within and between Naga communities. This study shows that identity-based citizenship regimes and multi-nation federalism interact to increase minorities' exclusion during crises, and that crises can strengthen both divisions and solidarity at the local level in multi-nation federal systems. Inclusion in and exclusion from systems of care are shaped by and can reshape notions of identity and citizenship, underlining the need for inclusive sociopolitical systems to mitigate crises in multi-nation federal states.