The debate about computational literary studies (CLS) is stuck. Forceful arguments are repeatedly made as to why literary studies must now—or could never—involve quantification, statistics, and algorithms (not least in this journal) with little sense of either side convincing the other of their case. Surveying this debate over the past decade, I propose that what seems a complete divergence of opinion obscures a fundamental agreement: that computation is separate from literary phenomena. For the field’s critics, this distinction makes CLS an oxymoron; for its proponents, both ways of knowing can contribute to literary studies, and there is critical potential in working across the divide. Yet the perception of a divide remains, and it prevents either effective critiques of reductive uses of computation (in literary studies and beyond) or productive engagements with computation’s constitutive effects (including for literary textuality and subjectivity). In charting this divide as it characterizes and limits apparently very different arguments, I connect claims about technology and subjectivity made in critiques and defenses of CLS to the separation of matter and meaning commonly referred to as Cartesian dualism. With both sides maintaining this arrangement, the debate about CLS is sealed off from technocultural inquiries in multiple fields (including literary studies) and from much of what matters in and as contemporary literary phenomena. The performative approaches to scientific and literary materiality I use to elucidate problems with the existing debate also help to characterize, explain the need for, and make legible where it already exists, a different—performative—CLS. Attuned to the coconstitution of computational methods and objects, with each other, and with literary subjectivities and textualities, this CLS builds on and extends existing critical paradigms to enable literary studies in the postprint era.
{"title":"What’s the Matter with Computational Literary Studies?","authors":"Katherine Bode","doi":"10.1086/724943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/724943","url":null,"abstract":"The debate about computational literary studies (CLS) is stuck. Forceful arguments are repeatedly made as to why literary studies must now—or could never—involve quantification, statistics, and algorithms (not least in this journal) with little sense of either side convincing the other of their case. Surveying this debate over the past decade, I propose that what seems a complete divergence of opinion obscures a fundamental agreement: that computation is separate from literary phenomena. For the field’s critics, this distinction makes CLS an oxymoron; for its proponents, both ways of knowing can contribute to literary studies, and there is critical potential in working across the divide. Yet the perception of a divide remains, and it prevents either effective critiques of reductive uses of computation (in literary studies and beyond) or productive engagements with computation’s constitutive effects (including for literary textuality and subjectivity). In charting this divide as it characterizes and limits apparently very different arguments, I connect claims about technology and subjectivity made in critiques and defenses of CLS to the separation of matter and meaning commonly referred to as Cartesian dualism. With both sides maintaining this arrangement, the debate about CLS is sealed off from technocultural inquiries in multiple fields (including literary studies) and from much of what matters in and as contemporary literary phenomena. The performative approaches to scientific and literary materiality I use to elucidate problems with the existing debate also help to characterize, explain the need for, and make legible where it already exists, a different—performative—CLS. Attuned to the coconstitution of computational methods and objects, with each other, and with literary subjectivities and textualities, this CLS builds on and extends existing critical paradigms to enable literary studies in the postprint era.","PeriodicalId":48130,"journal":{"name":"Critical Inquiry","volume":"49 1","pages":"507 - 529"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46769945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Winning Lebanon: Youth Politics, Populism, and the Production of Sectarian Violence, 1920–1958","authors":"Maayan Hilel","doi":"10.1086/725023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48130,"journal":{"name":"Critical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42234077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article defends the theoretical centrality of Michel Foucault’s account of subjectivation for critical responses to neoliberalism against those Marxist critics who claim that his focus on the subject pushed the Left into the fraught terrain of identity politics. A key contention is that a theoretically sophisticated account of subjectivation is a requisite for any philosophically coherent and politically effective theorization of resistance against neoliberalism. Critical accounts of neoliberal subjectivation must be recognized as indispensable for understanding the conditions of possibility for class struggle and not as an alternative theoretical frame to it. The article also relates Foucault’s and Karl Marx’s thought on the question of power and its relationship to the subject. It presents a reading of Foucault as a post-Marxist who modified, rejuvenated, and extended Marx’s views on power and subjectivation. While Foucault developed his understanding of subjectivation as a critical response to the problems he identified in the French Marxist accounts of his time—particularly in the work of Louis Althusser—his appropriation of Marx should be recognized as decisive for the development of his account of productive power and the concomitant understanding of the subject.
{"title":"Neoliberal Subjectivation: Between Foucault and Marx","authors":"Johanna Oksala","doi":"10.1086/725022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725022","url":null,"abstract":"This article defends the theoretical centrality of Michel Foucault’s account of subjectivation for critical responses to neoliberalism against those Marxist critics who claim that his focus on the subject pushed the Left into the fraught terrain of identity politics. A key contention is that a theoretically sophisticated account of subjectivation is a requisite for any philosophically coherent and politically effective theorization of resistance against neoliberalism. Critical accounts of neoliberal subjectivation must be recognized as indispensable for understanding the conditions of possibility for class struggle and not as an alternative theoretical frame to it. The article also relates Foucault’s and Karl Marx’s thought on the question of power and its relationship to the subject. It presents a reading of Foucault as a post-Marxist who modified, rejuvenated, and extended Marx’s views on power and subjectivation. While Foucault developed his understanding of subjectivation as a critical response to the problems he identified in the French Marxist accounts of his time—particularly in the work of Louis Althusser—his appropriation of Marx should be recognized as decisive for the development of his account of productive power and the concomitant understanding of the subject.","PeriodicalId":48130,"journal":{"name":"Critical Inquiry","volume":"49 1","pages":"581 - 604"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49519058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Radium of the Word: A Poetics of Materiality","authors":"V. Jackson","doi":"10.1086/725025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48130,"journal":{"name":"Critical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44731521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.3464.1
Solmaz Khalifeh, Somayeh Tirbakhsh Goura, Sareh Asadi, Ehsan Asadi, Ali Maleki, Fariba Khodagholi, Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast, Mohammad Nasehi, Afshin Kheradmand
<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Negative early-life experiences (e.g. having an aggressive father) can leave long-lastingimpacts on the behavior. However, it is not clear if they influence learning and memory.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we investigated the influences that the presence of an aggressive father had on the level of passive avoidance learning and spatial memory. We also studied the changes in the dopamine receptor D2 (<i>DRD2</i>) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (<i>PGC-1α</i>) gene expression in the hippocampus. Then, we evaluated if a <i>DRD2</i> antagonist (sulpiride, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5 μg/rat) could modulate these changes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that the subjects exposed to early-life stress made by aggressive fathers had impaired passive avoidance learning and spatial memory compared to subjects with normal fathers. Treatment with sulpiride improved passive avoidance learning and spatial memory in rats with aggressive fathers. The rats with aggressive fathers also had higher expression of the <i>DRD2</i> gene in their hippocampus than those with normal fathers, while the <i>PGC-1α</i> gene expression was not different among groups. Treatment with sulpiride (0.125, 0.25, or 0.5 μg/rat) reduced the <i>DRD2</i> gene expression in those with aggressive fathers to the normal level compared to those with normal fathers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data suggest that having and living in a shared place with an aggressive father, even without any physical contact, can detrimentally affect passive avoidance learning and spatial memory which is accompanied by the increased expression of the <i>DRD2</i> gene. Also, sulpiride as a dopaminergic antagonist could reverse this process.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Having and living with an aggressive father reduced learning and memory in offspring.Having and living with an aggressive father during early life increased <i>DRD2</i> gene expression.Sulpiride improved learning and memory and also normalized <i>DRD2</i> gene expression.A combination of genetic and environmental factors may modulate learning and memory.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>In this study, we looked at how having an aggressive father, can affect behavior in the long term. We wanted to find out if this factor influences learning and memory. To do this, we investigated how the presence of an aggressive father affected passive avoidance learning and spatial memory in subjects. We also examined specific genes in the brain, called <i>DRD2</i> and <i>PGC-1α</i>, which are known to be involved in learning and memory. Specifically, we wanted to see if the expression of these genes in the hippocampus (a region of the brain important for memory) was affected by having and presence of an aggressive father. To understand the role of the <i>DRD2</i> gene further, we used a drug called sulpiride, which blocks the action of <i>DRD
{"title":"Paternal Aggression in Early-life Impairs the Spatial Memory and Passive Avoidance Learning in Adulthood of Male Rats: The Possible Role of <i>DRD2</i>.","authors":"Solmaz Khalifeh, Somayeh Tirbakhsh Goura, Sareh Asadi, Ehsan Asadi, Ali Maleki, Fariba Khodagholi, Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast, Mohammad Nasehi, Afshin Kheradmand","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.3464.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2021.3464.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Negative early-life experiences (e.g. having an aggressive father) can leave long-lastingimpacts on the behavior. However, it is not clear if they influence learning and memory.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we investigated the influences that the presence of an aggressive father had on the level of passive avoidance learning and spatial memory. We also studied the changes in the dopamine receptor D2 (<i>DRD2</i>) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (<i>PGC-1α</i>) gene expression in the hippocampus. Then, we evaluated if a <i>DRD2</i> antagonist (sulpiride, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5 μg/rat) could modulate these changes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that the subjects exposed to early-life stress made by aggressive fathers had impaired passive avoidance learning and spatial memory compared to subjects with normal fathers. Treatment with sulpiride improved passive avoidance learning and spatial memory in rats with aggressive fathers. The rats with aggressive fathers also had higher expression of the <i>DRD2</i> gene in their hippocampus than those with normal fathers, while the <i>PGC-1α</i> gene expression was not different among groups. Treatment with sulpiride (0.125, 0.25, or 0.5 μg/rat) reduced the <i>DRD2</i> gene expression in those with aggressive fathers to the normal level compared to those with normal fathers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data suggest that having and living in a shared place with an aggressive father, even without any physical contact, can detrimentally affect passive avoidance learning and spatial memory which is accompanied by the increased expression of the <i>DRD2</i> gene. Also, sulpiride as a dopaminergic antagonist could reverse this process.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Having and living with an aggressive father reduced learning and memory in offspring.Having and living with an aggressive father during early life increased <i>DRD2</i> gene expression.Sulpiride improved learning and memory and also normalized <i>DRD2</i> gene expression.A combination of genetic and environmental factors may modulate learning and memory.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>In this study, we looked at how having an aggressive father, can affect behavior in the long term. We wanted to find out if this factor influences learning and memory. To do this, we investigated how the presence of an aggressive father affected passive avoidance learning and spatial memory in subjects. We also examined specific genes in the brain, called <i>DRD2</i> and <i>PGC-1α</i>, which are known to be involved in learning and memory. Specifically, we wanted to see if the expression of these genes in the hippocampus (a region of the brain important for memory) was affected by having and presence of an aggressive father. To understand the role of the <i>DRD2</i> gene further, we used a drug called sulpiride, which blocks the action of <i>DRD","PeriodicalId":48130,"journal":{"name":"Critical Inquiry","volume":"24 1","pages":"431-442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10700813/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82964798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Material Inspirations: The Interests of the Art Object in the Nineteenth Century and After","authors":"Jeremy Melius","doi":"10.1086/723663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723663","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48130,"journal":{"name":"Critical Inquiry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46532835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：