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The challenge of measuring walk trips in travel surveys: problems of undercounting and incomparability among countries and over time 在旅行调查中测量步行旅行的挑战:各国间和不同时期的计算不足和不可比性问题
IF 9.8 1区 工程技术 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2024.2319415
Ralph Buehler, J. Pucher
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19 and cycling: a review of the literature on changes in cycling levels and government policies from 2019 to 2022 2019冠状病毒病与骑行:关于2019年至2022年骑行水平变化和政府政策的文献综述
IF 9.8 1区 工程技术 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-03 DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2023.2205178
Ralph Buehler , John Pucher

This paper reviews 100 peer-reviewed articles and 12 non-refereed papers on COVID-19 and cycling published from March 2020 to January 2023. Overall, the studies suggest more increases than decreases in cycling, with some cities reporting large increases. However, there has been much variation among countries, cities, and specific corridors within cities as well as variation by gender, age, ethnicity, income group, trip purpose, and time period of the pandemic. The largest increases in cycling in 2020 were for recreation, exercise, and stress relief on weekends and weekday afternoons. By comparison, cycling to work, university, schools, and shopping generally declined. Most studies reported expansions or improvements in bikeway networks, often specifically related to COVID or accelerated due to COVID, and with a particular emphasis on low-stress facilities such as protected bike lanes, slow streets, car-free streets, and traffic calmed neighbourhood streets. Most of the studies examining the social equity impacts of COVID-related cycling policies found them to be broadly equitable across income, ethnic, age, and gender dimensions. Many studies recommended further expansion of low-stress, safer facilities in order to attract a broader cross-section of the population to cycling.

本文回顾了2020年3月至2023年1月期间发表的关于COVID-19和循环的100篇同行评审论文和12篇非评审论文。总的来说,这些研究表明,骑自行车的人数增加了,而不是减少了,一些城市报告说骑车的人数大幅增加。然而,国家、城市和城市内的特定走廊之间存在很大差异,性别、年龄、种族、收入群体、旅行目的和大流行时期之间也存在很大差异。2020年,骑车人数增幅最大的是为了娱乐、锻炼和缓解周末和工作日下午的压力。相比之下,骑车上班、上大学、上学和购物的人数普遍下降。大多数研究报告了自行车道网络的扩展或改善,通常专门与COVID相关或因COVID而加速,并特别强调低压力设施,如受保护的自行车道,慢道,无车街道和交通平静的邻里街道。大多数研究调查了与covid相关的循环政策对社会公平的影响,发现它们在收入、种族、年龄和性别方面大致公平。许多研究建议进一步扩大低压力、更安全的设施,以吸引更广泛的人群骑自行车。运输评论的版权是Routledge的财产,未经版权所有者的明确书面许可,其内容不得复制或通过电子邮件发送到多个网站或发布到listserv。但是,用户可以打印、下载或通过电子邮件发送文章供个人使用。这可以删节。对副本的准确性不作任何保证。用户应参阅原始出版版本的材料的完整。(版权适用于所有人。)
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引用次数: 0
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on air passenger travel: a focus on empirical findings COVID-19大流行对航空旅客旅行的影响:以实证结果为重点
IF 9.8 1区 工程技术 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-03 DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2023.2244165
Yongling Li , Jiaoe Wang

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the aviation sector. Correspondingly, Extensive research has explored various perspectives on the effects of the pandemic on the aviation sector. With the pandemic gradually coming to an end, it is important to conduct a detailed review of the literature and analyze past events carefully. This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on the impact of COVID-19 on air passenger travel at different stages. It identifies potential direct effects and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also investigates the two stages of the pandemic-aviation relationship, providing insights into how the relationship has evolved over time. Additionally, the research summarises key findings on the effects of COVID-19 on air travel demand and supply. These findings encompass various aspects, including travel demand, airport operations, airline operations, and network operations. The paper concludes by suggesting that ongoing analysis of the pandemic’s effects can inform future policies and measures that can help the aviation industry recover and thrive.

COVID-19 大流行病对航空业产生了深远的影响。相应地,大量研究从不同角度探讨了大流行病对航空业的影响。随着大流行病的逐渐结束,有必要对文献进行详细回顾,并对过去的事件进行认真分析。本文系统回顾了 COVID-19 在不同阶段对航空客运影响的文献。它确定了 COVID-19 大流行的潜在直接影响和间接影响。本文还研究了大流行病与航空关系的两个阶段,深入探讨了这种关系如何随着时间的推移而演变。此外,研究还总结了 COVID-19 对航空旅行需求和供应影响的主要发现。这些发现涉及多个方面,包括旅行需求、机场运营、航空公司运营和网络运营。本文最后建议,对大流行病影响的持续分析可以为未来的政策和措施提供参考,从而帮助航空业恢复和发展。
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引用次数: 0
Analysing the impacts of individual-level factors on public transport usage during the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis 分析 COVID-19 大流行期间个人层面因素对公共交通使用率的影响:综合文献综述和荟萃分析
IF 9.8 1区 工程技术 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-03 DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2023.2295967
Maximiliano Lizana , Charisma Choudhury , David Watling

Public transport (PT) usage was severely impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in up to a 90% reduction in many cities in 2020. Numerous studies have been conducted since then to determine the relationship between individual-level factors (such as gender, attitudes, etc.) and the decrease in PT usage during the pandemic. Despite the evidence provided, findings are dispersed, and for several factors contradictory, making it challenging to reach any generalised conclusion. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison of the effect sizes among travellers’ factors affecting PT use during this period is yet to be compiled. This paper aims to address these gaps by systematically reviewing the existing evidence and synthesising the effect sizes of travellers’ factors through a meta-analysis. We first identified 36 studies that statistically assessed the contribution of 15 individual-level factors on PT usage during the COVID-19 pandemic. By merging the empirical evidence of those studies, the direction of the association between those factors and PT usage was analysed. Then, after selecting comparable studies, meta-analyses were conducted for each factor to estimate the corresponding pooled effect sizes. The meta-analysis established that car availability, teleworking opportunities and high educational level contributed the most to reducing PT use during the pandemic. These factors increased the odds of reducing PT usage compared with the pre-pandemic by about three times. Factors such as COVID-19 risk perception, gender, high income and health had a moderate effect on the decision to stop using PT. PT habits, travel distance and physical accessibility also influenced PT use during the pandemic. Geographical location and the pandemic period explained part of the heterogeneity found. The findings provided in this study can help policy-makers understand the impacts of travellers’ factors on the decision to reduce PT usage during future pandemics/epidemics and guide public policies accordingly.

在 COVID-19 大流行期间,公共交通(PT)的使用率受到了严重影响,导致 2020 年许多城市的公共交通使用率下降了 90%。此后,人们开展了大量研究,以确定个人层面的因素(如性别、态度等)与大流行期间公共交通使用率下降之间的关系。尽管提供了大量证据,但研究结果却很分散,其中一些因素相互矛盾,因此很难得出任何普遍性的结论。此外,对这一时期影响公共交通使用的旅行者因素的效应大小进行全面比较的工作尚未完成。本文旨在通过系统地回顾现有证据,并通过荟萃分析综合旅客因素的效应大小,从而弥补这些不足。我们首先确定了 36 项研究,这些研究对 COVID-19 大流行期间 15 个个人因素对公共交通使用的影响进行了统计评估。通过合并这些研究的经验证据,分析了这些因素与公共交通使用之间的关联方向。然后,在筛选出具有可比性的研究后,对每个因素进行荟萃分析,以估计相应的集合效应大小。荟萃分析结果表明,在大流行期间,有车、远程工作机会和高教育水平对减少使用公共交通贡献最大。与大流行前相比,这些因素使减少使用公共交通的几率提高了约三倍。COVID-19 风险认知、性别、高收入和健康状况等因素对停止使用 PT 的决定影响不大。在大流行期间,使用公共交通的习惯、旅行距离和实际可达性也影响了公共交通的使用。地理位置和大流行期间解释了部分异质性。本研究的结果有助于政策制定者了解旅客因素对未来大流行病/疫情期间减少使用公共交通的决定的影响,并据此指导公共政策。
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引用次数: 0
A systematic review of older adults’ travel behaviour and mobility during COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned for sustainable transport provision and healthy aging 对 COVID-19 大流行期间老年人出行行为和流动性的系统性审查:为可持续交通提供和健康老龄化吸取的经验教训
IF 9.8 1区 工程技术 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-03 DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2024.2303746
Allyson Rogers , Evangelia Pantelaki , Rose Gilroy , Richard Weston , Ben Spencer , Carol Holland , Melissa Yazdanpanahi

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions to the travel and mobility of various population groups worldwide. These impacts were more pronounced for older adults, who, in various countries around the world, were instructed to quarantine for prolonged periods and avoid contact with others. The impact of these disruptions has been differently experienced between countries and geographical regions with levels of economic development and transport infrastructures playing a role. The aim of this article is firstly, to critically synthesise scientific literature about changes in travel behaviour and transport choices of older adults caused by the responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in various countries, secondly, highlight the main gaps in the literature and finally, provide avenues for future research and transport policies. Findings indicate inequalities in access to transport explained by built environment design and policies adopted by governments to control the pandemic, as well as socio-economic and developmental factors. The implications of these findings for transport provision and increased mobility for older adults in the post-pandemic world are outlined. Finally, we discuss the importance of active aging policies, which could create more transportation options to support older adults’ mobility needs and access in the post-COVID-19 era in both high- and low-income countries.

COVID-19 大流行严重干扰了世界各地不同人群的旅行和流动。这些影响对老年人更为明显,在世界各国,老年人被要求长期隔离并避免与他人接触。由于经济发展水平和交通基础设施的不同,各国和各地理区域受到的影响也不尽相同。本文的目的首先是批判性地综合有关各国应对 COVID-19 大流行导致老年人旅行行为和交通选择变化的科学文献,其次是强调文献中的主要空白,最后是为未来研究和交通政策提供途径。研究结果表明,建筑环境设计、政府为控制疫情而采取的政策以及社会经济和发展因素都是造成交通不平等的原因。我们概述了这些研究结果对疫情后世界的交通供给和提高老年人流动性的影响。最后,我们讨论了积极老龄化政策的重要性,这些政策可以创造更多的交通选择,以支持高收入和低收入国家的老年人在后 COVID-19 时代的交通需求和出行。
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引用次数: 0
Half a decade in two years: household freight after COVID-19 两年半:COVID-19 之后的家庭货运
IF 9.8 1区 工程技术 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-03 DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2023.2266859
Joris Beckers , Jeroen Cant

E-commerce growth as experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic was only expected to occur by 2025–2030. Online shopping increased in intensity and diversity. At the same time, retailers diversified their operations and opened online channels, also in sectors that previously showed reluctance to make this shift. These evolutions resulted in an expansion of household freight in terms of volume, geography, and organisation. Hence, half a decade of innovation in the e-commerce sector was needed in the span of two years. This manuscript summarises the repercussions for household freight since the pandemic's start. Given that interactions between consumers, retailers, and logistics service providers drive the e-commerce system, this manuscript combines these different literatures into a holistic framework, going beyond traditional siloed research on last-mile logistics, retail strategies, or online shopping behaviour. We found that logistics has come to the forefront: logistics service providers now need to provide tailored services and come in direct contact with consumers. As a result, we need (i) to gain insights into the new geography and dynamics of household’s freight origins and destinations; (ii) use this to re-examine existing relationships between consumer, retailer, and logistics service provider, and; (iii) assess the impact of more demanding consumers on the sustainability of the overall system.

在 COVID-19 大流行期间经历的电子商务增长预计到 2025-2030 年才会出现。网上购物的强度和多样性都有所增加。与此同时,零售商实现了业务多样化,并开设了在线渠道,这也出现在以前不愿做出这种转变的行业中。这些演变导致了家庭货运在数量、地域和组织方面的扩张。因此,在两年的时间里,电子商务领域需要进行长达五十年的创新。本手稿总结了大流行开始以来对家居货运的影响。鉴于消费者、零售商和物流服务提供商之间的互动推动了电子商务系统的发展,本手稿将这些不同的文献结合到一个整体框架中,超越了传统的关于最后一英里物流、零售战略或网上购物行为的孤立研究。我们发现,物流已经走到了前沿:物流服务提供商现在需要提供量身定制的服务,并与消费者直接接触。因此,我们需要:(i) 深入了解家庭货运起点和终点的新地理位置和动态;(ii) 利用这一点重新审视消费者、零售商和物流服务提供商之间的现有关系;(iii) 评估要求更高的消费者对整个系统可持续性的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding travel mode choice through the lens of COVID-19: a systematic review of pandemic commuters 从 COVID-19 的视角了解出行方式选择:对大流行病通勤者的系统回顾
IF 9.8 1区 工程技术 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-03 DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2023.2280190
Zahra Zarabi , E. Owen D. Waygood , Tim Schwanen

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted travel behaviours for very large numbers of people including those who shifted to teleworking and those without the option to work from home. While there is much valuable transport research that has examined the former category, it is still unknown how certain people such as health sector employees and delivery drivers changed their physical commuting in transport contexts that were radically different from those existing normally in urban areas. Based on a systematic review of 36 scientific publications on commuting during pandemic, this study pursues a dual objective. First, by examining the interrelated institutional, physical, and socio-psychological processes that supported or hindered low-carbon transport the study revealed that (A) public transport (PT) reduced service levels and concerns related to COVID were positively associated with substantial shifts away from PT towards car and active travel; (B) this positive association was found to be even stronger in the existence of pre-pandemic habit of car use for commute and strong negative emotions like fear triggered by environmental changes and health risks. Second, by synthesising the key findings from the literature, this study provides significant implications for how mode choice is modelled through the Theory of Planned Behavior and Norm Activation Model. By questioning whether the pandemic commuters had a “normal” set of travel mode alternatives to choose from, the study draws attention to the nuances of mode “choice” versus mode “use” and moves beyond the assumption that commuting always results from individuals making choices. It also argues that the role of (negative) emotions along with the importance of proximity to, or separation from, other bodies on how people commute should be considered in future research. Finally, the crucial role of COVID-19 in changing travel-related norms and the resulting long-term implications for policy interventions require further investigation by future research.

COVID-19 大流行扰乱了许多人的出行行为,包括那些转向远程办公的人和那些无法在家工作的人。虽然有很多有价值的交通研究对前一类人进行了研究,但人们仍然不知道某些人,如卫生部门的雇员和送货司机,是如何在与城市地区正常情况截然不同的交通环境中改变他们的实际通勤方式的。基于对 36 篇关于大流行病期间通勤的科学出版物的系统回顾,本研究追求双重目标。首先,通过考察支持或阻碍低碳交通的相互关联的制度、物理和社会心理过程,研究发现:(A) 公共交通服务水平的降低和与 COVID 相关的担忧与从公共交通向汽车和积极出行的大幅转移呈正相关;(B) 如果在大流行前存在使用汽车通勤的习惯,以及由环境变化和健康风险引发的恐惧等强烈的负面情绪,则这种正相关性会更强。其次,通过综合文献中的主要发现,本研究为如何通过计划行为理论和规范激活模型来模拟模式选择提供了重要启示。通过质疑大流行病通勤者是否有一套 "正常 "的旅行模式可供选择,本研究提请人们注意模式 "选择 "与模式 "使用 "之间的细微差别,并超越了通勤总是由个人做出选择的假设。研究还认为,在未来的研究中,应考虑(负面)情绪的作用,以及与其他机构的距离远近对人们如何通勤的重要性。最后,COVID-19 在改变旅行相关规范方面的关键作用,以及由此对政策干预产生的长期影响,需要在未来的研究中进一步探讨。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19 and transport safety COVID-19 和运输安全
IF 9.8 1区 工程技术 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-03 DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2023.2251684
Ennis Marshall , Mohammadali Shirazi , John N. Ivan

Transportation safety has substantially been impacted by the COVID-19 Pandemic. To contain the spread of the virus, governments around the world released guidelines (e.g. stay-at-home orders), which reduced or eliminated peoples’ daily commutes. These travel restrictions introduced new safety challenges for roadways and drivers, transit riders, and pedestrians and cyclists. Many cities, states, and countries around the world reported more severe crashes despite fewer drivers on the road. Transit ridership reduced as the risk of infection with COVID-19 kept transit users away, and walking and biking became more popular as they could be done individually in open air. This paper conducts a structured critical review to summarise and discuss studies around the world on roadway, transit, and pedestrian and bicycle safety since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. For roadway safety, we further review studies that examine the direct measures of safety (e.g. crash statistics and models) as well as indirect or surrogate measures (e.g. speeding, aggressive driving, and reduced seatbelt usage). Surrogate measures, although indirectly, can affect the risk of crashes and contribute to the increase in frequency and severity of crashes. Findings are documented and discussed. We then provide suggestions on potential avenues for future research. Particularly, research studies show that the rate of severe injury crashes, as well as aggressive driving (e.g. speeding) increased in most places during the travel restrictions, and continued even after these restrictions were lifted. The safety of pedestrians and bicycles has also become increasingly important due to the increase in the number of users of these modes.

交通安全受到 COVID-19 大流行的严重影响。为遏制病毒传播,世界各国政府发布了指导方针(如留在家中的命令),减少或取消了人们的日常通勤。这些出行限制给道路和司机、公交乘客、行人和骑车人带来了新的安全挑战。据世界上许多城市、州和国家的报告,尽管路上的司机减少了,但严重的交通事故却增加了。由于感染 COVID-19 的风险使得公交乘客减少,而步行和骑自行车由于可以在露天单独进行而变得更受欢迎。本文对 COVID-19 大流行以来世界各地有关道路、公交、行人和自行车安全的研究进行了有条理的批判性回顾总结和讨论。在道路安全方面,我们进一步回顾了对安全的直接衡量标准(如碰撞统计数据和模型)以及间接或替代衡量标准(如超速、激进驾驶和安全带使用率降低)的研究。代用措施虽然是间接的,但也会影响撞车风险,并导致撞车频率和严重程度的增加。我们将对研究结果进行记录和讨论。然后,我们就未来研究的潜在途径提出了建议。特别是,研究表明,在旅行限制期间,大多数地方的重伤撞车率和激进驾驶(如超速)率都有所上升,甚至在这些限制取消后仍在继续。由于行人和自行车使用人数的增加,行人和自行车的安全也变得越来越重要。
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引用次数: 0
The why and how of COVID streets: a city-level review of research into motivations and approaches during a crisis COVID 街道的原因和方法:对危机期间动机和方法研究的城市一级审查
IF 9.8 1区 工程技术 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-03 DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2023.2295368
Lindsay Oluyede , Tabitha S. Combs , Carlos Felipe Pardo

At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, more than 1500 cities around the world created or expanded public spaces for walking, bicycling, recreation and outdoor commerce to accommodate requirements for physical distancing. These interventions often involved the reallocation of street space dedicated to cars to facilitate active mobility. While research on efforts to adapt street space during the pandemic is burgeoning, there has yet to be an in-depth analysis of the motivations behind these responses. Our international qualitative study conducted a thematic review of existing research on active mobility responses to understand them better. Specifically, our review considered why responses were chosen (four motivations: risk reduction, impact mitigation, demand accommodation and opportunity) and how they were implemented (four typologies: opportunism, crisis reaction, business-as-usual was also a crisis and agility). Opportunism was most common both as motivation and typology of approach. However, elements of the other motivations and approach typologies were critical for developing and implementing responses that more directly addressed community needs and concerns during the crisis. Our findings help inform the work of transportation professionals to make cities more resilient by building their capacity to respond quickly and equitably to future disruptions and ongoing crises.

在 COVID-19 大流行之初,全球有 1500 多个城市为步行、骑自行车、娱乐和户外商业创造或扩大了公共空间,以满足对物理距离的要求。这些干预措施通常涉及重新分配专用于汽车的街道空间,以促进积极的流动性。尽管有关在大流行病期间调整街道空间的研究正在蓬勃发展,但对这些应对措施背后的动机还没有深入的分析。我们的国际定性研究对现有的积极交通应对措施研究进行了专题回顾,以更好地了解这些应对措施。具体来说,我们的审查考虑了选择应对措施的原因(四种动机:降低风险、减轻影响、满足需求和抓住机遇)以及如何实施(四种类型:机会主义、危机反应、一切照旧也是危机和灵活性)。机会主义是最常见的动机和方法类型。然而,其他动机和方法类型的要素对于制定和实施在危机期间更直接满足社区需求和关切的应对措施至关重要。我们的研究结果有助于为交通专业人员的工作提供参考,通过培养他们快速、公平地应对未来破坏和持续危机的能力,使城市更具复原力。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19 effects on transport-related air pollutants: insights, evaluations, and policy perspectives 2019冠状病毒病对交通相关空气污染物的影响:见解、评估和政策视角
IF 9.8 1区 工程技术 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-03 DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2023.2225211
Federico Cavallaro , Silvio Nocera

This study analyses the relationship between Covid-19 and air pollutants resulting from transportation activities by addressing two research questions. First, it examines the quantitative impacts of Covid-19 on emissions/concentrations. In this case, the results are dependent on the temporal horizon and political measures introduced to control the virus. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) exhibit a strong correlation with reduced road traffic, while the influence of transportation on other criteria pollutants (CO, SO2, and PMx) is not univocally demonstrated. Second, the study analyses specific modes (e.g. air transport), systems (e.g. public transport), and sectors (e.g. freight transport). The generalised decrease in emissions is a consequence of reduced travel demand; however, this is not true for specific sectors, such as last-mile freight delivery or private flights, which show an increase in emissions. Moreover, unitary values register an increase in most cases, indicating a reduction in environmental effectiveness due to a modal shift towards private solutions and a reduction in the public transport occupancy rates. In the post-pandemic world, a significant issue arises when travel demand increases but the modal share is less responsive to returning to previous levels. Several research lines stem from these outcomes, ranging from technical issues (e.g. modelling safety perception in modal choice) to the evaluation of specific measures (e.g. curbing private mobility and adopting fuel regulations). Another promising area of research involves exploring the combination of Covid-19 with other transport-related drivers, such as automation and alternative fuels. Additionally, investigating the coherence between the effects of Covid-19 and long-term decarbonisation policies is an important research direction.

本研究通过解决两个研究问题来分析 Covid-19 与运输活动产生的空气污染物之间的关系。首先,研究 Covid-19 对排放/浓度的定量影响。在这种情况下,结果取决于时间跨度和为控制病毒而采取的政治措施。温室气体(GHGs)和氮氧化物(NOx)与道路交通的减少密切相关,而交通对其他标准污染物(一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化硫(SO2)和可吸入颗粒物(PMx))的影响并未得到明确证实。其次,该研究分析了特定模式(如航空运输)、系统(如公共交通)和部门(如货运)。排放量的普遍减少是出行需求减少的结果;然而,对于特定部门,如最后一英里货运或私人航班,情况并非如此,因为它们显示出排放量的增加。此外,单位值在大多数情况下都有所上升,表明由于向私人解决方案的模式转变和公共交通占用率的降低,环境效益有所下降。在大流行后的世界,当出行需求增加,但交通方式的比例却不太容易恢复到以前的水平时,就会出现一个重要问题。从技术问题(如模拟模式选择中的安全感)到具体措施的评估(如限制私人机动性和采用燃料法规),这些成果产生了若干研究方向。另一个有前景的研究领域是探索将 "Covid-19 "与自动化和替代燃料等其他交通相关驱动因素相结合。此外,研究 Covid-19 的效果与长期去碳化政策之间的一致性也是一个重要的研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
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