Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.511
Reza N Sahlan, Shruti S. Kinkel-Ram, Kelechi Uzoegwu, Valerie Z. Wong, April Smith
Introduction: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and executive functioning deficits are prevalent among college and eating disorder (ED) populations. Although a few studies have examined which specific ADHD and executive functioning deficits are most strongly connected to specific ED symptoms, no studies have investigated them all in one study, or in non-Western societies such as Iran. This study used network analysis to identify central and bridge symptoms across ED symptoms, ADHD symptoms, and executive functioning in Iran. Methods: Participants were Iranian college students (n = 1,013; 82.7% women) who completed the Farsi-Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (F-EDE-Q), the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), and Web-Based Executive Function Questionnaire (Webexec). We computed three networks and identified central and bridge symptoms. Results: For ADHD symptoms, the most central nodes were difficulty with organization and remembering obligations; for executive functioning, problems with attention and concentration were most central. The most central bridge symptoms were desire for weight loss, binge eating, and problems with concentration. Discussion: Desire for weight loss, binge eating, and problems with concentration may explain the association between ED symptoms, ADHD symptoms, and executive functioning. Future research should explore ways to disrupt the relationship between these symptoms in therapeutic settings.
注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)症状和执行功能缺陷在大学和饮食失调(ED)人群中普遍存在。尽管有一些研究调查了哪些特定的多动症和执行功能缺陷与特定的ED症状最密切相关，但没有一项研究在一个研究中调查了所有这些症状，也没有在非西方社会(如伊朗)进行调查。本研究使用网络分析来确定伊朗ED症状、ADHD症状和执行功能之间的中心和桥梁症状。方法:研究对象为伊朗大学生(n = 1013;82.7%女性)完成波斯语饮食失调检查问卷(f- ed - q)、成人ADHD自我报告量表(ASRS)和基于网络的执行功能问卷(Webexec)。我们计算了三个网络，并确定了中心和桥梁症状。结果:ADHD症状以组织困难和记忆困难为中心节点;在执行功能方面，注意力和集中力的问题是最核心的。最主要的桥梁症状是减肥的欲望、暴饮暴食和注意力不集中。讨论:渴望减肥、暴饮暴食和注意力不集中可以解释ED症状、ADHD症状和执行功能之间的联系。未来的研究应该探索在治疗环境中破坏这些症状之间关系的方法。
{"title":"Eating Disorder Symptoms, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms, and Executive Functioning Deficits in Iranian College Students: A Network Analysis","authors":"Reza N Sahlan, Shruti S. Kinkel-Ram, Kelechi Uzoegwu, Valerie Z. Wong, April Smith","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.511","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and executive functioning deficits are prevalent among college and eating disorder (ED) populations. Although a few studies have examined which specific ADHD and executive functioning deficits are most strongly connected to specific ED symptoms, no studies have investigated them all in one study, or in non-Western societies such as Iran. This study used network analysis to identify central and bridge symptoms across ED symptoms, ADHD symptoms, and executive functioning in Iran. Methods: Participants were Iranian college students (n = 1,013; 82.7% women) who completed the Farsi-Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (F-EDE-Q), the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), and Web-Based Executive Function Questionnaire (Webexec). We computed three networks and identified central and bridge symptoms. Results: For ADHD symptoms, the most central nodes were difficulty with organization and remembering obligations; for executive functioning, problems with attention and concentration were most central. The most central bridge symptoms were desire for weight loss, binge eating, and problems with concentration. Discussion: Desire for weight loss, binge eating, and problems with concentration may explain the association between ED symptoms, ADHD symptoms, and executive functioning. Future research should explore ways to disrupt the relationship between these symptoms in therapeutic settings.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138614842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.540
Samantha L. McMichael, Li Jeanne Cheam, Virginia S. Y. Kwan
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic changed lives overnight. With the pandemic's abrupt spread, graduating college students encountered widespread setbacks and challenges and were left with considerable uncertainty about how long the pandemic would last. This research explored the relationship between anticipation of the pandemic's length and longitudinal mental health, and the role of perception of the future self (i.e., future self-identification) as a potential protective and promotive factor for mental health during the pandemic. Methods: Graduating college seniors completed a two-part longitudinal study starting as the pandemic initially spread in the United States (March 26—April 10, 2020) and ending over half a year into the pandemic's course (October 20-January 27, 2021). Results: Findings suggested that higher initial symptoms of depression did not predict anticipating a longer pandemic, but anticipating a longer pandemic significantly predicted higher downstream depression symptoms over and above the initial symptoms. Additionally, greater future self-identification did not moderate the relationship between anticipated pandemic length and downstream depression (i.e., it was not a significant protective factor). However, having a positive view of the future self significantly predicted better downstream mental health over and above perceptions of pandemic length and initial depression symptoms. Positivity toward the future self may be an important promotive factor for mental health during the pandemic. Discussion: These results indicate that students who anticipate an extended crisis may need extra support, and perception of the future self as positive may be a valuable psychological resource.
{"title":"When Will This End? Exploring the Relationship between Depression Symptoms, Perceptions of the Future Self, and Anticipated Length of the COVID-19 Pandemic in College Seniors","authors":"Samantha L. McMichael, Li Jeanne Cheam, Virginia S. Y. Kwan","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.540","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic changed lives overnight. With the pandemic's abrupt spread, graduating college students encountered widespread setbacks and challenges and were left with considerable uncertainty about how long the pandemic would last. This research explored the relationship between anticipation of the pandemic's length and longitudinal mental health, and the role of perception of the future self (i.e., future self-identification) as a potential protective and promotive factor for mental health during the pandemic. Methods: Graduating college seniors completed a two-part longitudinal study starting as the pandemic initially spread in the United States (March 26—April 10, 2020) and ending over half a year into the pandemic's course (October 20-January 27, 2021). Results: Findings suggested that higher initial symptoms of depression did not predict anticipating a longer pandemic, but anticipating a longer pandemic significantly predicted higher downstream depression symptoms over and above the initial symptoms. Additionally, greater future self-identification did not moderate the relationship between anticipated pandemic length and downstream depression (i.e., it was not a significant protective factor). However, having a positive view of the future self significantly predicted better downstream mental health over and above perceptions of pandemic length and initial depression symptoms. Positivity toward the future self may be an important promotive factor for mental health during the pandemic. Discussion: These results indicate that students who anticipate an extended crisis may need extra support, and perception of the future self as positive may be a valuable psychological resource.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" 1272","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138610346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.608
{"title":"JSCP Author Index Volume 42, 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.608","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138621006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.558
M. Wolgast, Katja Lundberg, Eric Palmqvist, Sima Wolgast
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate the effects of changes in both quantity and quality of use of social networking sites (SNS) on measures of anxiety, depression, stress, self-esteem, loneliness, problematic social media use, and present focused awareness. Method: Participants were randomly assigned to three different conditions: reducing SNS time to 30 minutes per day, using SNS passively; and a control condition. Results: The results indicated that both reduced and altered SNS use had significant positive effects on present focused awareness and reductions in problematic social media use. In addition, reduced SNS use led to reductions in symptoms of stress and depression, as well as increases in self-esteem. Discussion: The study provides experimental support for the hypothesis that reduced use of social networking sites leads to positive effects on measures of psychological well-being in young adults.
{"title":"Effects of Reduced and Altered Use of Social Networking Sites— A Randomized Controlled Study","authors":"M. Wolgast, Katja Lundberg, Eric Palmqvist, Sima Wolgast","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.558","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate the effects of changes in both quantity and quality of use of social networking sites (SNS) on measures of anxiety, depression, stress, self-esteem, loneliness, problematic social media use, and present focused awareness. Method: Participants were randomly assigned to three different conditions: reducing SNS time to 30 minutes per day, using SNS passively; and a control condition. Results: The results indicated that both reduced and altered SNS use had significant positive effects on present focused awareness and reductions in problematic social media use. In addition, reduced SNS use led to reductions in symptoms of stress and depression, as well as increases in self-esteem. Discussion: The study provides experimental support for the hypothesis that reduced use of social networking sites leads to positive effects on measures of psychological well-being in young adults.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138614529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.581
Greg Feldman, Morgan Westine, Audrey Edelman, Morgan Higgs
Introduction: Many smartphone users spend hours daily on unstructured screen time leisure activities including social media, games, and videos. Given that many users express a desire to cut back on this habit, it is important to test the relative physiological and emotional benefits of alternative activities, such as mindfulness meditation, as daily practices for relaxation and restoration. Methods: This study tests the immediate effects of unstructured mobile phone screen time vs. practice of a brief mindful breathing meditation exercise on heart rate variability (HRV, a common measure of healthy resting physiological activity) and self-reported states of relaxation. Participants (171 female university students) were randomly assigned to 15 minutes of unstructured screen time (i.e., use phones in a manner consistent with typical daily use) or a mindfulness induction (i.e., a guided meditation recording focused on mindfulness of breathing). Results: Consistent with hypotheses, HRV showed greater increases relative to baseline in the mindfulness condition than the screen time condition (High-frequency HRV, partial η2 = .14, p < .001; Root Mean Square of Successive Differences, partial η2 = .053, p = .002). Subjective relaxation increased in both conditions (partial η2 = .47, p < .001); however, mindfulness produced greater increases in relaxation over time than unstructured screen time (partial η2 = .089, p < .001). Conclusions: Mindfulness was superior to unstructured screen time at increasing physiological and subjective markers of relaxation. Results suggest that repurposing smartphones to facilitate mindfulness practice though guided meditation apps may be a more effective method of promoting physiological and emotional well-being than more ubiquitous unstructured smartphone use.
导读:许多智能手机用户每天花费数小时在非结构化的屏幕休闲活动上，包括社交媒体、游戏和视频。鉴于许多用户表示希望减少这种习惯，测试替代活动(如正念冥想)在生理和情感上的相对益处是很重要的，这些活动可以作为放松和恢复的日常练习。方法:本研究测试了非结构化手机屏幕时间与短暂的正念呼吸冥想练习对心率变异性(HRV，一种健康静息生理活动的常用测量方法)和自我报告的放松状态的直接影响。参与者(171名女大学生)被随机分配到15分钟的非结构化屏幕时间(即，以与典型的日常使用方式一致的方式使用手机)或正念诱导(即，一段专注于呼吸正念的引导冥想录音)。结果:与假设一致，正念条件下的HRV比屏幕时间条件下的HRV相对于基线有更大的增加(高频HRV，偏η2 = 0.14, p < 0.001;连续差异均方根，偏η2 = 0.053, p = 0.002)。两种情况下主观放松度均增加(偏η2 = 0.47, p < 0.001);然而，随着时间的推移，正念比非结构化屏幕时间产生更大的放松增加(偏η2 = 0.089, p < 0.001)。结论:正念在增加生理和主观放松标记方面优于非结构化屏幕时间。研究结果表明，通过引导冥想应用程序来重新利用智能手机来促进正念练习，可能是一种比无处不在的非结构化智能手机使用更有效的促进生理和情感健康的方法。
{"title":"A Mindful Alternative to Screen Time: The Short-Term Effects of a Breath-Focused Mindfulness Exercise vs. Unstructured Smartphone Screen Time on Heart Rate Variability and Relaxation","authors":"Greg Feldman, Morgan Westine, Audrey Edelman, Morgan Higgs","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.6.581","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Many smartphone users spend hours daily on unstructured screen time leisure activities including social media, games, and videos. Given that many users express a desire to cut back on this habit, it is important to test the relative physiological and emotional benefits of alternative activities, such as mindfulness meditation, as daily practices for relaxation and restoration. Methods: This study tests the immediate effects of unstructured mobile phone screen time vs. practice of a brief mindful breathing meditation exercise on heart rate variability (HRV, a common measure of healthy resting physiological activity) and self-reported states of relaxation. Participants (171 female university students) were randomly assigned to 15 minutes of unstructured screen time (i.e., use phones in a manner consistent with typical daily use) or a mindfulness induction (i.e., a guided meditation recording focused on mindfulness of breathing). Results: Consistent with hypotheses, HRV showed greater increases relative to baseline in the mindfulness condition than the screen time condition (High-frequency HRV, partial η2 = .14, p < .001; Root Mean Square of Successive Differences, partial η2 = .053, p = .002). Subjective relaxation increased in both conditions (partial η2 = .47, p < .001); however, mindfulness produced greater increases in relaxation over time than unstructured screen time (partial η2 = .089, p < .001). Conclusions: Mindfulness was superior to unstructured screen time at increasing physiological and subjective markers of relaxation. Results suggest that repurposing smartphones to facilitate mindfulness practice though guided meditation apps may be a more effective method of promoting physiological and emotional well-being than more ubiquitous unstructured smartphone use.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138614847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.5.427
Renee Engeln, Courtney Goldenberg, Marren Jenkins
Introduction: Body surveillance (i.e., monitoring the body's appearance) is linked with body image disturbance and eating pathology in women. Two studies investigated whether women's levels of body surveillance while exercising were linked with two common positive psychological outcomes of exercise: improved body satisfaction and increased positive mood. Methods: In Study 1, we explored correlations between body surveillance while working out, exercise enjoyment, exercise frequency, and trait body dissatisfaction in a sample of 218 women (age range 19-68) who exercised regularly. In Study 2, women (n = 178, age range 18-30) completed measures of mood and body satisfaction immediately before and after a 30-minute Zoom fitness class. Results: In Study 1, body surveillance while exercising was negatively associated with exercise enjoyment and exercise frequency. Further, a mediation analysis suggested that the negative association between body dissatisfaction and exercise enjoyment was mediated by body surveillance while exercising. Study 2 results indicated that the exercise class increased positive mood. However, higher levels of body surveillance during the class were associated with less mood improvement. Self-reported positive words to describe class experience were negatively related to body surveillance during the class, with the reverse finding for negative descriptive words. Discussion: Overall, results suggest engaging in body surveillance during workouts may diminish the typically positive effects of exercise on mood and body satisfaction. Altering fitness contexts to discourage appearance monitoring is recommended.
{"title":"Body Surveillance May Reduce the Psychological Benefits of Exercise","authors":"Renee Engeln, Courtney Goldenberg, Marren Jenkins","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.5.427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.5.427","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Body surveillance (i.e., monitoring the body's appearance) is linked with body image disturbance and eating pathology in women. Two studies investigated whether women's levels of body surveillance while exercising were linked with two common positive psychological outcomes of exercise: improved body satisfaction and increased positive mood. Methods: In Study 1, we explored correlations between body surveillance while working out, exercise enjoyment, exercise frequency, and trait body dissatisfaction in a sample of 218 women (age range 19-68) who exercised regularly. In Study 2, women (n = 178, age range 18-30) completed measures of mood and body satisfaction immediately before and after a 30-minute Zoom fitness class. Results: In Study 1, body surveillance while exercising was negatively associated with exercise enjoyment and exercise frequency. Further, a mediation analysis suggested that the negative association between body dissatisfaction and exercise enjoyment was mediated by body surveillance while exercising. Study 2 results indicated that the exercise class increased positive mood. However, higher levels of body surveillance during the class were associated with less mood improvement. Self-reported positive words to describe class experience were negatively related to body surveillance during the class, with the reverse finding for negative descriptive words. Discussion: Overall, results suggest engaging in body surveillance during workouts may diminish the typically positive effects of exercise on mood and body satisfaction. Altering fitness contexts to discourage appearance monitoring is recommended.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135407685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.5.452
Marco Di Sarno, Fabio Madeddu, Rossella Di Pierro
Introduction: Both variable- and person-centered approaches identify grandiose and vulnerable themes in pathological narcissism (PN). However, person-centered results rely on cross-sectional data, preventing identification of subtypes of individuals through transitory self-states. Methods: We perform a cluster analysis on the joint trajectory of daily ratings of grandiose narcissism (GN) and vulnerable narcissism (VN), collected during a 28-day experience sampling (N = 196 participants). Results: The best partition—identified by multiple criteria—includes three clusters: a “low PN” cluster displays below-average levels of both daily GN and VN; a “high VN” cluster displays average daily GN and above-average levels of daily VN; a “high GN” cluster shows above-average levels of daily GN and below-average levels of daily VN. Significant inter-cluster differences emerge on both daily and trait measures of narcissism, and on trait measures of self-esteem and shame, but less sharply on impairment in personality structure. There is no inter-cluster difference on the variability and instability of daily narcissism. Discussion: We conclude that the constructs of daily GN and VN define corresponding groups of individuals with either high GN or VN, the latter group being more distressed. Yet, this group is also less “pure” in its narcissistic characterization, showing at least some levels of trait and state GN.
{"title":"Clustering Daily Expressions of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism","authors":"Marco Di Sarno, Fabio Madeddu, Rossella Di Pierro","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.5.452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.5.452","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Both variable- and person-centered approaches identify grandiose and vulnerable themes in pathological narcissism (PN). However, person-centered results rely on cross-sectional data, preventing identification of subtypes of individuals through transitory self-states. Methods: We perform a cluster analysis on the joint trajectory of daily ratings of grandiose narcissism (GN) and vulnerable narcissism (VN), collected during a 28-day experience sampling (N = 196 participants). Results: The best partition—identified by multiple criteria—includes three clusters: a “low PN” cluster displays below-average levels of both daily GN and VN; a “high VN” cluster displays average daily GN and above-average levels of daily VN; a “high GN” cluster shows above-average levels of daily GN and below-average levels of daily VN. Significant inter-cluster differences emerge on both daily and trait measures of narcissism, and on trait measures of self-esteem and shame, but less sharply on impairment in personality structure. There is no inter-cluster difference on the variability and instability of daily narcissism. Discussion: We conclude that the constructs of daily GN and VN define corresponding groups of individuals with either high GN or VN, the latter group being more distressed. Yet, this group is also less “pure” in its narcissistic characterization, showing at least some levels of trait and state GN.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":"461 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135408362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.5.487
Sylvanna M. Vargas, Crystal Wang, Miriam Rubenson, Nikki Jafarzadeh, Stanley J. Huey
Introduction: This longitudinal study examined trajectories of depression, perceived burdensomeness (PB), thwarted belongingness (TB), and suicidality among emerging adults (18-24 years old) during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Demographic and contextual differences were explored. The study also examined how COVID-related stressors predicted mental health trajectories over time. Methods: One hundred ninety-eight participants completed three waves of online surveys between May and July 2020. Results: Depressive symptoms decreased marginally over time, but there were no changes in participants’ PB, TB, suicidality, or likelihood of becoming clinically depressed. No demographic differences emerged. Participants who were under stay-at-home orders (vs. not) were more likely to endorse suicidality over time. Engaging with COVID-19-related media or talking about COVID-19 predicted greater TB and marginally greater suicide risk, but not depression or PB, over time. Those who endorsed a greater negative impact on their lives related to COVID-19 also reported greater depression, PB, TB, and suicidality over time. Discussion: The marginal decrease in depressive symptoms likely suggests that participants’ distress reduced over time. However, clinical depression, PB, TB, and suicidality remained stable and high. Watching news and talking about COVID-19 might increase suicide risk and heighten feelings of disconnection.
{"title":"Depression, Perceived Burdensomeness, Thwarted Belongingness, and Suicide Risk Trajectories among Emerging Adults during the Early Covid-19 Pandemic","authors":"Sylvanna M. Vargas, Crystal Wang, Miriam Rubenson, Nikki Jafarzadeh, Stanley J. Huey","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.5.487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.5.487","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This longitudinal study examined trajectories of depression, perceived burdensomeness (PB), thwarted belongingness (TB), and suicidality among emerging adults (18-24 years old) during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Demographic and contextual differences were explored. The study also examined how COVID-related stressors predicted mental health trajectories over time. Methods: One hundred ninety-eight participants completed three waves of online surveys between May and July 2020. Results: Depressive symptoms decreased marginally over time, but there were no changes in participants’ PB, TB, suicidality, or likelihood of becoming clinically depressed. No demographic differences emerged. Participants who were under stay-at-home orders (vs. not) were more likely to endorse suicidality over time. Engaging with COVID-19-related media or talking about COVID-19 predicted greater TB and marginally greater suicide risk, but not depression or PB, over time. Those who endorsed a greater negative impact on their lives related to COVID-19 also reported greater depression, PB, TB, and suicidality over time. Discussion: The marginal decrease in depressive symptoms likely suggests that participants’ distress reduced over time. However, clinical depression, PB, TB, and suicidality remained stable and high. Watching news and talking about COVID-19 might increase suicide risk and heighten feelings of disconnection.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135408874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.5.471
Lily M. Brouder, Gerald J. Haeffel
Introduction: According to the cognitive vulnerability hypothesis (Abramson et al., 1989), some people are at heightened risk for depression because they generate stable-global causal attributions for stressful events (i.e., exhibit a cognitive vulnerability). However, it remains unclear if the predictive power of cognitive vulnerability, as measured by the Cognitive Style Questionnaire (CSQ), is driven by attributions specifically or a rather a more general emotional negativity. Method: We compared the predictive power of the traditional operationalization of the Cognitive Style Questionnaire (composite score of Likert ratings of stability and globality ratings) and the emotional valence and tone of idiographic written responses (which are usually ignored in the scoring). The study used a two time point longitudinal design with a sample of 837 undergraduates in the United States. Results: Stable-global attributions, regardless of the emotional valence and tone of their idiographic written responses, predicted future depressive symptoms and event-specific inferences. Emotional valence and tone did not predict either outcome. Discussion: Results support prior theorizing that the unchangeability of causal explanations is more important than the emotional valence of the explanation.
引言:根据认知脆弱性假说(Abramson et al.， 1989)，一些人患抑郁症的风险较高，因为他们对压力事件产生了稳定的全局因果归因(即表现出认知脆弱性)。然而，认知风格问卷(CSQ)所测量的认知脆弱性的预测能力究竟是由特定的归因驱动的，还是由更普遍的消极情绪驱动的，目前还不清楚。方法:我们比较了传统的认知风格问卷操作化(李克特稳定性评分和整体性评分的综合得分)和具体书面回答的情绪效价和语气(在评分中通常被忽略)的预测能力。该研究采用双时间点纵向设计，样本为837名美国大学生。结果:稳定的整体归因，无论其具体书面反应的情绪效价和语气如何，都能预测未来的抑郁症状和事件特异性推论。情绪效价和语气不能预测两种结果。讨论:结果支持先前的理论，即因果解释的不可变性比解释的情感效价更重要。
{"title":"Stable-Global Attributions, But Not Emotional Valence, Predict Future Depressive Symptoms and Event-Specific Inferences","authors":"Lily M. Brouder, Gerald J. Haeffel","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.5.471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.5.471","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: According to the cognitive vulnerability hypothesis (Abramson et al., 1989), some people are at heightened risk for depression because they generate stable-global causal attributions for stressful events (i.e., exhibit a cognitive vulnerability). However, it remains unclear if the predictive power of cognitive vulnerability, as measured by the Cognitive Style Questionnaire (CSQ), is driven by attributions specifically or a rather a more general emotional negativity. Method: We compared the predictive power of the traditional operationalization of the Cognitive Style Questionnaire (composite score of Likert ratings of stability and globality ratings) and the emotional valence and tone of idiographic written responses (which are usually ignored in the scoring). The study used a two time point longitudinal design with a sample of 837 undergraduates in the United States. Results: Stable-global attributions, regardless of the emotional valence and tone of their idiographic written responses, predicted future depressive symptoms and event-specific inferences. Emotional valence and tone did not predict either outcome. Discussion: Results support prior theorizing that the unchangeability of causal explanations is more important than the emotional valence of the explanation.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135407687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.365
S. J. Stroessner, Nicholas P. Alt, Isabel Ghisolfi, Prianka D. Koya
Introduction: This research investigates the possible role of racial and gender stereotypes in diagnosing children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). ODD is diagnosed more readily in boys and Black children, although the factors producing differential diagnosis rates are unclear. The authors conducted six studies investigating the possibility that overlap between racial and gender stereotypes with ODD diagnostic criteria might contribute to gaps in its judged prevalence across groups. Method: Participants completed reverse correlation procedures to determine whether mental representations of children expected versus unexpected to be diagnosed with ODD differed in facial characteristics. Separate participants viewed these images and judged the likelihood that each person depicted had been diagnosed with ODD. Results: Classification images (CIs) showed that the children selected as having ODD appeared more prototypically Black in facial appearance than children not chosen as having ODD. No differences emerged in the gendered appearance of the two group-level CIs. Judged rates of ODD were higher for the children who appeared to be Black. However, diagnostic judgments of clinical trainees and practitioners were unaffected by appearance factors, suggesting that formal clinical training might attenuate the influence of stereotypes on judgment. Discussion: These results indicate that an overlap in Black stereotypes and diagnostic criteria for ODD might contribute to elevated diagnosis of ODD in African American children.
{"title":"Race and the Mental Representation of Individuals Diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Implications for Diagnosis","authors":"S. J. Stroessner, Nicholas P. Alt, Isabel Ghisolfi, Prianka D. Koya","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.365","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This research investigates the possible role of racial and gender stereotypes in diagnosing children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). ODD is diagnosed more readily in boys and Black children, although the factors producing differential diagnosis rates are unclear. The authors conducted six studies investigating the possibility that overlap between racial and gender stereotypes with ODD diagnostic criteria might contribute to gaps in its judged prevalence across groups. Method: Participants completed reverse correlation procedures to determine whether mental representations of children expected versus unexpected to be diagnosed with ODD differed in facial characteristics. Separate participants viewed these images and judged the likelihood that each person depicted had been diagnosed with ODD. Results: Classification images (CIs) showed that the children selected as having ODD appeared more prototypically Black in facial appearance than children not chosen as having ODD. No differences emerged in the gendered appearance of the two group-level CIs. Judged rates of ODD were higher for the children who appeared to be Black. However, diagnostic judgments of clinical trainees and practitioners were unaffected by appearance factors, suggesting that formal clinical training might attenuate the influence of stereotypes on judgment. Discussion: These results indicate that an overlap in Black stereotypes and diagnostic criteria for ODD might contribute to elevated diagnosis of ODD in African American children.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42599273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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