Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.406
W. Hart, Charlotte K. Cease, Joshua T. Lambert, D. Witt
Introduction: Self-verification theory makes the controversial claim that people higher in depression seek to confirm their depressed identity. Recent evidence suggests that people with higher self-reported depression severity alter their reports of self-relevant information to seem depressed. This article discusses the results of two preregistered studies that examined whether people with higher self-reported depression severity will distort memories of previously encoded events to seem depressed. Methods: In Studies 1 and 2, participants (total N = 665) self-reported their depression severity and then completed a (sham) perceptual task that could presumably diagnose the possession of a brain type that causes depression symptoms. Results: Across the two studies, depression severity (apart from negative affectivity or gender) was related to how people distorted their memories on the task; specifically, people with relatively “high” depression severity distorted their recalls to seem as if they had the depression-prone brain, and people with relatively “low” depression severity showed the opposite bias. These effects did not involve conscious awareness of distortion and had downstream effects on people's self-concepts. Discussion: Broadly, the data align with the possibility that people relatively higher in depression are prone to exhibit biases in reconstructive memory that validate their depressive symptoms.
{"title":"Self-Verifying Depression in Retrospect: More Depressed People Reconstruct the Past to Seem More Depressed","authors":"W. Hart, Charlotte K. Cease, Joshua T. Lambert, D. Witt","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.406","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Self-verification theory makes the controversial claim that people higher in depression seek to confirm their depressed identity. Recent evidence suggests that people with higher self-reported depression severity alter their reports of self-relevant information to seem depressed. This article discusses the results of two preregistered studies that examined whether people with higher self-reported depression severity will distort memories of previously encoded events to seem depressed. Methods: In Studies 1 and 2, participants (total N = 665) self-reported their depression severity and then completed a (sham) perceptual task that could presumably diagnose the possession of a brain type that causes depression symptoms. Results: Across the two studies, depression severity (apart from negative affectivity or gender) was related to how people distorted their memories on the task; specifically, people with relatively “high” depression severity distorted their recalls to seem as if they had the depression-prone brain, and people with relatively “low” depression severity showed the opposite bias. These effects did not involve conscious awareness of distortion and had downstream effects on people's self-concepts. Discussion: Broadly, the data align with the possibility that people relatively higher in depression are prone to exhibit biases in reconstructive memory that validate their depressive symptoms.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46239674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.323
Sasha MacNeil, Lorelie Roderbourg, M. Orri, M. Geoffroy, J. McGrath, Johanne Renaud, J. Gouin
Introduction: This meta-analysis examined the association between dimensional and categorical conceptualizations of attachment styles and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). Methods: Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to examine the associations between categorical secure attachment, categorical insecure attachment, and insecure attachment dimensions and STBs. Methodological moderators were also explored. This protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020152604). Results: Systematic search for articles published by December 2020 returned 58 eligible studies and 159 cross-sectional effects. Secure attachment was inversely associated with suicidal thoughts and not associated with suicide attempts. All categorical insecure attachment styles were positively associated with suicidal thoughts. Only fearful and preoccupied attachment were associated with risk for suicide attempts. Dimensional attachment anxiety was more strongly associated with suicidal thoughts and attempts than dimensional attachment avoidance. Discussion: Overall, attachment styles characterized by high attachment anxiety were associated with greatest vulnerability to STBs. Longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the association between attachment insecurity and STBs.
{"title":"Attachment Styles and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis","authors":"Sasha MacNeil, Lorelie Roderbourg, M. Orri, M. Geoffroy, J. McGrath, Johanne Renaud, J. Gouin","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.323","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This meta-analysis examined the association between dimensional and categorical conceptualizations of attachment styles and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). Methods: Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to examine the associations between categorical secure attachment, categorical insecure attachment, and insecure attachment dimensions and STBs. Methodological moderators were also explored. This protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020152604). Results: Systematic search for articles published by December 2020 returned 58 eligible studies and 159 cross-sectional effects. Secure attachment was inversely associated with suicidal thoughts and not associated with suicide attempts. All categorical insecure attachment styles were positively associated with suicidal thoughts. Only fearful and preoccupied attachment were associated with risk for suicide attempts. Dimensional attachment anxiety was more strongly associated with suicidal thoughts and attempts than dimensional attachment avoidance. Discussion: Overall, attachment styles characterized by high attachment anxiety were associated with greatest vulnerability to STBs. Longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the association between attachment insecurity and STBs.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41880814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.293
S. Flusberg, Michael Dellavalle, P. Thibodeau
Introduction: Lay theories of mental disorders impact social attitudes, stigma, and treatment seeking. We investigated whether common metaphors in mental health discourse shape lay beliefs about clinical disorders. Methods: Participants (N = 685) read a paragraph describing drug addiction (Experiment 1) or depression (Experiment 2) as either a demon or brain disease. They then reported their beliefs about and attitudes toward the condition. Results: Participants exposed to the brain disease frame expressed more support for a “medicalized” lay theory associated with a belief in underlying biological causes. We also found that participants with conservative political views held a more “moralized” view of both addiction and depression. This view is associated with a belief in personal causes, support for informal—as opposed to medical or psychological—treatments, and greater attributions of personal responsibility. Discussion: These findings help illuminate the factors that shape lay theories of mental disorders and have important implications for health communications.
{"title":"How Metaphor and Political Ideology Shape Lay Theories of Mental Disorders","authors":"S. Flusberg, Michael Dellavalle, P. Thibodeau","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.293","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Lay theories of mental disorders impact social attitudes, stigma, and treatment seeking. We investigated whether common metaphors in mental health discourse shape lay beliefs about clinical disorders. Methods: Participants (N = 685) read a paragraph describing drug addiction (Experiment 1) or depression (Experiment 2) as either a demon or brain disease. They then reported their beliefs about and attitudes toward the condition. Results: Participants exposed to the brain disease frame expressed more support for a “medicalized” lay theory associated with a belief in underlying biological causes. We also found that participants with conservative political views held a more “moralized” view of both addiction and depression. This view is associated with a belief in personal causes, support for informal—as opposed to medical or psychological—treatments, and greater attributions of personal responsibility. Discussion: These findings help illuminate the factors that shape lay theories of mental disorders and have important implications for health communications.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49428001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.3.267
Tatum N. Oleskowicz, Geneva C. Yawger, Elizabeth C. Pinel
Introduction: Research implicates social isolation as a risk factor for problematic alcohol use. However, no known research examines the role that a specific type of social isolation—existential isolation, a feeling of being alone in one's subjective experience of reality—plays in alcohol consumption. In sociocultural contexts where alcohol consumption is normative, existentially isolated individuals may seek out alcohol as a method for experiencing more existential connection. The opposite may also hold true: those who do not partake in the normative, alcohol-drinking culture may “pay the price” with higher levels of existential isolation. This study examined which of these two possible correlations between existential isolation and alcohol use the data support. Methods: In Study 1, we recruited 511 adult participants from Amazon MTurk. We then conducted a regression analysis to examine the unique predictive effects of existential isolation, gender, interpersonal isolation, and a gender × existential isolation interaction on alcohol consumption. Next, we examined whether existential motives mediated the relationship between existential isolation and alcohol use. In Study 2, we recruited 99 adult undergraduate students to determine if the Study 1 findings replicated in a different sample and with different measures of interpersonal isolation. We additionally assessed whether alcohol accounted for self-reported changes in existential isolation before and 3 months after arrival at college. Results: Data from Study 1 revealed that controlling for interpersonal isolation, lower existential isolation levels predicted greater alcohol use and that desire to drink for existential connection accounted for this effect. Study 2 replicated these findings. We observed a significant negative correlation between existential isolation and alcohol use and a negative correlation between alcohol use and change in existential isolation over time. Discussion: Our findings suggest a potential disadvantage to sobriety and an existential risk pathway to problematic alcohol use. We discuss the societal implications of these findings.
{"title":"Not Drinking and Alone: Alcohol Use and Its Implications for Existential Isolation","authors":"Tatum N. Oleskowicz, Geneva C. Yawger, Elizabeth C. Pinel","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.3.267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.3.267","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Research implicates social isolation as a risk factor for problematic alcohol use. However, no known research examines the role that a specific type of social isolation—existential isolation, a feeling of being alone in one's subjective experience of reality—plays in alcohol consumption. In sociocultural contexts where alcohol consumption is normative, existentially isolated individuals may seek out alcohol as a method for experiencing more existential connection. The opposite may also hold true: those who do not partake in the normative, alcohol-drinking culture may “pay the price” with higher levels of existential isolation. This study examined which of these two possible correlations between existential isolation and alcohol use the data support. Methods: In Study 1, we recruited 511 adult participants from Amazon MTurk. We then conducted a regression analysis to examine the unique predictive effects of existential isolation, gender, interpersonal isolation, and a gender × existential isolation interaction on alcohol consumption. Next, we examined whether existential motives mediated the relationship between existential isolation and alcohol use. In Study 2, we recruited 99 adult undergraduate students to determine if the Study 1 findings replicated in a different sample and with different measures of interpersonal isolation. We additionally assessed whether alcohol accounted for self-reported changes in existential isolation before and 3 months after arrival at college. Results: Data from Study 1 revealed that controlling for interpersonal isolation, lower existential isolation levels predicted greater alcohol use and that desire to drink for existential connection accounted for this effect. Study 2 replicated these findings. We observed a significant negative correlation between existential isolation and alcohol use and a negative correlation between alcohol use and change in existential isolation over time. Discussion: Our findings suggest a potential disadvantage to sobriety and an existential risk pathway to problematic alcohol use. We discuss the societal implications of these findings.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44569052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.3.238
S. Robertson, Stephen D. Short, Liz Auger, M. Murray
Objective: The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been associated with increased levels of distress for college students. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a COVID-focused expressive writing intervention in reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and distress. Methods: A total of 169 college students were assigned either to a COVID-focused expressive writing intervention or to a nonwriting control group. All participants completed a 1-month follow-up assessment, and all study procedures were completed online due to COVID-19 restrictions. Depression was measured with the Beck Depression Inventory-II, anxiety was measured with the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and distress was measured with a Likert-scale question that measured distress specifically related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Results indicated that participants in the expressive writing group demonstrated a significant decrease (b = -1.35) in anxiety symptoms whereas participants in the control group did not. None of the participants in either group demonstrated a significant decrease in depression symptoms. Ratings of distress in the expressive writing group were significantly lower (d = -0.51) at the 1-month follow-up when compared to the control group. Discussion: COVID-focused expressive writing is a relatively brief and inexpensive intervention that has been associated with lower symptoms of anxiety and distress in college students. Theoretical implications are discussed.
{"title":"The Effect of COVID-Focused Expressive Writing on Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Distress in College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"S. Robertson, Stephen D. Short, Liz Auger, M. Murray","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.3.238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.3.238","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been associated with increased levels of distress for college students. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a COVID-focused expressive writing intervention in reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and distress. Methods: A total of 169 college students were assigned either to a COVID-focused expressive writing intervention or to a nonwriting control group. All participants completed a 1-month follow-up assessment, and all study procedures were completed online due to COVID-19 restrictions. Depression was measured with the Beck Depression Inventory-II, anxiety was measured with the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and distress was measured with a Likert-scale question that measured distress specifically related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Results indicated that participants in the expressive writing group demonstrated a significant decrease (b = -1.35) in anxiety symptoms whereas participants in the control group did not. None of the participants in either group demonstrated a significant decrease in depression symptoms. Ratings of distress in the expressive writing group were significantly lower (d = -0.51) at the 1-month follow-up when compared to the control group. Discussion: COVID-focused expressive writing is a relatively brief and inexpensive intervention that has been associated with lower symptoms of anxiety and distress in college students. Theoretical implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45119811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.3.187
M. Hunt, Elisa Xu, Alissa Fogelson, Julia Rubens
Introduction: Social media use is ubiquitous among young adults, and empirical research is increasingly suggesting that how it is used and how much time is spent using it have significant implications for psychological well-being and mental health. Most recent studies find that limiting but not eliminating social media has beneficial effects. Correlational findings suggest that following actual friends is beneficial, while following strangers can be harmful. Method: This study sought to test the impact of limiting time spent on social media as well as “muting” strangers on Instagram and eliminating TikTok use in an experimental paradigm. Results: Replicating prior studies, we found that limiting social media use to 60 minutes per day (versus unlimited use) led to reductions in depression, F(1,96) = 5.84, p = .018, for the most depressed participants. Moreover, limiting stranger content (by muting strangers on Instagram and eliminating TikTok use), in addition to limiting time, led to significant reductions in fear of missing out, F(2,138) = 4.806, p = .01, for the most depressed participants and to significant reductions in social comparison, F(2,138) = 4.367, p = .015. Discussion: In conclusion, it is not just how much time one spends on social media that matters to well-being, but how one uses that time and who one is interacting with.
{"title":"Follow Friends One Hour a Day: Limiting Time on Social Media and Muting Strangers Improves Well-Being","authors":"M. Hunt, Elisa Xu, Alissa Fogelson, Julia Rubens","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.3.187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.3.187","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Social media use is ubiquitous among young adults, and empirical research is increasingly suggesting that how it is used and how much time is spent using it have significant implications for psychological well-being and mental health. Most recent studies find that limiting but not eliminating social media has beneficial effects. Correlational findings suggest that following actual friends is beneficial, while following strangers can be harmful. Method: This study sought to test the impact of limiting time spent on social media as well as “muting” strangers on Instagram and eliminating TikTok use in an experimental paradigm. Results: Replicating prior studies, we found that limiting social media use to 60 minutes per day (versus unlimited use) led to reductions in depression, F(1,96) = 5.84, p = .018, for the most depressed participants. Moreover, limiting stranger content (by muting strangers on Instagram and eliminating TikTok use), in addition to limiting time, led to significant reductions in fear of missing out, F(2,138) = 4.806, p = .01, for the most depressed participants and to significant reductions in social comparison, F(2,138) = 4.367, p = .015. Discussion: In conclusion, it is not just how much time one spends on social media that matters to well-being, but how one uses that time and who one is interacting with.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48738651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.3.214
W. Grunewald, Shruti S. Kinkel-Ram, Dorian R. Dodd, April R. Smith
Introduction: Certain forms of disgust, specifically contamination disgust, may represent risk factors for eating psychopathology such as eating concerns (e.g., cognitive distress/worries surrounding eating). Furthermore, anti-fat attitudes, specifically fear of fat, may increase risk for eating concerns. However, research has yet to investigate these risk factors together despite notable associations between these constructs and eating concerns. Therefore, this study examined associations between contamination disgust and eating concerns, with fear of fat moderating these associations. Furthermore, these associations were examined with other eating psychopathology outcomes to investigate if theoretical relationships between focal predictors would generalize to other forms of eating psychopathology. Methods: Participants were 173 females (Mage = 18.9; SD = 1.00; Range = 18-23) from a Midwestern university in the United States. Analyses examined associations of contamination disgust, fear of fat, and their interaction with eating disorder symptoms. Results: Simple slopes revealed that contamination disgust was not significantly associated with eating concerns at low fear of fat. However, at high fear of fat, contamination disgust was significantly positively associated with eating concerns. These interactions were not significant when predicting shape concerns, weight concerns, or restraint. Discussion: Results suggest that contamination disgust and fear of fat may be risk factors for eating concerns and that these variables should potentially be modeled in tandem. Screening for fear of fat among clients likely to report high levels of contamination disgust may provide indirect information on these clients’ comorbid eating concerns. Future research should examine if current associations generalize to other populations outside of college-aged women.
{"title":"Fear of Fat Moderates the Association between Contamination Disgust and Eating Concerns","authors":"W. Grunewald, Shruti S. Kinkel-Ram, Dorian R. Dodd, April R. Smith","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.3.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.3.214","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Certain forms of disgust, specifically contamination disgust, may represent risk factors for eating psychopathology such as eating concerns (e.g., cognitive distress/worries surrounding eating). Furthermore, anti-fat attitudes, specifically fear of fat, may increase risk for eating concerns. However, research has yet to investigate these risk factors together despite notable associations between these constructs and eating concerns. Therefore, this study examined associations between contamination disgust and eating concerns, with fear of fat moderating these associations. Furthermore, these associations were examined with other eating psychopathology outcomes to investigate if theoretical relationships between focal predictors would generalize to other forms of eating psychopathology. Methods: Participants were 173 females (Mage = 18.9; SD = 1.00; Range = 18-23) from a Midwestern university in the United States. Analyses examined associations of contamination disgust, fear of fat, and their interaction with eating disorder symptoms. Results: Simple slopes revealed that contamination disgust was not significantly associated with eating concerns at low fear of fat. However, at high fear of fat, contamination disgust was significantly positively associated with eating concerns. These interactions were not significant when predicting shape concerns, weight concerns, or restraint. Discussion: Results suggest that contamination disgust and fear of fat may be risk factors for eating concerns and that these variables should potentially be modeled in tandem. Screening for fear of fat among clients likely to report high levels of contamination disgust may provide indirect information on these clients’ comorbid eating concerns. Future research should examine if current associations generalize to other populations outside of college-aged women.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44750524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.2.160
M. Anestis, Allison E. Bond, Shelby L. Bandel, M. Betz, C. Bryan
Objective: This study examined the extent to which political beliefs and public health behaviors cluster together and define distinct groups of individuals and whether those groups differ on firearm purchasing behaviors. Methods: 6,404 US residents (Minnesota, n = 1,789; Mississippi, n = 1,418; New Jersey, n = 3,197) were recruited via Qualtrics panels. Participants were matched to 2010 census data. Results: Fit statistics determined a four-class solution fit the data best. The Liberal-Many Health Behaviors class had high probabilities of voting for President Biden, reporting more liberal political beliefs than other classes, and engaging in multiple health behaviors (e.g., mask wearing, vaccination). The Moderate-Few Health Behaviors class had high probabilities of voting for President Biden, reporting moderate political beliefs, and engaging in few health behaviors. The Conservative-Few Health Behaviors class had high probabilities of voting for former President Trump, reporting conservative political beliefs, and engaging in few health behaviors. The Conservative-Many Health Behaviors class had high probabilities of voting for former President Trump, having conservative political beliefs, and engaging in many health behaviors. Of the participants in the study who reported owning firearms, those in the Few Health Behavior classes were more likely to have purchased firearms during the purchasing surge, whereas those in the Many Health Behavior classes were likely to have become first-time firearm owners in 2020-2021. Lastly, the Few Health Behavior classes exhibited significantly less trust in the intentions of scientists. Conclusion: Different subgroups of firearm owners may evaluate and respond to risk differently, resulting in a pattern of adopting or avoiding a range of public health recommendations. Those who avoided mask wearing and COVID-19 vaccinations and who purchased firearms during the firearm purchasing surge appear to have less trust in science, highlighting the need for trusted messengers to increase the reach of behavioral interventions.
{"title":"Defensive Behaviors During COVID-19 and the 2020–2021 Firearm Purchasing Surge: A Latent Class Analysis","authors":"M. Anestis, Allison E. Bond, Shelby L. Bandel, M. Betz, C. Bryan","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.2.160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.2.160","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study examined the extent to which political beliefs and public health behaviors cluster together and define distinct groups of individuals and whether those groups differ on firearm purchasing behaviors. Methods: 6,404 US residents (Minnesota, n = 1,789; Mississippi, n = 1,418; New Jersey, n = 3,197) were recruited via Qualtrics panels. Participants were matched to 2010 census data. Results: Fit statistics determined a four-class solution fit the data best. The Liberal-Many Health Behaviors class had high probabilities of voting for President Biden, reporting more liberal political beliefs than other classes, and engaging in multiple health behaviors (e.g., mask wearing, vaccination). The Moderate-Few Health Behaviors class had high probabilities of voting for President Biden, reporting moderate political beliefs, and engaging in few health behaviors. The Conservative-Few Health Behaviors class had high probabilities of voting for former President Trump, reporting conservative political beliefs, and engaging in few health behaviors. The Conservative-Many Health Behaviors class had high probabilities of voting for former President Trump, having conservative political beliefs, and engaging in many health behaviors. Of the participants in the study who reported owning firearms, those in the Few Health Behavior classes were more likely to have purchased firearms during the purchasing surge, whereas those in the Many Health Behavior classes were likely to have become first-time firearm owners in 2020-2021. Lastly, the Few Health Behavior classes exhibited significantly less trust in the intentions of scientists. Conclusion: Different subgroups of firearm owners may evaluate and respond to risk differently, resulting in a pattern of adopting or avoiding a range of public health recommendations. Those who avoided mask wearing and COVID-19 vaccinations and who purchased firearms during the firearm purchasing surge appear to have less trust in science, highlighting the need for trusted messengers to increase the reach of behavioral interventions.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42051428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.2.125
Introduction: This study examines the relationship between traumatic experiences and firearm availability, a known suicide risk factor, for both male and female active duty servicemembers and military retirees in the United States. Availability of firearms was predicted to differ by gender, with male servicemembers having elevated rates of firearm availability compared to female servicemembers. It was also expected that experiences of trauma would be associated with higher availability of firearms in both male and female servicemembers and military retirees. Methods: Survey respondents included 1,869 active-duty and military retiree participants recruited from six different primary care clinics located within various military treatment facilities. Analyses compared associations among trauma exposure, firearm availability, and gender. Results: Both male and female servicemembers and retirees reported elevated rates of firearm availability, with men reporting the highest rates of available firearms. There was a significant interaction between gender and firearm availability on trauma type; men with available firearms reported elevated levels of directly experienced trauma. When controlling for covariates, men with available firearms reported highest levels of “happened to me” trauma exposure for fire and explosion and sudden violent death. Discussion: Men who positively endorse firearm availability have the highest rates of directly experienced traumatic events among active duty military personnel and retirees. Firearm availability, trauma exposure, and perceptions of safety for both genders are discussed.
{"title":"Gender Differences in the Association of Trauma Exposure and Firearm Availability Among Active Duty Servicemembers and Military Retirees","authors":"","doi":"10.1521/jscp.2023.42.2.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2023.42.2.125","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study examines the relationship between traumatic experiences and firearm availability, a known suicide risk factor, for both male and female active duty servicemembers and military retirees in the United States. Availability of firearms was predicted to differ by gender, with male servicemembers having elevated rates of firearm availability compared to female servicemembers. It was also expected that experiences of trauma would be associated with higher availability of firearms in both male and female servicemembers and military retirees. Methods: Survey respondents included 1,869 active-duty and military retiree participants recruited from six different primary care clinics located within various military treatment facilities. Analyses compared associations among trauma exposure, firearm availability, and gender. Results: Both male and female servicemembers and retirees reported elevated rates of firearm availability, with men reporting the highest rates of available firearms. There was a significant interaction between gender and firearm availability on trauma type; men with available firearms reported elevated levels of directly experienced trauma. When controlling for covariates, men with available firearms reported highest levels of “happened to me” trauma exposure for fire and explosion and sudden violent death. Discussion: Men who positively endorse firearm availability have the highest rates of directly experienced traumatic events among active duty military personnel and retirees. Firearm availability, trauma exposure, and perceptions of safety for both genders are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48202,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47709395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2023.42.2.145
L. Cerniglia, S. Cimino
Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments enacted strict measures to stop the spread of the virus. Among these was the recommendation that children with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 be isolated in a room at home. Methods: Through a longitudinal study with three waves and using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, the Child Behavior Checklist 1,5-5, and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, we intended to verify whether young children and their mothers showed psychopathological symptoms and distress as a result of quarantine separation. Results: Our results showed that mothers’ symptoms significantly increased from Time 1 to Time 2 and remained stable at Time 3, except for the anxious and depressive symptoms, which increased also at Time 3. Similarly, children’s problems significantly increased from Time 1 to Time 2 and remained stable and high at Time 3. Discussion: This descriptive study may help policy makers to consider the negative outcomes of quarantine separation for children’s and mothers’ psychological well-being in case of future pandemics.
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