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Implicit-explicit discrepancies regarding racial attitudes among U.S. Whites. 美国白人种族态度的内隐与外显差异。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2195992
Frank J Gonzalez

Work on implicit attitude measures has become increasingly rich and nuanced, with much theoretical development emanating from investigations of the correspondence between implicit and explicit attitude measures. However, various facets of implicit-explicit discrepancies (IEDs) remain underexplored - particularly, how prevalent the potentially distinct categories of IEDs are. Existing models speak mainly to discrepancies that occur because explicit attitudes are less prejudiced than implicit attitudes and tends to assume other possible categories are trivial. Using data from two large samples, this study provides a descriptive analysis of the different ways IEDs exist regarding racial attitudes among U.S. Whites. Results suggest IEDs exist largely in line with traditional theories, but there is substantial variation yet to be understood. These results were robust across a variety of measures, although decision-making in the construction of measures can be consequential. Future research should consider this variation in theory development regarding implicit versus explicit attitude measures.

有关内隐态度测量的研究已经变得越来越丰富和细致,许多理论的发展都源自对内隐态度测量和外显态度测量之间对应关系的研究。然而,内隐-外显差异(IEDs)的各个方面仍未得到充分探索--尤其是内隐-外显差异的潜在不同类别有多普遍。现有模型主要讨论的是由于显性态度比隐性态度更少偏见而产生的差异,并倾向于假设其他可能的类别是微不足道的。本研究利用两个大型样本的数据,对美国白人种族态度中存在的 IED 的不同方式进行了描述性分析。结果表明,IED 的存在在很大程度上符合传统理论,但仍有大量差异有待了解。这些结果在各种测量方法中都是稳健的,尽管在构建测量方法时的决策会产生影响。未来的研究应考虑到理论发展中有关内隐态度测量与外显态度测量的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Examining the moderating role of regulatory fit on stereotype threat among Ugandan adolescents. 研究监管契合度对乌干达青少年刻板印象威胁的调节作用。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2186829
Katherine Picho, Lisa Grimm

Prior research in Western contexts has tested the hypothesis that stereotype threat induces a prevention focus and that in contexts where both prevention focus and stereotype threat are simultaneously activated, members of stereotyped groups experience a performance boost due to the fit between one's goal orientation and the task demands (i.e. regulatory fit or stereotype fit). The present Study tested this hypothesis with high school students in Uganda, East Africa. Study findings revealed that in this cultural context where high-stakes testing fosters a predominantly promotion-focused testing culture, individual differences in regulatory focus interacted with the broader cultural, regulatory focus test culture to impact student performance.

之前在西方背景下进行的研究检验了这样一个假设,即刻板印象威胁会诱发预防关注,而在预防关注和刻板印象威胁同时被激活的情况下,刻板印象群体的成员会由于其目标导向与任务要求之间的契合(即监管契合或刻板印象契合)而获得绩效提升。本研究以东非乌干达的高中生为对象,对这一假设进行了测试。研究结果表明,在这种文化背景下,高风险考试助长了以升学为重点的考试文化,个人在调控重点方面的差异与更广泛的文化、调控重点考试文化相互作用,影响了学生的成绩。
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引用次数: 0
From an identity process theory perspective: a daily investigation of why and when ostracism triggers ingratiation. 从身份认同过程理论的角度:对排斥为何以及何时会引发亲近的日常调查。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2139215
Liang Hou, Xixi Gu, Guifeng Ding

Although existing studies suggest the relationship between ostracism and ingratiation, the knowledge about why and when ostracism promotes ingratiatory behaviors remains limited. Drawing from identity process theory, the current study examines the influence of ostracism on ingratiatory behaviors through the mediating role of self-identity threat on a daily timescale and the cross-level moderation of core self-evaluation. Through a diary study of 117 Chinese college students across 14 consecutive days, we found that daily ostracism had a positive indirect effect on daily ingratiatory behaviors through daily self-identity threat. Core self-evaluation of students weakened the indirect effect, such that only students with low core self-evaluation engaged in daily ingratiatory behaviors to cope with self-identity threat from ostracism. More importantly, supplemental analyses suggested that averaged daily ingratiatory behaviors were negatively related to perceived ostracism one week later. We discussed several theoretical and practical implications of these findings and proposed future research directions.

尽管现有研究表明排斥与亲近之间存在关系,但关于排斥为何以及何时会促进亲近行为的知识仍然有限。本研究借鉴认同过程理论,通过自我认同威胁在日常时间尺度上的中介作用以及核心自我评价的跨层次调节作用,探讨排斥对趋炎附势行为的影响。通过对 117 名中国大学生进行连续 14 天的日记研究,我们发现日常排斥会通过日常自我认同威胁对日常趋炎附势行为产生积极的间接影响。学生的核心自我评价削弱了这种间接效应,因此只有核心自我评价较低的学生才会采取日常讨好行为来应对来自排斥的自我认同威胁。更重要的是,补充分析表明,平均每天的讨好行为与一周后的排斥感呈负相关。我们讨论了这些发现的理论和实践意义,并提出了未来的研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
Perceived economic inequality enlarges the perceived humanity gap between low- and high-socioeconomic status groups. 感知到的经济不平等扩大了低社会经济地位群体和高社会经济地位群体之间感知到的人性差距。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2022-12-22 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2157699
Mario Sainz, Rocío Martínez, Juan Matamoros-Lima, Miguel Moya, Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón

In this paper, we analyze the influence of the perceived level of economic inequality in daily life on people's recognition of the perceived humanity gap between low- and high-socioeconomic groups within society. To achieve this purpose, in Studies 1A-B, we analyzed the relationship between economic inequality and the humanity gap. In Studies 2A-B, we manipulated the level of inequality (low vs. high) to identify differences in the humanity gap. Results indicated that higher perceptions of economic inequality lead individuals to recognize a wider humanity gap between low- and high-socioeconomic groups in society. Implications are discussed.

在本文中,我们分析了人们在日常生活中感知到的经济不平等程度对人们认识到的社会中低社会经济群体与高社会经济群体之间的人性差距的影响。为此,我们在研究 1A-B 中分析了经济不平等与人性差距之间的关系。在研究 2A-B 中,我们操纵了不平等的程度(低与高),以确定人性差距的差异。结果表明,对经济不平等的较高感知导致个人认识到社会中低社会经济群体与高社会经济群体之间存在更大的人性差距。本文对其影响进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Empathy arousal and emotional reactions to victims of the gender pay gap. 性别薪酬差距受害者的移情唤起和情绪反应。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2136058
Christelle Maisonneuve, Anne Taillandier-Schmitt

Men and women are well aware of the gender pay gap. The present study involved four experiments (N = 341, student sample, N = 203 general population sample) in which we indirectly measured empathy by asking participants to rate the non-complex and complex emotions they felt when reading a scenario in which a woman described her pay situation. Experiments 1 (equal pay vs. unequal pay) and 2, 3 & 4 (angry vs. depressed reaction to pay inequality) investigate differences in empathy arousal between men and women by assessing their emotions. Globally, both men and women identified correctly emotions expressed by the women victim of pay inequity. On complex emotions, women express more other suffering emotions than men, only in Experiment 4. Coupled with expression of guilt/shame for men only, these results are discussed in the perspective of future research.

男性和女性都非常清楚两性薪酬差距。本研究包括四项实验(学生样本 341 人,普通人群样本 203 人),在这些实验中,我们要求参与者在阅读一位女性描述其薪酬状况的情景时,对其感受到的非复杂和复杂情绪进行评分,从而间接测量共情。实验 1(同酬与不同酬)、实验 2、3 和 4(对薪酬不平等的愤怒反应与抑郁反应)通过评估男性和女性的情绪,调查了他们在共情唤起方面的差异。总体而言,男性和女性都能正确识别薪酬不平等的女性受害者所表达的情绪。在复杂情绪方面,女性比男性表达更多的其他痛苦情绪,这仅出现在实验 4 中。再加上只有男性表达了内疚/羞愧情绪,这些结果将从未来研究的角度进行讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Navigating race in a racially diverse environment: An experience sampling study on the daily use of race in conversations within Hawaii. 在多元种族环境中驾驭种族:夏威夷日常对话中使用种族的经验取样研究。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2159783
Chanel Meyers, Sabrina Thai, Kristin Pauker

As the United States grows more racially diverse, it is imperative to understand whether being in a racially diverse environment impacts conversations about race. This study examines whether exposure to, and interactions with racially diverse others relate to whether people talk about race, the frequency with which people talk about race, and their comfort with doing so within the racially diverse context of Hawaii. We employed experience sampling to measure whether people had conversations about race, how frequently conversations about race occurred and their comfort in those conversations, and whether their exposure to and interactions with racially diverse others predicted these behaviors. Exposure to and interactions with racially diverse others were not significant predictors of race-related conversations (and their comfort with said conversations). However, interactions with racially diverse friends was related to greater likelihood of discussing race, more frequent discussions of race, and more comfort with race-related conversations. These findings illustrate the importance that interactions with cross-race friends have for improving intergroup relations.

随着美国的种族日益多元化,我们有必要了解在一个种族多元化的环境中是否会对有关种族的谈话产生影响。本研究探讨了在夏威夷的多元种族环境中,与多元种族他人的接触和互动是否与人们是否谈论种族、谈论种族的频率以及谈论种族的舒适度有关。我们采用经验取样法来测量人们是否谈论过种族问题、谈论种族问题的频率、他们在谈论种族问题时的舒适度,以及他们与不同种族的其他人的接触和互动是否能预测这些行为。与不同种族的人接触和互动并不能显著预测与种族有关的谈话(以及他们对这些谈话的舒适度)。然而,与不同种族的朋友交往则与更有可能讨论种族问题、更频繁地讨论种族问题以及更乐于进行与种族有关的谈话有关。这些发现说明了与跨种族朋友的互动对于改善群体间关系的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Masking the truth: the impact of face masks on deception detection. 掩盖真相:面罩对欺骗检测的影响。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2195092
Daniella K Cash, Laura A Pazos

Because of the pandemic, face masks have become ubiquitous in social interactions, but it remains unclear how face masks influence the ability to discriminate between truthful and deceptive statements. The current study manipulated the presence of face masks, statement veracity, statement valence (positive or negative), and whether the statements had been practiced or not. Despite participants' expectations, face masks generally did not impair detection accuracy. However, participants were more accurate when judging negatively valenced statements when the speaker was not wearing a face mask. Participants were also more likely to believe positively rather than negatively valenced statements.

由于艾滋病的流行,面具在社会交往中变得无处不在,但面具如何影响人们辨别真实和欺骗性陈述的能力仍不清楚。本研究对面具的存在、陈述的真实性、陈述的价值(正面或负面)以及陈述是否经过练习进行了操作。尽管参与者有所预期,但面具一般不会影响检测的准确性。然而,当说话者没有戴面具时,受试者对负面情绪语句的判断更为准确。参与者也更容易相信正面而非负面的陈述。
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引用次数: 0
Perceptions of women who confront hostile and benevolent sexism. 面对敌意和善意性别歧视的女性的看法。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2173554
Jordana E Schiralli, Alison L Chasteen

Little is known about the differences between confronting explicitly negative (hostile) vs. subjectively positive (benevolent) forms of sexism. Across three studies (N = 1315), we test a) whether confronting benevolent sexism is more costly for women than confronting hostile sexism and b) whether confronting some subtypes of benevolent sexism are more costly than others. We compared confrontations and non-confrontations of hostile sexism, benevolent sexism involving complementary gender differentiation (CGD), and benevolent sexism involving protective paternalism (PP). Surprisingly, confronting benevolent sexism was not more costly than confronting hostile sexism; a finding that replicated across studies and in two different contexts. Confronters of PP were evaluated more positively than confronters of CGD, but only when CGD embodied themes of gender essentialism (i.e., beliefs that men and women are naturally different). Confronters were mostly evaluated favorably relative to non-confronters and especially among women. Results imply that confronting benevolent sexism may have fewer consequences than anticipated.

人们对明确的负面(敌意)性别歧视与主观的正面(善意)性别歧视之间的差异知之甚少。通过三项研究(N = 1315),我们测试了 a) 对女性而言,面对善意的性别歧视是否比面对敌意的性别歧视代价更高;b) 面对某些亚类型的善意性别歧视是否比面对其他亚类型的性别歧视代价更高。我们比较了对抗和不对抗敌意性别歧视、涉及性别互补差异(CGD)的善意性别歧视和涉及保护性家长作风(PP)的善意性别歧视的情况。令人惊讶的是,面对善意的性别歧视并不比面对敌意的性别歧视付出更高的代价;这一结果在不同的研究和两种不同的环境中都得到了验证。与性别歧视对抗者相比,性别歧视对抗者得到了更积极的评价,但只有当性别歧视对抗者体现了性别本质主义(即认为男女天生不同)的主题时,才会出现这种情况。相对于非对抗者,对抗者大多获得了积极的评价,尤其是在女性中。研究结果表明,对抗善意的性别歧视可能会产生比预期更少的后果。
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引用次数: 0
Perceived changes in trait attributions to others and the self. 对他人和自我特质归因的感知变化。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2136060
David M Sanbonmatsu, Taylor Adams, Paul H White

A study was conducted to examine the perceived changes in the impressions of others or self on 133 trait dimensions. Attributions to others were reportedly more negative over time whereas attributions to self were more positive over time. Perceived changes in others' traits appear to be guided by basic behavioral inference processes. Trait beliefs about others tend to be revised when the traits are common and disconfirming behavior is infrequent and more diagnostic. Positive trait impressions of others change more frequently because they are more prevalent and because negative behaviors (that disconfirm positive attributions) are less frequent and more diagnostic than positive behaviors. In contrast, revisions of trait impressions of the self appear to be driven heavily by self-evaluation motivations such as the desire to see self-improvement. The favorableness of changes in trait self-concepts were positively correlated with self-esteem. The consequences of the observed patterns of attributional change for interpersonal relations are discussed.

一项研究考察了在 133 个特质维度上对他人或自我印象的感知变化。据报道,随着时间的推移,对他人的归因更加消极,而对自己的归因则更加积极。对他人特质变化的感知似乎受基本行为推理过程的引导。当他人的特质很常见,而不确定的行为不常见且更具诊断性时,对他人的特质信念往往会被修正。对他人的正面特质印象改变得更频繁,因为它们更普遍,而且负面行为(与正面归因不符)比正面行为更少发生,更具诊断性。相比之下,对自我特质印象的修正似乎在很大程度上受自我评价动机的驱动,如希望看到自我完善。特质自我概念的变化与自尊呈正相关。本文讨论了所观察到的归因变化模式对人际关系的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The coping strategies of individuals in multiple jeopardy settings: the case of unemployed older women. 多重危险环境中的个人应对策略:失业老年妇女的案例。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2022-11-23 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2143313
André Ndobo, Alice Faure, Jean-Michel Galharret, Elisa Sarda, Leslie Debont

This research investigates the harmful consequences of discrimination on self-esteem and examines the coping options of individuals belonging to several stigmatized groups (i.e., unemployed older women) within the multiple jeopardy perspective. Our sample comprised 420 individuals selected by age, gender and professional status. We tested whether the positive and negative links between discrimination and psychological distress induced by discrimination, would vary according to the number of disadvantaged categories individuals belong to. An analysis of the mediating role of some coping options was also conducted. Overall, the results support most of our hypotheses and suggest that the assumed impact of perceived discrimination on psychological outcome increase with the cumulation of discriminations. We also found that, among the various coping options used by individuals in our sample, commitment, but not age-group identification, mediated the links between the cumulated discrimination and self-esteem. The discussion addresses issues related to workplace discrimination in light of the multiple jeopardy perspective.

本研究调查了歧视对自尊造成的有害影响,并从多重危险的角度研究了属于几个被鄙视群体(即失业的老年妇女)的个人的应对选择。我们的样本包括根据年龄、性别和职业状况选出的 420 人。我们测试了歧视与歧视引起的心理困扰之间的正负联系是否会因个人所属的弱势类别数量而有所不同。我们还对一些应对方案的中介作用进行了分析。总体而言,结果支持了我们的大部分假设,并表明感知到的歧视对心理结果的假定影响会随着歧视的累积而增加。我们还发现,在样本中个人使用的各种应对方案中,承诺(而非年龄组认同)在累积歧视和自尊之间起到了中介作用。讨论从多重危险的角度探讨了与工作场所歧视有关的问题。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Social Psychology
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