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Implicit-explicit discrepancies regarding racial attitudes among U.S. Whites. 美国白人种族态度的内隐与外显差异。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2023-04-10 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2195992
Frank J Gonzalez

Work on implicit attitude measures has become increasingly rich and nuanced, with much theoretical development emanating from investigations of the correspondence between implicit and explicit attitude measures. However, various facets of implicit-explicit discrepancies (IEDs) remain underexplored - particularly, how prevalent the potentially distinct categories of IEDs are. Existing models speak mainly to discrepancies that occur because explicit attitudes are less prejudiced than implicit attitudes and tends to assume other possible categories are trivial. Using data from two large samples, this study provides a descriptive analysis of the different ways IEDs exist regarding racial attitudes among U.S. Whites. Results suggest IEDs exist largely in line with traditional theories, but there is substantial variation yet to be understood. These results were robust across a variety of measures, although decision-making in the construction of measures can be consequential. Future research should consider this variation in theory development regarding implicit versus explicit attitude measures.

有关内隐态度测量的研究已经变得越来越丰富和细致,许多理论的发展都源自对内隐态度测量和外显态度测量之间对应关系的研究。然而,内隐-外显差异(IEDs)的各个方面仍未得到充分探索--尤其是内隐-外显差异的潜在不同类别有多普遍。现有模型主要讨论的是由于显性态度比隐性态度更少偏见而产生的差异,并倾向于假设其他可能的类别是微不足道的。本研究利用两个大型样本的数据,对美国白人种族态度中存在的 IED 的不同方式进行了描述性分析。结果表明,IED 的存在在很大程度上符合传统理论,但仍有大量差异有待了解。这些结果在各种测量方法中都是稳健的,尽管在构建测量方法时的决策会产生影响。未来的研究应考虑到理论发展中有关内隐态度测量与外显态度测量的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Examining the moderating role of regulatory fit on stereotype threat among Ugandan adolescents. 研究监管契合度对乌干达青少年刻板印象威胁的调节作用。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2186829
Katherine Picho, Lisa Grimm

Prior research in Western contexts has tested the hypothesis that stereotype threat induces a prevention focus and that in contexts where both prevention focus and stereotype threat are simultaneously activated, members of stereotyped groups experience a performance boost due to the fit between one's goal orientation and the task demands (i.e. regulatory fit or stereotype fit). The present Study tested this hypothesis with high school students in Uganda, East Africa. Study findings revealed that in this cultural context where high-stakes testing fosters a predominantly promotion-focused testing culture, individual differences in regulatory focus interacted with the broader cultural, regulatory focus test culture to impact student performance.

之前在西方背景下进行的研究检验了这样一个假设,即刻板印象威胁会诱发预防关注,而在预防关注和刻板印象威胁同时被激活的情况下,刻板印象群体的成员会由于其目标导向与任务要求之间的契合(即监管契合或刻板印象契合)而获得绩效提升。本研究以东非乌干达的高中生为对象,对这一假设进行了测试。研究结果表明,在这种文化背景下,高风险考试助长了以升学为重点的考试文化,个人在调控重点方面的差异与更广泛的文化、调控重点考试文化相互作用,影响了学生的成绩。
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引用次数: 0
Perceived economic inequality enlarges the perceived humanity gap between low- and high-socioeconomic status groups. 感知到的经济不平等扩大了低社会经济地位群体和高社会经济地位群体之间感知到的人性差距。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2022-12-22 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2157699
Mario Sainz, Rocío Martínez, Juan Matamoros-Lima, Miguel Moya, Rosa Rodríguez-Bailón

In this paper, we analyze the influence of the perceived level of economic inequality in daily life on people's recognition of the perceived humanity gap between low- and high-socioeconomic groups within society. To achieve this purpose, in Studies 1A-B, we analyzed the relationship between economic inequality and the humanity gap. In Studies 2A-B, we manipulated the level of inequality (low vs. high) to identify differences in the humanity gap. Results indicated that higher perceptions of economic inequality lead individuals to recognize a wider humanity gap between low- and high-socioeconomic groups in society. Implications are discussed.

在本文中,我们分析了人们在日常生活中感知到的经济不平等程度对人们认识到的社会中低社会经济群体与高社会经济群体之间的人性差距的影响。为此,我们在研究 1A-B 中分析了经济不平等与人性差距之间的关系。在研究 2A-B 中,我们操纵了不平等的程度(低与高),以确定人性差距的差异。结果表明,对经济不平等的较高感知导致个人认识到社会中低社会经济群体与高社会经济群体之间存在更大的人性差距。本文对其影响进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Masking the truth: the impact of face masks on deception detection. 掩盖真相:面罩对欺骗检测的影响。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2195092
Daniella K Cash, Laura A Pazos

Because of the pandemic, face masks have become ubiquitous in social interactions, but it remains unclear how face masks influence the ability to discriminate between truthful and deceptive statements. The current study manipulated the presence of face masks, statement veracity, statement valence (positive or negative), and whether the statements had been practiced or not. Despite participants' expectations, face masks generally did not impair detection accuracy. However, participants were more accurate when judging negatively valenced statements when the speaker was not wearing a face mask. Participants were also more likely to believe positively rather than negatively valenced statements.

由于艾滋病的流行,面具在社会交往中变得无处不在,但面具如何影响人们辨别真实和欺骗性陈述的能力仍不清楚。本研究对面具的存在、陈述的真实性、陈述的价值(正面或负面)以及陈述是否经过练习进行了操作。尽管参与者有所预期,但面具一般不会影响检测的准确性。然而,当说话者没有戴面具时,受试者对负面情绪语句的判断更为准确。参与者也更容易相信正面而非负面的陈述。
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引用次数: 0
Navigating race in a racially diverse environment: An experience sampling study on the daily use of race in conversations within Hawaii. 在多元种族环境中驾驭种族:夏威夷日常对话中使用种族的经验取样研究。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2159783
Chanel Meyers, Sabrina Thai, Kristin Pauker

As the United States grows more racially diverse, it is imperative to understand whether being in a racially diverse environment impacts conversations about race. This study examines whether exposure to, and interactions with racially diverse others relate to whether people talk about race, the frequency with which people talk about race, and their comfort with doing so within the racially diverse context of Hawaii. We employed experience sampling to measure whether people had conversations about race, how frequently conversations about race occurred and their comfort in those conversations, and whether their exposure to and interactions with racially diverse others predicted these behaviors. Exposure to and interactions with racially diverse others were not significant predictors of race-related conversations (and their comfort with said conversations). However, interactions with racially diverse friends was related to greater likelihood of discussing race, more frequent discussions of race, and more comfort with race-related conversations. These findings illustrate the importance that interactions with cross-race friends have for improving intergroup relations.

随着美国的种族日益多元化,我们有必要了解在一个种族多元化的环境中是否会对有关种族的谈话产生影响。本研究探讨了在夏威夷的多元种族环境中,与多元种族他人的接触和互动是否与人们是否谈论种族、谈论种族的频率以及谈论种族的舒适度有关。我们采用经验取样法来测量人们是否谈论过种族问题、谈论种族问题的频率、他们在谈论种族问题时的舒适度,以及他们与不同种族的其他人的接触和互动是否能预测这些行为。与不同种族的人接触和互动并不能显著预测与种族有关的谈话(以及他们对这些谈话的舒适度)。然而,与不同种族的朋友交往则与更有可能讨论种族问题、更频繁地讨论种族问题以及更乐于进行与种族有关的谈话有关。这些发现说明了与跨种族朋友的互动对于改善群体间关系的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Perceptions of women who confront hostile and benevolent sexism. 面对敌意和善意性别歧视的女性的看法。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2173554
Jordana E Schiralli, Alison L Chasteen

Little is known about the differences between confronting explicitly negative (hostile) vs. subjectively positive (benevolent) forms of sexism. Across three studies (N = 1315), we test a) whether confronting benevolent sexism is more costly for women than confronting hostile sexism and b) whether confronting some subtypes of benevolent sexism are more costly than others. We compared confrontations and non-confrontations of hostile sexism, benevolent sexism involving complementary gender differentiation (CGD), and benevolent sexism involving protective paternalism (PP). Surprisingly, confronting benevolent sexism was not more costly than confronting hostile sexism; a finding that replicated across studies and in two different contexts. Confronters of PP were evaluated more positively than confronters of CGD, but only when CGD embodied themes of gender essentialism (i.e., beliefs that men and women are naturally different). Confronters were mostly evaluated favorably relative to non-confronters and especially among women. Results imply that confronting benevolent sexism may have fewer consequences than anticipated.

人们对明确的负面(敌意)性别歧视与主观的正面(善意)性别歧视之间的差异知之甚少。通过三项研究(N = 1315),我们测试了 a) 对女性而言,面对善意的性别歧视是否比面对敌意的性别歧视代价更高;b) 面对某些亚类型的善意性别歧视是否比面对其他亚类型的性别歧视代价更高。我们比较了对抗和不对抗敌意性别歧视、涉及性别互补差异(CGD)的善意性别歧视和涉及保护性家长作风(PP)的善意性别歧视的情况。令人惊讶的是,面对善意的性别歧视并不比面对敌意的性别歧视付出更高的代价;这一结果在不同的研究和两种不同的环境中都得到了验证。与性别歧视对抗者相比,性别歧视对抗者得到了更积极的评价,但只有当性别歧视对抗者体现了性别本质主义(即认为男女天生不同)的主题时,才会出现这种情况。相对于非对抗者,对抗者大多获得了积极的评价,尤其是在女性中。研究结果表明,对抗善意的性别歧视可能会产生比预期更少的后果。
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引用次数: 0
Psychological effects of reading: the role of nostalgia in re-reading favorite books. 阅读的心理效应:怀旧在重读喜爱书籍中的作用。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2151403
Margaret A Kneuer, Jeffrey D Green, Athena H Cairo

Nostalgia evoked through various experiences (e.g., scents, music) has been shown to enhance emotional well-being and reduce social pain. We propose that reading a familiar book similarly can elicit nostalgia, and provide emotional benefits through narrative transportation beyond that of reading a new book. We tested the relationship between reading new versus familiar books, nostalgia, narrative transportation, and indices of social connectedness. Participants were randomly assigned to re-read a favorite novel, read a new novel of interest, or read a set of newspaper articles. Re-reading elicited greater nostalgia and social connectedness than reading a new novel or newspaper. Narrative transportation and nostalgia fully mediated the effect of reading condition on social connectedness. We discuss implications for our understanding homeostatic nature of nostalgia and mental transportation.

通过各种体验(如气味、音乐)唤起的怀旧情绪已被证明可以增强情感幸福感并减少社会痛苦。我们认为,阅读一本熟悉的书也能引起类似的怀旧情绪,并通过叙事迁移提供比阅读一本新书更多的情感益处。我们测试了读新书与读熟悉的书、怀旧、叙事迁移和社会联系指数之间的关系。参与者被随机分配重读一本最喜欢的小说、阅读一本感兴趣的新小说或阅读一组报纸文章。与阅读新小说或报纸相比,重读能激发更大的乡愁和社会联系。叙事运输和怀旧完全调节了阅读条件对社会联系的影响。我们讨论了这对我们理解怀旧和心理迁移的同源性的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Food for thought on eating while meeting virtually. 关于虚拟会议期间的饮食问题的思考。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2023.2196386
Katherine Karl, Joy V Peluchette, Randy Evans

This study examines observers' perceptions of employees eating during virtual work meetings. Using a 2 × 3 experimental design, participants (N = 842) were randomly assigned to one of three eating conditions including no one eating, target eating, and everyone eating where they rated either a male or female target. While existing research has demonstrated positive consequences of sharing food in the traditional workplace, our findings demonstrate that individuals who eat during virtual work meetings are perceived as less professional, less competent, and less likely to experience career success. Observers' perceptions of the eater's professionalism are negatively impacted, regardless of whether the target is the only one eating or whether everyone is eating. We offer practical suggestions for HRM professionals working to help managers and employees understand the nuances of videoconferencing.

本研究探讨了观察者对员工在虚拟工作会议期间进食的看法。采用 2 × 3 的实验设计,将参与者(N = 842)随机分配到三种进食条件中的一种,包括无人进食、目标进食和所有人都进食,并对男性或女性目标进行评分。现有研究表明,在传统工作场所分享食物会产生积极影响,而我们的研究结果则表明,在虚拟工作会议期间吃东西的人被认为不够专业、能力较差,而且不太可能取得事业成功。观察者对进食者专业性的看法会受到负面影响,无论目标人物是一个人进食还是所有人都在进食。我们为人力资源管理专业人士提供了实用建议,帮助管理人员和员工了解视频会议的细微差别。
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引用次数: 0
Are monetary gifts negatively labeled? Material benefits and prosocial motivation evaluation. 金钱礼物会被贴上负面标签吗?物质利益与亲社会动机评估。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 Epub Date: 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2160692
Huiqing Huang, Jiaxin Shi, Hui Ma, Xuhai Chen, Yangmei Luo

We examined whether people perceive prosocial actors' prosocial motivations differently when prosocial actors gain monetary gifts and goods gifts. Across five studies, 1351 participants read different prosocial scenarios that depicted prosocial actors who gained either monetary or goods gifts. Then, they evaluated the prosocial motivations of the prosocial actors. Studies 1-5 consistently found that people perceived prosocial motivations to be less authentic when prosocial actors chose to receive monetary gifts compared with goods gifts. In addition, moral disgust and moral character evaluation mediated this effect (Studies 3-4). Moreover, the negative effect of monetary gifts on people's perception of prosocial motivation further undermined their helping intention to prosocial actors (Study 5). Our research expanded the understanding of people's perception of material gifts in prosocial behavior by proposing the model of monetary benefits aggravated tainted altruism. Besides, our findings provide insights into public policy and charity rules.

我们研究了当亲社会行为者获得金钱礼物和物品礼物时,人们对亲社会行为者亲社会动机的感知是否有所不同。在五项研究中,1351 名参与者阅读了不同的亲社会情景,这些情景描述了获得金钱或物品礼物的亲社会行为者。然后,他们对亲善者的亲善动机进行了评估。第 1-5 项研究一致发现,当亲善者选择接受金钱礼物时,人们认为其亲善动机的真实性要低于接受物品礼物。此外,道德厌恶和道德品格评价对这一效应起到了中介作用(研究 3-4)。此外,金钱礼物对人们亲社会动机认知的负面影响进一步削弱了他们对亲社会行为者的帮助意愿(研究 5)。我们的研究通过提出金钱利益加重污点利他主义的模型,拓展了人们对亲社会行为中物质礼物感知的理解。此外,我们的研究结果还为公共政策和慈善规则提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Hypocrisy moderates self-interest bias in moral character judgments. 虚伪调节了道德品格判断中的自利偏差。
IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2024.2393093
Konrad Bocian, Katarzyna Myslinska Szarek, Katarzyna Miazek

Self-interest bias describes an observer's tendency to judge moral transgression leniently when they benefit from it. However, what factors moderate the self-interest bias is an open empirical question. Here, we investigated to what extent hypocrisy moderates the self-interest bias. Preregistered Study 1a (N = 194) and replication in Study 1b (N = 193) demonstrated that observers' interest impacts moral character judgments of hypocritical transgressors. This effect was explained by observers' goal attainment due to transgression (Study 2, N = 713) and agreement to aid observers' or ingroup interests (Study 3, N = 634). Importantly, transgressors' hypocrisy moderated the impact of observers' interests in moral character judgments (Studies 2 & 3). In summary, when judging hypocritical transgressors, peoples' moral character judgments tend to be biased by their or their group's interests. However, in comparison to non-hypocritical transgressors, this impact is less pronounced.

自利偏差描述的是当观察者从中受益时,他们倾向于从宽判断道德违规行为。然而,是什么因素调节了自利偏差,这是一个有待解决的实证问题。在此,我们研究了虚伪在多大程度上调节了自利偏差。预注册研究 1a(N = 194)和重复研究 1b(N = 193)表明,观察者的兴趣会影响对虚伪越轨者的道德品质判断。观察者因越轨而实现目标(研究 2,N = 713)以及同意帮助观察者或群体利益(研究 3,N = 634)可以解释这种影响。重要的是,越轨者的虚伪性调节了观察者利益对道德品质判断的影响(研究 2 和 3)。总之,在判断虚伪的越轨者时,人们的道德品质判断往往会受到他们或他们群体利益的影响。然而,与非虚伪越轨者相比,这种影响并不明显。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Social Psychology
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