Journal of Social Psychology最新文献

Past research demonstrates that prejudice toward women and Black Americans often co-occur in individuals. The present studies examine factors related to accuracy in estimating the co-occurrence, or overlap, of prejudice toward women and Black Americans. Across two studies, criterion overlap percentages were computed using national datasets and separate participant samples estimated prejudice overlap. Results indicate that beliefs about the generalized nature of prejudice can improve accuracy by reducing faulty underestimation of the overlap in anti-Black racism and sexism. In addition to greater displayed accuracy in perceptions of prototypical perpetrators of prejudice (i.e., estimates of White men compared to White women), the present work suggests that accuracy is improved when estimating sexist attitudes from racist attitudes, rather than vice versa. Together, this work documents the accuracy of prejudice overlap perceptions, for the first time, and factors that facilitate accuracy (i.e., perpetrator prototypicality, known prejudicial attitude), with implications for intergroup dynamics research.

Evidence from individualistic cultures suggests that power corrupts. Using a goals-based perspective, here we argue that power and culture jointly predict corrupt attitudes and behavior. Four studies (N = 447) and one meta-analysis were conducted to test these hypotheses. Study 1 investigated the joint effects of power and individuals' cultural orientations on corruption proclivity. Studies 2 and 3 assessed if power and cultural orientations affect actual corrupt behaviors (i.e. abuse of discretion in Study 2 and bribe-taking in Study 3). Study 4 tested the hypothesis at a national level, using monocultural samples both in the UK and China. The results consistently showed that the effects of power on corruption depend on culture: for collectivistic individual orientations and cultures, holding power predicts less corruption than lacking power; in contrast, holding power predicts more corruption for individualist orientations and cultures. Our findings represent the first direct experimental and correlational evidence regarding the links between power, culture, and corruption.

Employees often change various aspects of their jobs to their liking (i.e., job crafting), yet little is known about how different aspects of supervisor-subordinate fit influence this behavior. This paper investigates the extent to which supervisor adaptive personality predicts subordinate job crafting and the complex processes that affect this relationship. We found (1) there is a positive relationship between supervisor adaptive personality and subordinate job crafting, (2) subordinate need for autonomy fulfillment mediates this relationship, and (3) the indirect effect of supervisor adaptive personality on subordinate job crafting (via subordinate need for autonomy fulfillment) is stronger when there is high supervisor-subordinate value-congruence. We conclude that organizations can develop selection tools that can assess supervisors' adaptivity, making them enablers of employee-oriented changes that create more opportunities for workplace challenges, growth, and engagement.

Ethnic proportions of neighborhoods are a "macro" measure of intergroup contact and can buffer or expose people of color to discrimination. Simultaneously, perceived discrimination can sensitize students of color to social identity threat in environments in which they are numerically underrepresented and negatively stereotyped. In the current research, we integrate these two lines of research to examine whether neighborhood ethnic composition - the percentage of Latinx residents in one's home community - predicts social identity threat for Latinx students attending college at a predominately White institution (PWI). In two studies, Latinx college students attending a PWI provided their 5-digit zip code and completed measures assessing their perceived discrimination and social identity threat. Across both studies, neighborhood ethnic composition (greater percentage of Latinx residents) was associated with greater social identity threat and this association was mediated by greater perceived discrimination. These studies advance research on neighborhood ethnic composition and social identity threat.

A superhumanization bias involves attribution of qualities that are beyond human to a certain group. Waytz and colleagues reported evidence supporting this bias among White Americans wherein Black targets were perceived as more capable of possessing superhuman qualities than White targets. We sought to better understand the nature of this effect by using different response scales (forced choice vs. Likert) and instruction sets (supporting vs. not supporting existence of superhuman abilities). Results across three studies replicate the superhumanization effect and demonstrate the necessity of several key methodological features; however, under the most realistic survey conditions (i.e. allowing unbiased decisions, being truthful about the existence of such abilities), no significant superhumanization bias emerged. Additionally, in conditions with significant bias, the size of the effect was relatively small, suggesting that this bias may not be as widespread as previously believed; indeed, only a minority of participants showed superhumanization in the predicted direction. Findings support the importance of exploring how arbitrary methodological decisions change inferences about psychological phenomena in the population.

Three pilot studies (N_total = 832) revealed that people held more positive attitudes toward targets wearing protective face masks. Therefore, we examined whether knowledge of this self-presentational benefit would increase people's intentions to wear face masks. Participants (N = 997) were randomly assigned to read a passage about the COVID-19 pandemic, the safety benefit of mask-wearing, the self-presentational benefit of mask-wearing, or a combination of the latter two. Although this manipulation failed, findings revealed that preexisting beliefs about masked targets being more likable were positively associated with mask-wearing intentions, particularly among participants less concerned with disease or more politically conservative.

The current work examined whether being forgotten or remembered by a boss or a coworker affects employee's interpersonal closeness to that person and, in turn, affective organizational commitment (AOC). A first correlational study examined these possibilities in an employed student (1a) and general employed (1b) samples. Perceived memory by both bosses and coworkers was a significant predictor of closeness to the boss or coworker and, in turn, of AOC. The indirect effect of perceived memory on AOC was stronger for boss memory than coworker memory, but only when memory ratings were supported by specific examples of memory. Study 2 provided additional support for the direction of effects posited in Study 1 using vignettes depicting memory and forgetting in the workplace. Overall, these findings suggest that perceptions of boss and coworker memory have an effect on employee's AOC through interpersonal closeness, and that this indirect effect is stronger for boss memory.

Research suggests that people at the interface of two different cultures may face a dilemma regarding how or whether to adopt aspects of the new culture in light of their existing cultural identity. A growing body of research in fan communities suggests that similar group processes may operate in recreational, volitional identities. We tested this by examining the associations between acculturation attitudes and identification with fan communities across three studies. Fanfiction fans, Star Wars fans, and furries completed measures of four different acculturation strategies with respect to managing their fan and non-fan communities as well as a measure of their identification with the fan community. Results across the three studies consistently found that integration and assimilation strategies positively predicted fan community identification, while separation and marginalization strategies negatively predicted fan community identification. Together, the results conceptually replicate and find evidence for the acculturation model.

The current research examined how people forecast and experience screen time, social interaction, and solitude. When participants could freely use their smartphone, they forecasted (Study 1) and experienced (Study 2) better mood for face-to-face conversation, but worse mood for sitting alone. When participants were instructed to engage in specific screen time activities, they forecasted (Study 3) and experienced (Study 4) the best mood after watching television; followed by conversation, texting, and browsing social media (no difference); then sitting alone. Although participants in Studies 1 and 2 ranked conversation as their most preferred activity, participants in Studies 3 and 4 ranked it below television and texting, even though conversation improved mood compared to baseline (Study 4). These findings suggest that people may use their smartphones because they enable them to escape the unpleasant experience of being alone, or because they do not recognize or prioritize the mood benefits of social interaction.

Social media use is omnipresent among college students. The current study investigated how exposure to student risk-taking forms of alcohol use on social media shapes the perceptions of the prototypical student and drinking norms among students. A 2020, three time-point experiment was conducted that measured 208 (M age = 18.85, SD = 1.94; 160 female) participant's partying/drinking prototypes along with their perceived normative support of alcohol consumption. At Time 2, participants were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions, three video conditions and one non-video condition, with one video condition displaying risk-taking drinking behavior. A Mixed ANOVA revealed that within the risk-taking drinking condition, participants used more pro-alcohol words to describe the typical ingroup member and perceived an increase in normative support of alcohol consumption. Implications of this study suggest that risk-taking content from social media may pose barriers to developing social norms interventions to address problematic college student drinking.