Pub Date : 2022-08-12DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2022.2105500
F. Belussi
This book represents an important theoretical landmark in the literature on industrial clusters and internationalization. It is written for a public audience but more speci fi cally for researchers and policy makers interested in cluster dynamics and strategies. Overall, it offers an array of re fl ections, analyses, and research perspectives on these topics.Inthe fi rst chapter, R. Hassink, P. Cooke, and M. Fromhold-Eisebith re fl ect on the strategic repositioning of clusters within the modern global production networks. In addition, the degree of specialization or diversi fi cation of a regional economy is also highlighted as crucial. Regions and clusters may combine different spatial modes: for instance, innovation and logistic hubs, global cities, international partnerships, and assembling platforms. The quality of governance and institutions is also considered sig-ni fi cant for building ef fi cient performances in the long term.
{"title":"The Globalization of Regional Clusters: Between Localization and Internationalization","authors":"F. Belussi","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2022.2105500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2105500","url":null,"abstract":"This book represents an important theoretical landmark in the literature on industrial clusters and internationalization. It is written for a public audience but more speci fi cally for researchers and policy makers interested in cluster dynamics and strategies. Overall, it offers an array of re fl ections, analyses, and research perspectives on these topics.Inthe fi rst chapter, R. Hassink, P. Cooke, and M. Fromhold-Eisebith re fl ect on the strategic repositioning of clusters within the modern global production networks. In addition, the degree of specialization or diversi fi cation of a regional economy is also highlighted as crucial. Regions and clusters may combine different spatial modes: for instance, innovation and logistic hubs, global cities, international partnerships, and assembling platforms. The quality of governance and institutions is also considered sig-ni fi cant for building ef fi cient performances in the long term.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"98 1","pages":"513 - 515"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42626040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-12DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2022.2100757
Trina Hamilton
In How the Politics on one particu-lar of — Ben Af fl eck ’ s Eastern Congo Initiative (ECI). The overriding goal is to disrupted the politics of
在《政治如何》一书中，本·阿弗莱克的刚果东部倡议（ECI）。压倒一切的目标是破坏
{"title":"Batman Saves the Congo: How Celebrities Disrupt the Politics of Development","authors":"Trina Hamilton","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2022.2100757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2100757","url":null,"abstract":"In How the Politics on one particu-lar of — Ben Af fl eck ’ s Eastern Congo Initiative (ECI). The overriding goal is to disrupted the politics of","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"98 1","pages":"510 - 512"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48091898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-12DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2022.2100340
Aarti Krishnan, Valentina De Marchi, S. Ponte
Abstract A key concern of the global value chain (GVC) and global production network (GPN) literature relates to whether and how actors, especially in the Global South, upgrade by generating and capturing more value. To date, such research has predominantly focused on the economic and social aspects of upgrading. In this article, we leverage selected insights from economic geography to advance our understanding of the environmental dimensions of upgrading and downgrading in GVCs and GPNs. We develop an analytical framework that distinguishes the processes of environmental upgrading, in terms of value creation and appropriation, from the resultant outcomes (biophysical manifestations, impacts on market access, and reputation). Furthermore, the framework is considered from the upgrading perspectives of multiple actors instead of focusing only on lead firms and other powerful actors. We illustrate how to apply this framework through a case study of the Kenya–UK horticulture value chains. We show that despite the uptake of environmental upgrading practices, as required by UK supermarkets and transmitted by Kenyan export firms with the facilitation of government agencies, Kenyan farmers have mostly experienced environmental downgrading, with some negative effects also affecting farmers and other resource users beyond the value chain.
{"title":"Environmental Upgrading and Downgrading in Global Value Chains: A Framework for Analysis","authors":"Aarti Krishnan, Valentina De Marchi, S. Ponte","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2022.2100340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2100340","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A key concern of the global value chain (GVC) and global production network (GPN) literature relates to whether and how actors, especially in the Global South, upgrade by generating and capturing more value. To date, such research has predominantly focused on the economic and social aspects of upgrading. In this article, we leverage selected insights from economic geography to advance our understanding of the environmental dimensions of upgrading and downgrading in GVCs and GPNs. We develop an analytical framework that distinguishes the processes of environmental upgrading, in terms of value creation and appropriation, from the resultant outcomes (biophysical manifestations, impacts on market access, and reputation). Furthermore, the framework is considered from the upgrading perspectives of multiple actors instead of focusing only on lead firms and other powerful actors. We illustrate how to apply this framework through a case study of the Kenya–UK horticulture value chains. We show that despite the uptake of environmental upgrading practices, as required by UK supermarkets and transmitted by Kenyan export firms with the facilitation of government agencies, Kenyan farmers have mostly experienced environmental downgrading, with some negative effects also affecting farmers and other resource users beyond the value chain.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"99 1","pages":"25 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42994393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-28DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2022.2094237
Diana Gutierrez-Posada, Tasos Kitsos, Max Nathan, Massimiliano Nuccio
Abstract Economic geographers have paid much attention to the cultural and creative industries, both for their propensity to cluster in urban settings, and their potential to drive urban economic development. However, evidence on the latter is surprisingly sparse. In this article, we explore the long-term, causal impacts of the cultural and creative industries on surrounding urban economies. Adapting Moretti’s local multipliers framework, we build a new twenty-year panel of UK cities, using historical instruments to identify causal effects of creative activity on noncreative firms and employment. We find that each creative job generates at least 1.9 nontradable jobs between 1998 and 2018. Prior to 2007, these effects seem more rooted in creative services employees’ local spending than visitors to creative amenities. Given the low numbers of creative jobs in most cities, the overall impact of the creative multiplier is small. On average, the creative sector is responsible for over 16 percent of nontradable job growth in our sample, though impacts will be larger in bigger clusters. We do not find the same effects for workplaces, and we find no causal evidence for spillovers from creative activity to other tradable sectors. In turn, this implies that creative city policies will have partial, uneven local economic impacts. Given extensive urban clusters of creative activity in many countries, our results hold value beyond the UK setting.
{"title":"Creative Clusters and Creative Multipliers: Evidence from UK Cities","authors":"Diana Gutierrez-Posada, Tasos Kitsos, Max Nathan, Massimiliano Nuccio","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2022.2094237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2094237","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Economic geographers have paid much attention to the cultural and creative industries, both for their propensity to cluster in urban settings, and their potential to drive urban economic development. However, evidence on the latter is surprisingly sparse. In this article, we explore the long-term, causal impacts of the cultural and creative industries on surrounding urban economies. Adapting Moretti’s local multipliers framework, we build a new twenty-year panel of UK cities, using historical instruments to identify causal effects of creative activity on noncreative firms and employment. We find that each creative job generates at least 1.9 nontradable jobs between 1998 and 2018. Prior to 2007, these effects seem more rooted in creative services employees’ local spending than visitors to creative amenities. Given the low numbers of creative jobs in most cities, the overall impact of the creative multiplier is small. On average, the creative sector is responsible for over 16 percent of nontradable job growth in our sample, though impacts will be larger in bigger clusters. We do not find the same effects for workplaces, and we find no causal evidence for spillovers from creative activity to other tradable sectors. In turn, this implies that creative city policies will have partial, uneven local economic impacts. Given extensive urban clusters of creative activity in many countries, our results hold value beyond the UK setting.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"99 1","pages":"1 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45852660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2022.2080655
Andreas Diemer, S. Iammarino, A. Rodríguez‐Pose, M. Storper
Abstract The concept of regional development trap refers to regions that face significant structural challenges in retrieving past dynamism or improving prosperity for their residents. This article introduces and measures the concept of the regional development trap for regions in Europe. The concept draws inspiration from the middle-income trap in international development theory but widens it to shed light on traps in higher-income countries and at the regional scale. We propose indicators—involving the economic, productivity, and employment performance of regions relative to themselves in the immediate past, and to other regions in their respective countries and elsewhere in Europe—to identify regions either in a development trap or at significant near-term risk of falling into it. Regions facing development traps generate economic, social, and political risks at the national scale but also for Europe as a whole.
{"title":"The Regional Development Trap in Europe","authors":"Andreas Diemer, S. Iammarino, A. Rodríguez‐Pose, M. Storper","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2022.2080655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2080655","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The concept of regional development trap refers to regions that face significant structural challenges in retrieving past dynamism or improving prosperity for their residents. This article introduces and measures the concept of the regional development trap for regions in Europe. The concept draws inspiration from the middle-income trap in international development theory but widens it to shed light on traps in higher-income countries and at the regional scale. We propose indicators—involving the economic, productivity, and employment performance of regions relative to themselves in the immediate past, and to other regions in their respective countries and elsewhere in Europe—to identify regions either in a development trap or at significant near-term risk of falling into it. Regions facing development traps generate economic, social, and political risks at the national scale but also for Europe as a whole.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"98 1","pages":"487 - 509"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46189521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2022.2074830
R. Capello, Andrea Caragliu, M. Gerritse
Abstract The reasons for changes in ranking within urban systems are a matter of a wide and long debate. Some focus on a continuous and smooth ordering of cities by their size within the urban system, in the tradition of Zipf’s law. Others focus on discrete, discontinuous ordering, as cities take on functions at different levels, such as specialized market places or high-level education, in the tradition of Christaller. We enter the debate by empirically evaluating whether the same determinants explain continuous or discrete changes in urban ranks in the evolution of the Italian urban hierarchy over the years 1971 to 2011. We empirically show that small, continuous changes of cities’ ranks have different drivers than large, discontinuous leaps. The presence of high-level functions in a city predicts major leaps across discrete ranks. Results are robust to the use of an instrumental variable strategy based on a shift–share argument.
{"title":"Continuous vs. Discrete Urban Ranks: Explaining the Evolution in the Italian Urban Hierarchy over Five Decades","authors":"R. Capello, Andrea Caragliu, M. Gerritse","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2022.2074830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2074830","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The reasons for changes in ranking within urban systems are a matter of a wide and long debate. Some focus on a continuous and smooth ordering of cities by their size within the urban system, in the tradition of Zipf’s law. Others focus on discrete, discontinuous ordering, as cities take on functions at different levels, such as specialized market places or high-level education, in the tradition of Christaller. We enter the debate by empirically evaluating whether the same determinants explain continuous or discrete changes in urban ranks in the evolution of the Italian urban hierarchy over the years 1971 to 2011. We empirically show that small, continuous changes of cities’ ranks have different drivers than large, discontinuous leaps. The presence of high-level functions in a city predicts major leaps across discrete ranks. Results are robust to the use of an instrumental variable strategy based on a shift–share argument.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"98 1","pages":"438 - 463"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43586173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2022.2074831
T. Wessel
Abstract This article investigates business services employment as a driver of income segregation. Theory and intuition suggest that two pathways operate simultaneously. First, business services are marked by huge internal differentiation, low union density, and individualized pay schemes, all of which raise income inequality, and, in turn, income segregation. Second, business services are subject to strong agglomeration economies, which increase the importance of the employer–employee relationship: corporations tend to locate in the vicinity of their staff, and the staff favor residential locations close to actual and potential workplaces. I test these ideas with annual data from metropolitan areas in Norway, covering the period from 1980 to 2018. I measure segregation at the census tract level, and control for education, nonemployment, immigration, age, and gender. A key finding is that business services, particularly financial activities, exert a strong influence on income inequality but also, and independent of the former effect, on income segregation. The latter impact is surprisingly strong, whereas the impact on inequality has a limited ripple potential, that is, it affects neighborhood sorting to a lesser degree than expected. A suggested explanation for the pattern is, first, that public policies reduce individual and spatial inequalities, and, second, that public policies fail to influence the organization and operation of business services.
{"title":"Business Services, Income Inequality, and Income Segregation in Metropolitan Areas: Direct and Indirect Links","authors":"T. Wessel","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2022.2074831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2074831","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article investigates business services employment as a driver of income segregation. Theory and intuition suggest that two pathways operate simultaneously. First, business services are marked by huge internal differentiation, low union density, and individualized pay schemes, all of which raise income inequality, and, in turn, income segregation. Second, business services are subject to strong agglomeration economies, which increase the importance of the employer–employee relationship: corporations tend to locate in the vicinity of their staff, and the staff favor residential locations close to actual and potential workplaces. I test these ideas with annual data from metropolitan areas in Norway, covering the period from 1980 to 2018. I measure segregation at the census tract level, and control for education, nonemployment, immigration, age, and gender. A key finding is that business services, particularly financial activities, exert a strong influence on income inequality but also, and independent of the former effect, on income segregation. The latter impact is surprisingly strong, whereas the impact on inequality has a limited ripple potential, that is, it affects neighborhood sorting to a lesser degree than expected. A suggested explanation for the pattern is, first, that public policies reduce individual and spatial inequalities, and, second, that public policies fail to influence the organization and operation of business services.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"98 1","pages":"464 - 486"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48919407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2022.2070471
Yu Zhou, Feixiang Sun
Abstract Breakthroughs in biotechnology, globalizing intellectual property rights legislations, and growing venture capital in the past thirty years have given rise to new forms of capitalist accumulation that scholars called biocapitalism. Bioscientific knowledge under biocapitalism is increasingly parceled out from a global common to private enclosures for biotech and pharmaceutical companies, contributing to vast inequalities and fractures of global access to innovation evident in the COVID-19 pandemic. The assetization and financialization of knowledge have shifted the ground of innovation from competitive commodity production and exchanges to generating, managing, and commercializing patents and associated monopoly rights, thus raising the challenges of innovation for those developing countries specialized in production. Many Asian countries have invested heavily in biomedical sciences to enhance their knowledge assets but had limited success in translating the scientific development to a globally significant biomedical industry. This article discusses the evolution of China’s biomedical industry from a technological laggard to a recent innovation boom after a regulatory overhaul in 2015. Analyzing the patent collaborative networks of China’s biomedical industry since 2003, we found the central roles of domestic public research institutions, in contrast to multinational corporations, as cutting-edge knowledge providers. We argue that China’s path of the biomedical industry is distinct from its other technology industries that rely on multinational corporations for core knowledge. It represents a national articulation in response to global biocapitalism by situating the domestic research institutions and biomedical firms at the center of knowledge assets production and engaging globally in the science and drug regulatory systems.
{"title":"Creating Knowledge Assets under Biocapitalism: Analyzing China’s Biomedical Industry and Its Patent Networks","authors":"Yu Zhou, Feixiang Sun","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2022.2070471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2070471","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Breakthroughs in biotechnology, globalizing intellectual property rights legislations, and growing venture capital in the past thirty years have given rise to new forms of capitalist accumulation that scholars called biocapitalism. Bioscientific knowledge under biocapitalism is increasingly parceled out from a global common to private enclosures for biotech and pharmaceutical companies, contributing to vast inequalities and fractures of global access to innovation evident in the COVID-19 pandemic. The assetization and financialization of knowledge have shifted the ground of innovation from competitive commodity production and exchanges to generating, managing, and commercializing patents and associated monopoly rights, thus raising the challenges of innovation for those developing countries specialized in production. Many Asian countries have invested heavily in biomedical sciences to enhance their knowledge assets but had limited success in translating the scientific development to a globally significant biomedical industry. This article discusses the evolution of China’s biomedical industry from a technological laggard to a recent innovation boom after a regulatory overhaul in 2015. Analyzing the patent collaborative networks of China’s biomedical industry since 2003, we found the central roles of domestic public research institutions, in contrast to multinational corporations, as cutting-edge knowledge providers. We argue that China’s path of the biomedical industry is distinct from its other technology industries that rely on multinational corporations for core knowledge. It represents a national articulation in response to global biocapitalism by situating the domestic research institutions and biomedical firms at the center of knowledge assets production and engaging globally in the science and drug regulatory systems.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"98 1","pages":"411 - 437"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46833379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-20DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2022.2049228
Lars Mewes, Tobias Ebert, M. Obschonka, P. Rentfrow, J. Potter, S. Gosling
Abstract Breakthrough innovations are expected to have a bigger impact on local economies than incremental innovations do. Yet past research has largely neglected the regional drivers of breakthrough innovations. Building on theories that highlight the role of personality psychology and human agency in shaping regional innovation cultures, we focus on psychological openness as a potential explanation for why some regions produce more breakthrough innovations than others do. We use a large data set of psychological personality profiles (∼1.26M individuals) to estimate the openness of people in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the US. Our results reveal that psychological openness is strongly associated with the emergence of breakthrough innovations but not with the emergence of incremental innovations. The findings remained robust after controlling for an extensive set of predictors of regional innovation such as star inventors, star scientists, or knowledge diversity. The results held even when we used tolerance as an alternative indicator of openness. Taken together, our results provide robust evidence that openness is relevant for regional innovation performance, serving as an important predictor for breakthrough innovations but not for incremental innovations.
{"title":"Psychological Openness and the Emergence of Breakthrough vs. Incremental Innovations: A Regional Perspective","authors":"Lars Mewes, Tobias Ebert, M. Obschonka, P. Rentfrow, J. Potter, S. Gosling","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2022.2049228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2022.2049228","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Breakthrough innovations are expected to have a bigger impact on local economies than incremental innovations do. Yet past research has largely neglected the regional drivers of breakthrough innovations. Building on theories that highlight the role of personality psychology and human agency in shaping regional innovation cultures, we focus on psychological openness as a potential explanation for why some regions produce more breakthrough innovations than others do. We use a large data set of psychological personality profiles (∼1.26M individuals) to estimate the openness of people in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the US. Our results reveal that psychological openness is strongly associated with the emergence of breakthrough innovations but not with the emergence of incremental innovations. The findings remained robust after controlling for an extensive set of predictors of regional innovation such as star inventors, star scientists, or knowledge diversity. The results held even when we used tolerance as an alternative indicator of openness. Taken together, our results provide robust evidence that openness is relevant for regional innovation performance, serving as an important predictor for breakthrough innovations but not for incremental innovations.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"98 1","pages":"379 - 410"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47561350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-05DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2022.2061946
W. Bernauer
The late twentieth century was an important period of transition for the economy of the Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada. The territory’s gold mines—a mainstay of the regional economy since the 1930s—ceased production. In their place, several diamond mines came online, ushering in a new regime of extraction. Unlike historic mines in the NWT, recent diamond mining operations have made a prolonged effort to incorporate Indigenous peoples into their labor forces, largely in response to Indigenous political organizing. In Refractive Economies, Rebecca Jane Hall examines the implications of these diamond mines for Indigenous Dene women. Drawing on academic fieldwork, document analysis, and her extensive experience working with Indigenous women’s organizations, Hall’s analysis focuses on how diamond mining has affected the social reproduction work performed by Dene women. Hall’s synthesis of feminist, Marxist, and Indigenous political economy, together with her keen attention to geographic concepts like space and scale, has resulted in a timely and important contribution to economic geography and Northern Studies in Canada. Clearly written and well argued, her book will be useful to scholars interested in the geography and political economy of extraction, settler colonialism, and violence against Indigenous women. Divided into three parts, Refracted Economies includes chapters pertaining to the application of ideas from feminist political economy (FPE) to northern mixed economies, the political economy of diamond mining, and the implications of diamond mines for Indigenous women’s labor. The relationship between diamond mining and violence is a prominent theme throughout. Hall examines both the growth of the Canadian diamond mining industry in the context of global discourses of blood diamonds as well as the relationship between diamond mining and violence against Indigenous women (both structural and embodied) in Northern Canada. One of Hall’s most notable contributions to economic geography is her application of concepts from FPE to fly-in-fly-out (FIFO) mining operations in Northern Canada. According to Hall, in FIFO operations, the division between capitalist production and social reproduction—an important topic of analysis and criticism within the field of FPE—manifests itself spatially. The sites of capitalist production (mines) are segregated from the sites of intergenerational social reproduction (Dene communities). Hall argues that this restructuring has intensified social reproduction in individual households while causing a decline in the interhousehold linkages that previously characterized the Dene mixed economy. However, Indigenous women frequently resist this atomization of their social reproduction labors by continuing to prioritize interhousehold linkages. Hall also explores FIFO’s implications for relationships between Indigenous men and women. She argues that FIFO has created new structural BO O K R EV EW
20世纪后期是加拿大西北地区经济转型的重要时期。自20世纪30年代以来一直是该地区经济支柱的金矿停止了生产。取而代之的是，几座钻石矿投产，开启了一种新的开采制度。与西北地区的历史矿山不同，最近的钻石开采作业长期努力将土著人民纳入其劳动力，主要是对土著政治组织的回应。在《折射经济》一书中，丽贝卡·简·霍尔考察了这些钻石矿对土著迪尼妇女的影响。根据学术实地调查、文献分析和她与土著妇女组织合作的丰富经验，霍尔的分析侧重于钻石开采如何影响了土著妇女从事的社会再生产工作。霍尔对女权主义、马克思主义和土著政治经济学的综合研究，以及她对空间和规模等地理概念的敏锐关注，为加拿大的经济地理学和北方研究做出了及时而重要的贡献。她的书文笔清晰，论述有力，对于那些对地理和政治经济、移民殖民主义以及对土著妇女的暴力行为感兴趣的学者来说，这本书将是有用的。《折射经济》分为三个部分，包括有关女权主义政治经济学(FPE)思想在北方混合经济中的应用的章节，钻石开采的政治经济学，以及钻石矿对土著妇女劳动的影响。钻石开采与暴力之间的关系是贯穿始终的一个突出主题。霍尔考察了在全球血腥钻石话语的背景下加拿大钻石采矿业的发展，以及加拿大北部钻石开采与对土著妇女的暴力(结构性和具体)之间的关系。霍尔对经济地理学最显著的贡献之一是她将FPE概念应用于加拿大北部的飞进飞出(FIFO)采矿作业。根据霍尔的观点，在FIFO操作中，资本主义生产和社会再生产之间的划分——fpe领域内分析和批评的一个重要主题——在空间上表现出来。资本主义生产场所(矿山)与代际社会再生产场所(Dene社区)是分开的。霍尔认为，这种结构调整加强了个别家庭的社会再生产，同时导致以前以Dene混合经济为特征的家庭间联系的下降。然而，土著妇女经常通过继续优先考虑家庭间的联系来抵制这种社会再生产劳动的原子化。霍尔还探讨了先进先出法对土著男女关系的影响。她认为先进先出创造了新的结构BO O K R EV EW
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