Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1931108
Frances Brill, S. Özogul
abstract Economic geography and housing studies have begun to grapple with how institutional investment operates and impacts particular cities or sites. There has been less attention to the ways in which institutional investment functions across different scales: the theorization of financialization has, to date, left unaddressed the ways in which global or international actors confront multiple scales of corporate strategy, politics, and markets. In this article we utilize a firm-level analysis to engage with the financialization of rental housing in two cities, by following a residential landlord’s entrance into professionalized private residential rental—build to rent (BTR)—markets in London and Amsterdam. Conceptually, we develop a firm-centered approach for analyzing the multiscalar nature of financing BTR to rent housing. This approach combines valuable insights from work on the firm in economic geography and critical perspectives from the wider spatial sciences, to fully grasp a firm’s behavior in relation to the wider political institutional dynamics. We reveal how the firm’s multiscalar corporate strategies interact with highly territorialized systems of regulation and governance in both cities. Despite different market dynamics in London and Amsterdam, in both cities the firm mitigates risk by entering the market via student housing; it acquires local knowledge, and it establishes meaningful connections with private local actors and policy makers. These insights, we contend, contribute to the theorization of financialization by demonstrating the multiscalar nature of the processes embedded within it.
{"title":"Follow the Firm: Analyzing the International Ascendance of Build to Rent","authors":"Frances Brill, S. Özogul","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2021.1931108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2021.1931108","url":null,"abstract":"abstract Economic geography and housing studies have begun to grapple with how institutional investment operates and impacts particular cities or sites. There has been less attention to the ways in which institutional investment functions across different scales: the theorization of financialization has, to date, left unaddressed the ways in which global or international actors confront multiple scales of corporate strategy, politics, and markets. In this article we utilize a firm-level analysis to engage with the financialization of rental housing in two cities, by following a residential landlord’s entrance into professionalized private residential rental—build to rent (BTR)—markets in London and Amsterdam. Conceptually, we develop a firm-centered approach for analyzing the multiscalar nature of financing BTR to rent housing. This approach combines valuable insights from work on the firm in economic geography and critical perspectives from the wider spatial sciences, to fully grasp a firm’s behavior in relation to the wider political institutional dynamics. We reveal how the firm’s multiscalar corporate strategies interact with highly territorialized systems of regulation and governance in both cities. Despite different market dynamics in London and Amsterdam, in both cities the firm mitigates risk by entering the market via student housing; it acquires local knowledge, and it establishes meaningful connections with private local actors and policy makers. These insights, we contend, contribute to the theorization of financialization by demonstrating the multiscalar nature of the processes embedded within it.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"97 1","pages":"235 - 256"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00130095.2021.1931108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42040277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1931109
M. Lekan, Andrew E. G. Jonas, P. Deutz
Abstract In recent years, the circular economy (CE) paradigm has emerged as a mainstream policy discourse having the potential to disrupt linear economic development pathways by extracting and retaining the maximum value from existing resources through their recirculation. Highlighting the diverse circuits of value implicated in local CE development, this article considers how the ecological (material) and extraeconomic (social) premises of CE thinking can be harnessed through mission-driven social enterprises (SEs). Using a case study of a SE project in Graz, Austria, which is engaged in CE activities across the textile, interior design/wood, and food sectors, it proposes a novel heuristic framework for examining the role of circuits of value in constructing alternative circular narratives and local circular economic development trajectories. In doing so, this framework positions SE as an entity entangled in a complex web of interconnected material and social relations and practices that occur across coexisting mainstream and alternative economic spaces of production, exchange, and consumption. By aligning the CE concept with circuits of value, the article further shows the importance of mapping and conceptualizing value flows and feedback loops associated with the local development of the CE in a given spatial and temporal context.
{"title":"Circularity as Alterity? Untangling Circuits of Value in the Social Enterprise–Led Local Development of the Circular Economy","authors":"M. Lekan, Andrew E. G. Jonas, P. Deutz","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2021.1931109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2021.1931109","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, the circular economy (CE) paradigm has emerged as a mainstream policy discourse having the potential to disrupt linear economic development pathways by extracting and retaining the maximum value from existing resources through their recirculation. Highlighting the diverse circuits of value implicated in local CE development, this article considers how the ecological (material) and extraeconomic (social) premises of CE thinking can be harnessed through mission-driven social enterprises (SEs). Using a case study of a SE project in Graz, Austria, which is engaged in CE activities across the textile, interior design/wood, and food sectors, it proposes a novel heuristic framework for examining the role of circuits of value in constructing alternative circular narratives and local circular economic development trajectories. In doing so, this framework positions SE as an entity entangled in a complex web of interconnected material and social relations and practices that occur across coexisting mainstream and alternative economic spaces of production, exchange, and consumption. By aligning the CE concept with circuits of value, the article further shows the importance of mapping and conceptualizing value flows and feedback loops associated with the local development of the CE in a given spatial and temporal context.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"97 1","pages":"257 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45119231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1902300
Jennifer Clark
In the present moment, it is difficult to overstate the importance of functional governments. Increasingly, that means local and regional governments with the operational capacity to respond to both the slow-moving endemic crises of economic inequality, structural racism, and climate change, and also the fast-moving acute crises of economic shocks, social unrest, and public health emergencies rising to the level of pandemic. Martin Jones’s Cities and Regions in Crisis: The Political Economy of Sub-National Economic Development, tells a story about the Sysiphenian enterprise of episodic regional policy (re)design and uneven implementation in the UK over the past forty years. Cities and Regions in Crisis is a culminating compilation of Jones’s work from 1998 to 2018, describing in detail the process of local and regional policy design and development in the UK. Jones’s primary argument is that “the growth of neoliberal modes of intervention” has “weighed down” the capitalist state by loading it up with market failures and “accumulated ambivalence and disorientation.” (p. 37). In other words, these iterative experiments in local and regional governance have worn out the institutional apparatus rather than build it up. As a consequence, institutions are simply less robust and resilient and fundamentally less responsive. No need to look further than the Brexit process (addressed in the book) and the global pandemic to view the validity of this critique. Cities and Regions in Crisis considers crises as the discrete shocks with which we are all so intimately familiar. Jones also presents crises from a theoretical perspective, the crisis of capitalism, associated with a discourse articulated by David Harvey and others. The book stands on a deep treatment of this economic geography literature situated within the temporal and geographic context of the UK’s regional development policy project. From regional development agencies through local enterprise partnerships, Jones takes us along the winding road of regional policy initiatives in the UK and the sustained effort to construct an industry-led, if not wholly privatized, approach to regional development policy. Of course, all of this policy change (perhaps not appropriately described as policy innovation) occurs as the country itself (and many other industrialized countries) grapple with significant and deeply structural economic transitions. In reading Cities and Regions in Crisis, it becomes clear that in the UK, attempts to manage labor market restructuring are central to the story. The laundry lists of workforce development agencies and incumbent worker programs, coupled with the overlapping efforts attempting to get the scale right for both labor market institutions and labor market interventions, are remarkable to see laid out in detail. One theme is the unwavering focus on the supply side of the labor market: skills and training. This calls to mind Doreen Massey’s prescient observation that when po
{"title":"Cities and Regions in Crisis: The Political Economy of Sub-National Economic Development","authors":"Jennifer Clark","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2021.1902300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2021.1902300","url":null,"abstract":"In the present moment, it is difficult to overstate the importance of functional governments. Increasingly, that means local and regional governments with the operational capacity to respond to both the slow-moving endemic crises of economic inequality, structural racism, and climate change, and also the fast-moving acute crises of economic shocks, social unrest, and public health emergencies rising to the level of pandemic. Martin Jones’s Cities and Regions in Crisis: The Political Economy of Sub-National Economic Development, tells a story about the Sysiphenian enterprise of episodic regional policy (re)design and uneven implementation in the UK over the past forty years. Cities and Regions in Crisis is a culminating compilation of Jones’s work from 1998 to 2018, describing in detail the process of local and regional policy design and development in the UK. Jones’s primary argument is that “the growth of neoliberal modes of intervention” has “weighed down” the capitalist state by loading it up with market failures and “accumulated ambivalence and disorientation.” (p. 37). In other words, these iterative experiments in local and regional governance have worn out the institutional apparatus rather than build it up. As a consequence, institutions are simply less robust and resilient and fundamentally less responsive. No need to look further than the Brexit process (addressed in the book) and the global pandemic to view the validity of this critique. Cities and Regions in Crisis considers crises as the discrete shocks with which we are all so intimately familiar. Jones also presents crises from a theoretical perspective, the crisis of capitalism, associated with a discourse articulated by David Harvey and others. The book stands on a deep treatment of this economic geography literature situated within the temporal and geographic context of the UK’s regional development policy project. From regional development agencies through local enterprise partnerships, Jones takes us along the winding road of regional policy initiatives in the UK and the sustained effort to construct an industry-led, if not wholly privatized, approach to regional development policy. Of course, all of this policy change (perhaps not appropriately described as policy innovation) occurs as the country itself (and many other industrialized countries) grapple with significant and deeply structural economic transitions. In reading Cities and Regions in Crisis, it becomes clear that in the UK, attempts to manage labor market restructuring are central to the story. The laundry lists of workforce development agencies and incumbent worker programs, coupled with the overlapping efforts attempting to get the scale right for both labor market institutions and labor market interventions, are remarkable to see laid out in detail. One theme is the unwavering focus on the supply side of the labor market: skills and training. This calls to mind Doreen Massey’s prescient observation that when po","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"97 1","pages":"312 - 314"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00130095.2021.1902300","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42078116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-07DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1894923
Ilias Alami
The wager of this engaging book is that the semi-periphery of the global financial system is a privileged epistemological standpoint for generating fresh perspectives on the entanglement of (geo)po...
{"title":"Geofinance between Political and Financial Geographies: A Focus on the Semi-Periphery of the Global Financial System","authors":"Ilias Alami","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2021.1894923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2021.1894923","url":null,"abstract":"The wager of this engaging book is that the semi-periphery of the global financial system is a privileged epistemological standpoint for generating fresh perspectives on the entanglement of (geo)po...","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"97 1","pages":"309 - 311"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00130095.2021.1894923","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48446006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1897462
Silje Haus-Reve, Abigail M. Cooke, R. D. Fitjar, T. Kemeny
abstract A growing literature has shown that greater diversity among immigrants offers material benefits in terms of higher wages and productivity. One limitation of existing work is that it has considered immigrants from a given country to be homogenous. However, immigrants differ in various ways, not least in their level of assimilation. This article considers how assimilation might shape diversity’s economic effects. Intuition suggests two conflicting dynamics. Assimilation could lower barriers immigrants and natives face in interacting with one another, and thus enhance benefits. Equally, however, assimilation could reduce heuristic differences between immigrants and native-born workers, dampening spillovers from diversity. We use linked employer–employee data from Norway to test these ideas. We construct diversity indices at the regional and workplace scale to capture different aspects of assimilation, and observe how these are related to worker productivity, proxied using wages. We find that assimilation dampens externalities from immigrant diversity. Diversity among second-generation or childhood migrants offers smaller benefits than diversity in teenage or adult arrivals. Immigrants’ cultural proximity to Norway, and their experience of tertiary education in Norway, each also reduce the social return to diversity. While assimilation processes may benefit society in various ways, these findings are consistent with the idea that, by diminishing the heuristic gaps between migrants and native-born workers, integration reduces the productivity externalities derived from immigrant diversity.
{"title":"Does Assimilation Shape the Economic Value of Immigrant Diversity?","authors":"Silje Haus-Reve, Abigail M. Cooke, R. D. Fitjar, T. Kemeny","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2021.1897462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2021.1897462","url":null,"abstract":"abstract A growing literature has shown that greater diversity among immigrants offers material benefits in terms of higher wages and productivity. One limitation of existing work is that it has considered immigrants from a given country to be homogenous. However, immigrants differ in various ways, not least in their level of assimilation. This article considers how assimilation might shape diversity’s economic effects. Intuition suggests two conflicting dynamics. Assimilation could lower barriers immigrants and natives face in interacting with one another, and thus enhance benefits. Equally, however, assimilation could reduce heuristic differences between immigrants and native-born workers, dampening spillovers from diversity. We use linked employer–employee data from Norway to test these ideas. We construct diversity indices at the regional and workplace scale to capture different aspects of assimilation, and observe how these are related to worker productivity, proxied using wages. We find that assimilation dampens externalities from immigrant diversity. Diversity among second-generation or childhood migrants offers smaller benefits than diversity in teenage or adult arrivals. Immigrants’ cultural proximity to Norway, and their experience of tertiary education in Norway, each also reduce the social return to diversity. While assimilation processes may benefit society in various ways, these findings are consistent with the idea that, by diminishing the heuristic gaps between migrants and native-born workers, integration reduces the productivity externalities derived from immigrant diversity.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"97 1","pages":"117 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00130095.2021.1897462","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49513221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1894924
I. De Noni, F. Belussi
abstract The regional literature of the last decades has been characterized by an extended debate on the role of regional diversification compared to specialization as a driver of innovation. In this context, the smart specialization framework has recently developed a balanced perspective by emphasizing the role of related diversification of the regional portfolio. Nevertheless, most of the empirical research on the topic has investigated the intensity rather than relevance of technological progress. This article contributes to this framework by exploring the breakthrough performance of European regions. In particular, by focusing on industry–region pairs in place of regions as a whole, the article attempts to claim that the ability to produce breakthrough inventions is higher in multispecialized clustered regions, since it depends on both the specialization of industries and the technological relatedness to the clustered industries of the region. The implications at the level of regional policies are huge, given that the potential of unrelated competitive industries might remain largely unexploited, and diversification in related, although not competitive, industries risks being unprofitable.
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Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1885294
Paula Prenzel, S. Iammarino
Abstract Human capital investments are frequently suggested as a policy measure to cope with smaller and older labor forces caused by demographic change across Europe. However, the availability and composition of human capital is fundamentally intertwined with demographic structures, especially at a regional level. This article analyzes how aging is related to the regional composition of human capital for German regions between 2000 and 2010. The findings show that labor force aging is associated with lower educational attainment and that older labor forces have higher shares of traditional vocational degrees. On a national level, education expansion still sufficiently compensates for the effects of population aging, but regional human capital composition shows distinct trends.
{"title":"Labor Force Aging and the Composition of Regional Human Capital","authors":"Paula Prenzel, S. Iammarino","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2021.1885294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2021.1885294","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Human capital investments are frequently suggested as a policy measure to cope with smaller and older labor forces caused by demographic change across Europe. However, the availability and composition of human capital is fundamentally intertwined with demographic structures, especially at a regional level. This article analyzes how aging is related to the regional composition of human capital for German regions between 2000 and 2010. The findings show that labor force aging is associated with lower educational attainment and that older labor forces have higher shares of traditional vocational degrees. On a national level, education expansion still sufficiently compensates for the effects of population aging, but regional human capital composition shows distinct trends.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"97 1","pages":"140 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00130095.2021.1885294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41499612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1920390
R. Antonietti, Sandro Montresor
abstract We propose a new approach to regional diversification that, going beyond relatedness, investigates regions’ capacity to move along different diversification trajectories. By integrating evolutionary economic geography and transition studies, we focus on the patterns of regional diversification that emerge by retaining its place and path dependence and argue that local endowment of Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) has a role in their sequential unfolding for escaping lock-in situations. Combining patent and employment data for Italian NUTS-3 regions, we run a series of ordered logit models and find that regions with more KETs knowledge are actually better able to engage in unrelated diversification trajectories but only when KETs are used by other local technologies.
{"title":"Going beyond Relatedness: Regional Diversification Trajectories and Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) in Italian Regions","authors":"R. Antonietti, Sandro Montresor","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2021.1920390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2021.1920390","url":null,"abstract":"abstract We propose a new approach to regional diversification that, going beyond relatedness, investigates regions’ capacity to move along different diversification trajectories. By integrating evolutionary economic geography and transition studies, we focus on the patterns of regional diversification that emerge by retaining its place and path dependence and argue that local endowment of Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) has a role in their sequential unfolding for escaping lock-in situations. Combining patent and employment data for Italian NUTS-3 regions, we run a series of ordered logit models and find that regions with more KETs knowledge are actually better able to engage in unrelated diversification trajectories but only when KETs are used by other local technologies.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":"97 1","pages":"187 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00130095.2021.1920390","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48045197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1888642
Helen X. H. Bao
Becky Tunstall’s new book, The Fall and Rise of Social Housing: 100 Years on 20 Estates, makes a good companion to Edward Glaeser’s Triumph of the City (2011). While Glaeser demonstrated that the concentration of urban poor is not necessarily negative, Tunstall shows the flip side of the coin: managing and assisting urban disadvantaged groups through public housing projects is a challenging and costly undertaking. Starting with a 1984 study of twenty unpopular council estates that eventually turned into a study of nineteen mostly somewhat less popular than average mixed-tenure neighborhoods, Tunstall takes her readers on a fascinating journey of the social housing history in the UK. The book consists of three parts. The five chapters in part I give background information about data and research methods. Tunstall admitted that the sample in this book is not representative of the public housing stock in the UK. Specifically, the twenty estates are located in urban areas with high proportions of social housing and working-class residents as well as high rates of deprivation. “These areas were disproportionally affected by destructuralisation, unemployment and loss of population over the 20th century” (p. 294). Therefore, from a public policy point of view, it is an important sample to study. Although Tunstall briefly mentioned the key findings in chapter 1 and summarized the analysis in chapters 2 and 3, she included just enough information for readers to understand the structure and scope of her analysis, yet still keep them curious about the rest of the book. In the second part of the book, nearly forty years’ worth of research findings are vividly and systematically illustrated through the lived experience of sitting tenants and estate managers as well as the author’s personal observations. The nine chapters in this part provide detailed qualitative and quantitative evidence of the twenty estates on seven important dimensions of estates’ problem and success, and residents’ experiences: housing quality, safety and order, popularity, resident social mix, access to opportunities, housing survival, and housing tenure. Tunstall adopted an impartial position when presenting a wealth of empirical evidence in this part of the book. She left room for reader to process the information and to form their assessment of the evidence before presenting her own analysis in part III. It is intriguing and engaging to go through nearly two hundred pages without encountering any strong opinions from the author. Part III of the book drives home the key arguments made in chapter 1. While her way of collecting and presenting empirical evidence is similar to Jane Jacob’s groundlevel-view approach (1961), Tunstall’s analytical style is close to Glaeser’s (Scott 2012). Specifically, Tunstall did not study social housing in isolation; instead, she assesses the failures and successes of these estates “in the context of changes that affected society, housing and social housin
贝基·汤斯顿（Becky Tunstall）的新书《社会住房的兴衰：20个庄园的100年》（The Fall and Rise of Social Housing:100 Years on 20 Estates）是爱德华·格莱泽（Edward Glaeser）的《城市的胜利》（2011）的好伙伴。虽然Glaeser证明了城市穷人的集中并不一定是负面的，但Tunstall展示了硬币的另一面：通过公共住房项目管理和帮助城市弱势群体是一项具有挑战性且成本高昂的事业。1984年，汤斯顿对20个不受欢迎的议会庄园进行了研究，最终对19个大多不如平均水平的混合保有制社区进行了研究。汤斯顿带领读者踏上了英国社会住房历史的迷人旅程。这本书由三部分组成。第一部分共分五章，分别介绍了研究的背景资料和研究方法。汤斯顿承认，本书中的样本并不能代表英国的公共住房存量。具体而言，这20个庄园位于社会住房和工人阶级居民比例高、贫困率高的城市地区。“这些地区在20世纪受到了破坏、失业和人口流失的不成比例的影响”（第294页）。因此，从公共政策的角度来看，这是一个重要的研究样本。尽管汤斯顿在第一章中简要提到了关键发现，并在第二章和第三章中总结了分析结果，但她提供的信息足以让读者理解她的分析结构和范围，但仍让他们对本书的其余部分感到好奇。在本书的第二部分，通过现任租户和房地产经理的生活经历以及作者的个人观察，生动而系统地阐述了近四十年的研究成果。本部分的九章提供了20个屋苑关于屋苑问题和成功以及居民体验的七个重要方面的详细定性和定量证据：住房质量、安全和秩序、受欢迎程度、居民社会混合、获得机会、住房生存和住房保有权。汤斯顿在本书的这一部分提供了大量的经验证据，他采取了公正的立场。她给读者留下了处理信息和形成他们对证据的评估的空间，然后在第三部分中介绍她自己的分析。在阅读近200页的过程中，没有遇到作者的任何强烈意见，这很有趣，也很吸引人。这本书的第三部分将第一章中提出的关键论点带回家。虽然她收集和呈现经验证据的方式与简·雅各布的基层观点方法（1961年）相似，但汤斯顿的分析风格与格拉泽的（斯科特，2012年）相似。具体而言，汤斯顿并没有孤立地研究社会住房；相反，她评估了这些房地产的失败和成功，“在房地产寿命期间，这些变化影响了全国范围内的社会、住房和社会住房”（第246页）。她认为，“对成功的评估不仅取决于所考虑的层面，以及谁在做出判断，还取决于何时做出判断”（第291页），“遗产层面和地方变化需要根据国家层面的变化进行重新调整”（第286页）。这些社会屋的下跌主要是EC O N O M IC G EO G R A PH Y
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Pub Date : 2021-01-20DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2020.1855973
Juan M. Del Nido
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