Pub Date : 2021-08-08DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1944095
E. Sheppard
Over the past decade, Anglophone geographic political economy has experienced a renewed interest in long-dormant theories of land rent, alongside a growing interest in intellectual property, resources, financialization, infrastructure, and platform capitalism. If this seems a disparate list, Brett Christophers’s Rentier Capitalism begs to differ. Taking the UK as his case study, with an eye on broader developments, he argues that late neoliberal North Atlantic capitalism is now about assets, not commodities—speculation, not profit making—and that these are all assets. Assets as a concept is conspicuous by its absence from theorizations of the capitalist space economy. Marx rarely uses it, only in reference to money, and Karl Polanyi famously dubbed land and money fictitious commodities. Setting out to challenge such conceptual marginalization, Rentier Capitalism makes important contributions to theory, empirics, and policy. Christophers defines assets as scarce items essential to capitalism; privately owned assets “endow the owner with the capacity to generate future income” (p. xvi): rent, “derived from possession or control of scarce assets under conditions of limited or no competition” (p. xvii). Asset holders are rentiers, making money from owning things not producing them. Landlords and land rent come immediately to mind for geographers; Christophers’s major theoretical contribution is to greatly expand such limited thinking. In successive chapters, extending arguments in his preceding books, he argues that assets include financial instruments, natural resources, intellectual property, platform data, contracts, and infrastructure, as well as land. Contracts, beloved of mainstream economists, seem part and parcel of commodity production and exchange, yet Christophers argues that these are also valuable assets because of the future cash flows they make possible. If we are willing to buy even aspects of his typology, this suggests that economic geographers’ focus on land when theorizing rent needs rethinking. Empirically, Christophers examines the growth of each asset class in the UK, documenting its growth, rentier institutions, how UK neoliberalizing state policy accelerated assetization of the economy by subsidizing rentiers, and its association with widening class inequality. He combines a variety of statistical sources with analysis of tax codes and policy documents, leavened by investigative reporting into key asset-holding firms and individuals. He reveals the UK economy as paradigmatic of rentier capitalism: “dominated by sectors in which rentierism is a significant factor” (p. 17); real estate contributes more than twice as much to the national economy as any other economic sector. Noting how falling economic growth rates and rising inequality accompanied this assetization, the Coda lists four policy interventions to counteract rentier capitalism: antimonopoly regulation, tax policies targeting rents and incentivizing nonrentier activi
在过去的十年里，英语国家的地理政治经济学对长期休眠的地租理论重新产生了兴趣，同时对知识产权、资源、金融化、基础设施和平台资本主义也越来越感兴趣。如果这似乎是一个完全不同的列表，那么布雷特·克里斯托弗斯的《出租资本主义》就另当别论了。他以英国为例，着眼于更广泛的发展，认为晚期新自由主义北大西洋资本主义现在是关于资产，而不是商品——投机，而不是盈利——这些都是资产。资产作为一个概念在资本主义空间经济理论中的缺失是显而易见的。马克思很少使用它，只在提到金钱时使用，卡尔·波兰尼著名地将土地和金钱称为虚构的商品。为了挑战这种概念边缘化，Rentier资本主义在理论、经验和政策方面做出了重要贡献。Christophers将资产定义为资本主义必不可少的稀缺物品；私有资产“赋予所有者产生未来收入的能力”（第xvi页）：租金，“在有限或没有竞争的条件下拥有或控制稀缺资产”（第x vii页）。资产持有者是租房者，他们通过拥有而不是生产东西来赚钱。地理学家立刻想到地主和地租；Christophers的主要理论贡献是极大地扩展了这种有限的思维。在接下来的章节中，他扩展了前几本书中的论点，认为资产包括金融工具、自然资源、知识产权、平台数据、合同、基础设施以及土地。受主流经济学家喜爱的合同似乎是商品生产和交换的一部分，但Christophers认为，这些合同也是有价值的资产，因为它们使未来的现金流成为可能。如果我们愿意购买他的类型学的哪怕一个方面，这表明经济地理学家在理论租金时对土地的关注需要重新思考。根据经验，Christophers研究了英国每种资产类别的增长，记录了其增长、租房者制度、英国新自由主义国家政策如何通过补贴租房者加速经济资产化，以及它与阶级不平等加剧的关系。他将各种统计来源与税法和政策文件的分析相结合，并通过对关键资产控股公司和个人的调查报告进行了分析。他揭示了英国经济是租房资本主义的典范：“由租房主义是一个重要因素的部门主导”（第17页）；房地产对国民经济的贡献是其他经济部门的两倍多。Coda指出，经济增长率下降和不平等加剧伴随着这种资产化，列出了四项政策干预措施来对抗租房资本主义：反垄断监管、针对租金和激励非必要活动的税收政策、塑造投资优先事项的工业化政策（突然提上了英国和美国的议程）、，以及资产所有权的非集中化和重新国有化。只有最后一项建议意味着“远离资本主义”（第408页）。Christophers对国家领土经济进行了有力而有说服力的诊断，这是新自由主义的领军人物。他的作品为广大观众所接受，他告诉了一个扣人心弦的故事。与大多数地理学专著不同，这是一本引人入胜的书，英国经济分析师对此进行了突出讨论。这使得租赁资本主义BO O K R EV EW
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Pub Date : 2021-08-08DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1939007
Andrew Warren, Chrissie Gibson
abstract Capitalist commodities have a necessary but overlooked accompaniment: aftermarkets. Aftermarkets are conventionally understood as secondary commercial transactions linked to commodity consumption and circulation. Yet for many products with accelerating design complexity, tighter regulation, growing debt financing, safety, and sustainability concerns, the action is in aftermarkets. Following feminist economic geography’s recognition of betweenness and messiness, we theorize commodities and their aftermarkets beyond the production-consumption binary. Three themes emerge. First, purchased commodities are far from finished. Commodification remains ongoing after exchange, with actors tussling over value extraction. Second, beyond transactional conceptions, aftermarkets are the loci of ongoing social relations, especially for products essential to life opportunities. Manufacturers manipulate time horizons, locking consumers into relationships while encouraging subsequent sales and preconfiguring second-hand aftermarkets. Third, commodities are imbricated in multidirectional power geometries, embodying informational, technological, financial, and labor relations that evolve in everyday circulation, use, decay, and waste. We illustrate via automobiles and their aftermarkets, visiting spaces at the production-consumption interface. Cars are increasingly embedded with digital technologies and noninterchangeable components, enabling firms to coordinate aftermarkets, marginalize independent operators, harvest driver information, and predict profits. Meanwhile, car dependencies among vulnerable households are exploited. Inequalities and conflicts unfurl between competing capitalist interests, regulators, and households across the income spectrum. Mediating social relations are predatory finance, calculative designs, data platforms, and technological rents. Commodities, we conclude, are unfinished. Aftermarkets must figure more prominently in economic geography, as important arenas of value creation suffused with uneven social relations.
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Pub Date : 2021-08-08DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1945435
Darius Ornston
abstract The Waterloo region in Canada has emerged as an unlikely competitor in high-technology markets, challenging theories based on path dependency, population density, anchor firms, and military spending. While theorists and residents attribute the rise of high-technology entrepreneurship to cooperation, evidence of collaboration is sparse. This article resolves this puzzle by explaining how ideas can coordinate action in loosely coupled systems. Dense, cross-cutting civic networks may not have supported task-specific cooperation, but they facilitated the construction and diffusion of collective narratives. Conventionally understood to leverage locational assets, the Waterloo case demonstrates how storytelling can also soften geographic constraints. Success stories inspired entrepreneurs by reconceptualizing what was possible, peer-to-peer mentoring helped firms to navigate local constraints, and external marketing enabled the region to access resources it could not mobilize internally. By documenting the importance of storytelling as a form of collective action, the Waterloo case illuminates a broader array of strategies available to local change agents and smaller regions.
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Pub Date : 2021-08-06DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1959313
Seamus Grimes
In Decoding China’s Export Miracle, Xing’s objective is to explain how a developing country like China became a leading exporter of high-technology products to international markets, in the process...
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Pub Date : 2021-07-20DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1948326
C. Schulz
This intriguing handbook is based on scholarly cooperation in the Community Economies Research Network (CERN, almost three hundred members) and thus the fruit of a long-standing engagement with the various articulations of alternative economies in many parts of the world. Overall, sixty-eight authors contributed to the fifty-eight chapters, mirroring not only the thematic variegation but also the international multiplicity of today’s diverse economies scholarship, originating from all continents and ranging from university scholars over community activists to different kinds of practitioners. The admitted predominance of Australasian-based contributors appears only natural given that the diverse economies scholarship emanated from J. K. Gibson-Graham’s pioneering work since the end of the 1990s, leading to its current hubs around the coeditors’ home institutions, that is, the Western Sydney University, Australia, and the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. The handbook is clearly structured into seven parts, five of which are topical and two transversal. The latter include a section on methodological perspectives and specific challenges of diverse economies research as well as a similarly intriguing section that clarifies and conceptualizes the notion of subjectivity in more-thancapitalist economic practices. The topical parts take a sectoral though integrative look at possible thematic perspectives on diverse economies: enterprise, labor, transactions, property, finance. All parts start with a framing essay, elegantly synthesizing the conceptual underpinnings of diverse economies research and practice in the given realm. These essays themselves can both be read as stand-alone conceptual papers building on the state of the art and suggesting research agendas, and can be understood as an introduction into the subsequent contributions dealing with subsectors or with regional case studies. The section on labor, for example, is introduced by a compelling deconstruction of waged labor that seeks to “unravel the fullest set of possibilities for how work is constructed” (p. 126). The framing essay is followed by empirical insights into precarious labor in Russia, informal and unpaid labor in UK households, feminist economic activism related to paid and unpaid labor, care work, informal mining labor around Manila, and migrant women’s labor in Ghana. The section also comprises an inspiring chapter on nonhuman labor, that is, the diverse contributions of Earth Others to planetary livelihood, pleading for overcoming a human-focused perspective on nature, and thus making a clear distinction compared to the notion of ecosystem services. Another section of particular interest for economic geographers is the one on the enterprise. The framing essay opens the reader’s eyes for a look beyond the formal corporation and its market transactions, and hence challenges the capitalocentric framings of many strong theories in economic geography research. The essay del
这本有趣的手册是基于社区经济研究网络(CERN，近300名成员)的学术合作，因此是世界许多地区长期参与各种替代经济的成果。总体而言，68位作者为58个章节做出了贡献，不仅反映了主题的多样性，而且反映了当今多元化经济奖学金的国际多样性，这些奖学金来自各大洲，从大学学者到社区活动家再到不同类型的实践者。考虑到自20世纪90年代末以来，多元经济研究源于J. K. Gibson-Graham的开创性工作，导致其目前的中心围绕共同编辑的家乡机构，即澳大利亚的西悉尼大学和新西兰的坎特伯雷大学，澳大利亚的贡献者占主导地位似乎是很自然的。该手册明确分为七个部分，其中五个是专题和两个横向。后者包括方法论观点和不同经济研究的具体挑战的部分，以及同样有趣的部分，澄清和概念化非资本主义经济实践中的主体性概念。专题部分采取一个部门，虽然综合看不同的经济可能的专题观点:企业，劳动，交易，财产，金融。所有部分都以一篇框架文章开始，优雅地综合了给定领域中不同经济体研究和实践的概念基础。这些论文本身既可以作为独立的概念性论文来阅读，这些论文建立在最新技术的基础上，并提出了研究议程，也可以被理解为对后续涉及分部门或区域案例研究的贡献的介绍。例如，关于劳动的部分是通过对有偿劳动的令人信服的解构来引入的，这种解构试图“揭示工作是如何构建的最充分的可能性”(第126页)。框架文章之后是对俄罗斯不稳定劳动的实证见解，英国家庭中的非正式和无偿劳动，与有偿和无偿劳动相关的女权主义经济活动，护理工作，马尼拉周围的非正式采矿劳动以及加纳的移民妇女劳动。本节还包括一个鼓舞人心的章节，关于非人类劳动，即地球他人对地球生计的各种贡献，呼吁克服以人类为中心的自然观点，从而与生态系统服务的概念进行明确区分。经济地理学家特别感兴趣的另一部分是关于企业的。这篇框架文章打开了读者的眼睛，让他们看到了正式公司及其市场交易之外的东西，从而挑战了经济地理学研究中许多强有力的理论中以资本为中心的框架。这篇文章有意地包括了各种各样的合作社、社区经济和其他可选择的和混合的组织，它仔细考察了企业存在的更广泛的条件，提出了一种关系本体，“有助于打破企业作为单一约束单位的观念”(第35页)。本节的后续章节处理BO O K R EV EW
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Pub Date : 2021-07-09DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1949280
Heather Whiteside
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Pub Date : 2021-06-24DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1933937
J. M. Kleibert
Abstract The role of higher education institutions as active agents of globalization and marketization remains relatively little explored. Economic geographic perspectives are particularly well placed to investigate globalizing higher education as an important economic sector, in addition to its supportive role in the knowledge economy. Drawing on political economic and cultural economic perspectives on marketization and geographic fixes, the study analyzes the motivations and spatial strategies for geographic expansion of universities through the establishment of branch campuses. Based on qualitative interviews with key decision-makers of English universities, I argue that (international) branch campuses enable a range of geographic fixes for higher education institutions: a territorial fix through the geographic expansion and construction of segmented markets and a symbolic fix through the relocation of campuses to places that promise reputational gains. The rapid growth of British branch campuses abroad and domestically (in the global city of London) involve substantial financial and reputational risks and as fixes constitute only temporary stabilizations. The conceptualization of symbolic fixes, in addition to territorial fixes, may enable a more nuanced understanding of the role of space in the construction of segmented, yet relational markets that combines intersecting political economic and cultural economic logics.
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Pub Date : 2021-06-18DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1985358
Stefan Ouma
If I had to recommend one book on the contemporary political economy of Africa, it would be this one. In it, Ghanaian scholar Franklin Obeng-Odoom, probably the most prolific African political econ...
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Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1922277
Moritz Breul, Carolin Hulke, Linus Kalvelage
Abstract The emergence of new regional paths is a key topic in economic geography. While new paths are largely associated with positive regional economic outcomes, little is known about how the formation of a new industry affects other parts of the regional economy. By linking recent conceptual advancements on early path formation and interpath relationships, this article develops a framework for studying how path creation, as a result of diverse resource formation processes, can cause reformation processes of existing industries. The value of the framework is illustrated in a case study on the tourism path formation process in the Zambezi region (Namibia) and its impacts on the agricultural sector. The findings reveal how the path formation has caused new forms of intraregional inequalities as well as novel opportunities for the existing agricultural sector depending on the interpath relationship. Beyond these case study–specific findings, the results emphasize the importance of a broader perspective that goes beyond a single new path and includes nonparticipating regional actors in the analysis. Only in this way can we understand how new path creation translates into regional economic development.
{"title":"Path Formation and Reformation: Studying the Variegated Consequences of Path Creation for Regional Development","authors":"Moritz Breul, Carolin Hulke, Linus Kalvelage","doi":"10.1080/00130095.2021.1922277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2021.1922277","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The emergence of new regional paths is a key topic in economic geography. While new paths are largely associated with positive regional economic outcomes, little is known about how the formation of a new industry affects other parts of the regional economy. By linking recent conceptual advancements on early path formation and interpath relationships, this article develops a framework for studying how path creation, as a result of diverse resource formation processes, can cause reformation processes of existing industries. The value of the framework is illustrated in a case study on the tourism path formation process in the Zambezi region (Namibia) and its impacts on the agricultural sector. The findings reveal how the path formation has caused new forms of intraregional inequalities as well as novel opportunities for the existing agricultural sector depending on the interpath relationship. Beyond these case study–specific findings, the results emphasize the importance of a broader perspective that goes beyond a single new path and includes nonparticipating regional actors in the analysis. Only in this way can we understand how new path creation translates into regional economic development.","PeriodicalId":48225,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00130095.2021.1922277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45600063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2021.1931108
Frances Brill, S. Özogul
abstract Economic geography and housing studies have begun to grapple with how institutional investment operates and impacts particular cities or sites. There has been less attention to the ways in which institutional investment functions across different scales: the theorization of financialization has, to date, left unaddressed the ways in which global or international actors confront multiple scales of corporate strategy, politics, and markets. In this article we utilize a firm-level analysis to engage with the financialization of rental housing in two cities, by following a residential landlord’s entrance into professionalized private residential rental—build to rent (BTR)—markets in London and Amsterdam. Conceptually, we develop a firm-centered approach for analyzing the multiscalar nature of financing BTR to rent housing. This approach combines valuable insights from work on the firm in economic geography and critical perspectives from the wider spatial sciences, to fully grasp a firm’s behavior in relation to the wider political institutional dynamics. We reveal how the firm’s multiscalar corporate strategies interact with highly territorialized systems of regulation and governance in both cities. Despite different market dynamics in London and Amsterdam, in both cities the firm mitigates risk by entering the market via student housing; it acquires local knowledge, and it establishes meaningful connections with private local actors and policy makers. These insights, we contend, contribute to the theorization of financialization by demonstrating the multiscalar nature of the processes embedded within it.
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