Abstract In this study, we examine how organizational rules source knowledge. By knowledge sourcing of a rule, we mean the formation of reference ties from the rule to knowledge sources located outside of the focal rule. Rules can source knowledge from sources within the organization (e.g., other rules) and outside (e.g., research publications, policies, standards, etc.). Our theoretical model proposes that knowledge sourcing of rules is driven by inherent incompleteness of rules as a result of bounded rationality of rule makers and rule making process. Incomplete rules can lead to experiences of insufficient rule knowledge, termed “knowledge gaps,” which are shaped by rule dynamics at the levels of individual rules, the rule system, and rule networks. Our theoretical model leads to several hypotheses that we test with longitudinal archival data of clinical practice guideline (CPG) changes in a Canadian healthcare organization. The findings support our theoretical model of incomplete organizational rules which encounter knowledge gaps and close them through internal and external knowledge sourcing. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
{"title":"Internal versus external knowledge sourcing of organizational rules: an exploratory study of CPGs in a healthcare organization","authors":"Kejia Zhu, Martin Schulz","doi":"10.1093/icc/dtad055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtad055","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, we examine how organizational rules source knowledge. By knowledge sourcing of a rule, we mean the formation of reference ties from the rule to knowledge sources located outside of the focal rule. Rules can source knowledge from sources within the organization (e.g., other rules) and outside (e.g., research publications, policies, standards, etc.). Our theoretical model proposes that knowledge sourcing of rules is driven by inherent incompleteness of rules as a result of bounded rationality of rule makers and rule making process. Incomplete rules can lead to experiences of insufficient rule knowledge, termed “knowledge gaps,” which are shaped by rule dynamics at the levels of individual rules, the rule system, and rule networks. Our theoretical model leads to several hypotheses that we test with longitudinal archival data of clinical practice guideline (CPG) changes in a Canadian healthcare organization. The findings support our theoretical model of incomplete organizational rules which encounter knowledge gaps and close them through internal and external knowledge sourcing. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48243,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136158336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We explore the limitations of the adaptationist view of evolution and propose an alternative. While gradual adaptation can explain some biological and economic diversity, it cannot account for radical innovation (especially during the past 10,000 years). We argue that ubiquitously available but dormant “functional excess” provides the raw material for evolutionary disruptions. Harnessing this excess requires directed experimentation and what we call “protoscientific” problem solving. We highlight the implications of these arguments for evolutionary theory, including evolutionary economics and strategy.
{"title":"Disruptive evolution: harnessing functional excess, experimentation, and science as tool","authors":"Teppo Felin, Stuart Kauffman","doi":"10.1093/icc/dtad057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtad057","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We explore the limitations of the adaptationist view of evolution and propose an alternative. While gradual adaptation can explain some biological and economic diversity, it cannot account for radical innovation (especially during the past 10,000 years). We argue that ubiquitously available but dormant “functional excess” provides the raw material for evolutionary disruptions. Harnessing this excess requires directed experimentation and what we call “protoscientific” problem solving. We highlight the implications of these arguments for evolutionary theory, including evolutionary economics and strategy.","PeriodicalId":48243,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","volume":"27 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136158554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The notion of organizational routine has been at the core of behavioral and evolutionary theories in economics, management and organization studies, but has also been a source of debate and controversy. The discussion has concerned the very definition of what organizational routines are (and are not), their nature, consequences, and units of observation and analysis. In this short introductory article, we try to establish some useful common grounds which, notwithstanding the diversity of definitions and approaches, could promote future useful lines of research. We see the contributions to this special section as moving forward the research on routines in that direction.
{"title":"Organizational routines: between change and stability—Introduction to the special section","authors":"Rouslan Koumakhov, Luigi Marengo","doi":"10.1093/icc/dtad058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtad058","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The notion of organizational routine has been at the core of behavioral and evolutionary theories in economics, management and organization studies, but has also been a source of debate and controversy. The discussion has concerned the very definition of what organizational routines are (and are not), their nature, consequences, and units of observation and analysis. In this short introductory article, we try to establish some useful common grounds which, notwithstanding the diversity of definitions and approaches, could promote future useful lines of research. We see the contributions to this special section as moving forward the research on routines in that direction.","PeriodicalId":48243,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","volume":"42 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136158751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A principal argument in this paper is that the claimed discrepancy between (largely static) routines and their potentially varied behavioral outcomes derives principally from questionable definitions of routines based on (patterns of) behavior. Definitions based mainly on behaviors are often defective, partly because they evade the causal processes, mental states, and social relations that can give rise to the behavior. Instead, it is argued here that routines should be defined in terms of conditional dispositions or capacities, allowing analysis of how those capacities are acquired, developed, and triggered. With this dispositional approach, the apparent discrepancy between fixed routines and varied behaviors disappears, because fixed routines may have conditional elements that respond to different ways to different cues. It is argued that much discourse on routines is still affected by residues of behaviorist psychology, surviving long after its heyday in the 1960s, and even among some critics of these doctrines. The paper considers what a definition of a routine must entail, and it offers a suitable definition.
{"title":"How stable routines can empower varied behaviors: defining routines as organizational capacities","authors":"Geoffrey M Hodgson","doi":"10.1093/icc/dtad054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtad054","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A principal argument in this paper is that the claimed discrepancy between (largely static) routines and their potentially varied behavioral outcomes derives principally from questionable definitions of routines based on (patterns of) behavior. Definitions based mainly on behaviors are often defective, partly because they evade the causal processes, mental states, and social relations that can give rise to the behavior. Instead, it is argued here that routines should be defined in terms of conditional dispositions or capacities, allowing analysis of how those capacities are acquired, developed, and triggered. With this dispositional approach, the apparent discrepancy between fixed routines and varied behaviors disappears, because fixed routines may have conditional elements that respond to different ways to different cues. It is argued that much discourse on routines is still affected by residues of behaviorist psychology, surviving long after its heyday in the 1960s, and even among some critics of these doctrines. The paper considers what a definition of a routine must entail, and it offers a suitable definition.","PeriodicalId":48243,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract As different crowdsourcing routines (metaphorically labeled as “fishing” and “hunting” in this study) are available to address highly technical problems, solution-seeking organizations need to mindfully design, select, and deploy crowdsourcing routines that account for the behavior and motivation of experts. Drawing on a survey involving 260 experts in science, technology, engineering, and math fields, we found that elite experts (individuals with seniority, aged over 40, and a proven track record in the field with numerous publications and patents) are generally less inclined to search for crowdsourcing open calls and prefer to be contacted by solution seekers. In contrast, non-elite experts (early career experts, aged under 40, and with fewer patents and publications) actively search to find open calls. Regarding their motivational underpinnings, our findings suggest that elite experts are motivated more by non-financial incentives than non-elite experts. Furthermore, as the frequency with which they are contacted increases, non-elite experts tend to prefer more non-financial over financial incentives. These results indicate that the fishing crowdsourcing routine generally elicits solutions from unproven, non-elite experts who demand more financial rewards. However, the hunting routine taps a pool of elite experts with proven capabilities who are less financially oriented and thus may provide better, yet less expensive solutions.
{"title":"Crowdsourcing routines: the behavioral and motivational underpinnings of expert participation","authors":"Mehdi Bagherzadeh, Andrei Gurca, Rezvan Velayati","doi":"10.1093/icc/dtad056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtad056","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As different crowdsourcing routines (metaphorically labeled as “fishing” and “hunting” in this study) are available to address highly technical problems, solution-seeking organizations need to mindfully design, select, and deploy crowdsourcing routines that account for the behavior and motivation of experts. Drawing on a survey involving 260 experts in science, technology, engineering, and math fields, we found that elite experts (individuals with seniority, aged over 40, and a proven track record in the field with numerous publications and patents) are generally less inclined to search for crowdsourcing open calls and prefer to be contacted by solution seekers. In contrast, non-elite experts (early career experts, aged under 40, and with fewer patents and publications) actively search to find open calls. Regarding their motivational underpinnings, our findings suggest that elite experts are motivated more by non-financial incentives than non-elite experts. Furthermore, as the frequency with which they are contacted increases, non-elite experts tend to prefer more non-financial over financial incentives. These results indicate that the fishing crowdsourcing routine generally elicits solutions from unproven, non-elite experts who demand more financial rewards. However, the hunting routine taps a pool of elite experts with proven capabilities who are less financially oriented and thus may provide better, yet less expensive solutions.","PeriodicalId":48243,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","volume":"2 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136317157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Alliance partners must address goal conflicts to improve performance. Structural solutions to conflict emphasize alliance governance mechanisms like contracts, authority, and control structures, overlooking the role of individual actors and thus limiting our understanding of how alliance participants manage conflict. To address this, we introduce the concept of routine regulation and use the Fiat–Tata alliance to illustrate our insights and explore the microfoundations of organizational conflict through a process perspective, focusing on what participants actually do to balance goal conflicts.
{"title":"Routine regulation as a source for managing conflict within alliances: an integrative framework","authors":"Bryan Spencer, Carlo Salvato, Claus Rerup","doi":"10.1093/icc/dtad059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtad059","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Alliance partners must address goal conflicts to improve performance. Structural solutions to conflict emphasize alliance governance mechanisms like contracts, authority, and control structures, overlooking the role of individual actors and thus limiting our understanding of how alliance participants manage conflict. To address this, we introduce the concept of routine regulation and use the Fiat–Tata alliance to illustrate our insights and explore the microfoundations of organizational conflict through a process perspective, focusing on what participants actually do to balance goal conflicts.","PeriodicalId":48243,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136317687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An enduring trait of modern corporations is their propensity to diversify into multiple lines of business. Penrosian theories conceptualize diversification as a strategy to exploit a firm’s fungible, yet “untradeable,” resources and point to the redeployment of technological know-how as an important driver thereof. However, less understood are the characteristics of technological assets that underlie firms’ diversification decisions and the impact that diversification has on firms’ subsequent development of technologies. In this paper, we expand the existing theories in two ways. First, we argue that central to understanding firms’ diversification decisions is a distinction between their technological assets that are applicable to many markets and ones that are useful in only a limited number of contexts. To this end, we develop a novel way to characterize technologies along a continuum from highly general-purpose to highly market-specific. Second, we explore empirically the idea that diversification is an adaptive learning process involving both the exploitation of existing capabilities and the creation of novel ones. Using data on three decades of patenting and diversification histories of 28,376 firms, we find that (i) a firm’s possession of general-purpose technological assets is positively associated with its decision to diversify and (II) firms that enter a new industry through diversification develop technologies that are specialized to the target industry. Our findings have implications for understanding firm growth, diversification, and evolution.
{"title":"Diversification as an adaptive learning process: an empirical study of general-purpose and market-specific technological know-how in new market entry","authors":"Dominika Kinga Randle, Gary Paul Pisano","doi":"10.1093/icc/dtad052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtad052","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An enduring trait of modern corporations is their propensity to diversify into multiple lines of business. Penrosian theories conceptualize diversification as a strategy to exploit a firm’s fungible, yet “untradeable,” resources and point to the redeployment of technological know-how as an important driver thereof. However, less understood are the characteristics of technological assets that underlie firms’ diversification decisions and the impact that diversification has on firms’ subsequent development of technologies. In this paper, we expand the existing theories in two ways. First, we argue that central to understanding firms’ diversification decisions is a distinction between their technological assets that are applicable to many markets and ones that are useful in only a limited number of contexts. To this end, we develop a novel way to characterize technologies along a continuum from highly general-purpose to highly market-specific. Second, we explore empirically the idea that diversification is an adaptive learning process involving both the exploitation of existing capabilities and the creation of novel ones. Using data on three decades of patenting and diversification histories of 28,376 firms, we find that (i) a firm’s possession of general-purpose technological assets is positively associated with its decision to diversify and (II) firms that enter a new industry through diversification develop technologies that are specialized to the target industry. Our findings have implications for understanding firm growth, diversification, and evolution.","PeriodicalId":48243,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","volume":"BME-31 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135218550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giovanni Bonaccolto, Giulio Pedrini, Giuseppina Talamo
Abstract This paper revisits the ongoing discussion on the concept of industrial relatedness by applying it to manufacturing industries in urban areas. The analysis uses a sample of firms operating in the Brussels Capital Region area and observed over the period 2009–2015. Based on a two-step quantile regression, results show that industrial relatedness is the agglomeration force that mostly sustains the performance of urban manufacturing, whereas this is not the case for other types of agglomeration externalities. Moreover, among the measures of industrial relatedness, the input–output relationship matters more than product similarity in the perspective of a relocation of manufacturing firms in urban areas.
{"title":"Urban manufacturing and the role of industrial relatedness in sustaining it: the case of the Brussels Capital Region","authors":"Giovanni Bonaccolto, Giulio Pedrini, Giuseppina Talamo","doi":"10.1093/icc/dtad051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtad051","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper revisits the ongoing discussion on the concept of industrial relatedness by applying it to manufacturing industries in urban areas. The analysis uses a sample of firms operating in the Brussels Capital Region area and observed over the period 2009–2015. Based on a two-step quantile regression, results show that industrial relatedness is the agglomeration force that mostly sustains the performance of urban manufacturing, whereas this is not the case for other types of agglomeration externalities. Moreover, among the measures of industrial relatedness, the input–output relationship matters more than product similarity in the perspective of a relocation of manufacturing firms in urban areas.","PeriodicalId":48243,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135823954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The impact of the technological regime, defined in terms of appropriability, cumulativeness, and opportunity conditions on firms, has been examined in multiple studies. Within the analysis of technological regimes, firm entry has been of consistent interest due to its implications on competition and how firms may decide to enter an industry. However, studies show that two sources of nonlinearities warrant closer inspection, which could be achieved by looking at the entry of individual firms. The first is the interaction effects of the various dimensions of technological regimes. Their relevance is supported by both theoretical and empirical evidence, the analysis of which could be valuable for identifying the mechanisms behind the relationship between the technological regime and firm entry. Another is the role heterogeneity among entrants plays on the impact of the technological regime on firm entry, which has been found to be an important factor in many other aspects of firm behavior. This study thus aims to examine these two sources of nonlinearities, which can have significant implications for both firm strategy and policy.
{"title":"The technological regime and barriers to entry","authors":"Sung Hoon Lee","doi":"10.1093/icc/dtad048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtad048","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The impact of the technological regime, defined in terms of appropriability, cumulativeness, and opportunity conditions on firms, has been examined in multiple studies. Within the analysis of technological regimes, firm entry has been of consistent interest due to its implications on competition and how firms may decide to enter an industry. However, studies show that two sources of nonlinearities warrant closer inspection, which could be achieved by looking at the entry of individual firms. The first is the interaction effects of the various dimensions of technological regimes. Their relevance is supported by both theoretical and empirical evidence, the analysis of which could be valuable for identifying the mechanisms behind the relationship between the technological regime and firm entry. Another is the role heterogeneity among entrants plays on the impact of the technological regime on firm entry, which has been found to be an important factor in many other aspects of firm behavior. This study thus aims to examine these two sources of nonlinearities, which can have significant implications for both firm strategy and policy.","PeriodicalId":48243,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135993804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this contribution, we propose machine learning techniques to predict zombie firms. First, we derive the risk of failure by training and testing our algorithms on disclosed financial information and nonrandom missing values of 304,906 firms active in Italy from 2008 to 2017. We then identify the highest financial distress conditional on predictions that lie above a threshold for which a combination of the false positive rate (false prediction of firm failure) and the false negative rate (false prediction of active firms) is minimized. Therefore, we identify zombies as firms that remain in financial distress, i.e., whose forecasts fall into the risk category above the threshold for at least three consecutive years. To this end, we implement a gradient boosting algorithm (XGBoost) that exploits information about missing values. The inclusion of missing values in our prediction model is crucial because patterns of undisclosed accounts are correlated with firm failure. Finally, we show that our preferred machine learning algorithm outperforms (i) proxy models such as Z-scores and the distance-to-default, (ii) traditional econometric methods, and (iii) other widely used machine learning techniques. We provide evidence that zombies are less productive and smaller on average and that they tend to increase in times of crisis. Finally, we argue that our application can help financial institutions and public authorities design evidence-based policies—e.g., optimal bankruptcy laws and information disclosure policies.
{"title":"Machine learning for zombie hunting: predicting distress from firms’ accounts and missing values","authors":"Falco J Bargagli-Stoffi, Fabio Incerti, Massimo Riccaboni, Armando Rungi","doi":"10.1093/icc/dtad049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtad049","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this contribution, we propose machine learning techniques to predict zombie firms. First, we derive the risk of failure by training and testing our algorithms on disclosed financial information and nonrandom missing values of 304,906 firms active in Italy from 2008 to 2017. We then identify the highest financial distress conditional on predictions that lie above a threshold for which a combination of the false positive rate (false prediction of firm failure) and the false negative rate (false prediction of active firms) is minimized. Therefore, we identify zombies as firms that remain in financial distress, i.e., whose forecasts fall into the risk category above the threshold for at least three consecutive years. To this end, we implement a gradient boosting algorithm (XGBoost) that exploits information about missing values. The inclusion of missing values in our prediction model is crucial because patterns of undisclosed accounts are correlated with firm failure. Finally, we show that our preferred machine learning algorithm outperforms (i) proxy models such as Z-scores and the distance-to-default, (ii) traditional econometric methods, and (iii) other widely used machine learning techniques. We provide evidence that zombies are less productive and smaller on average and that they tend to increase in times of crisis. Finally, we argue that our application can help financial institutions and public authorities design evidence-based policies—e.g., optimal bankruptcy laws and information disclosure policies.","PeriodicalId":48243,"journal":{"name":"Industrial and Corporate Change","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136077348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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