Journal of Business and Psychology最新文献

Supervisor support is widely studied in the organizational literature, yet existing measures tend to exclusively focus on either the provision or the seeking of support, while overlooking instances where employees seek support but do not receive it – an experience termed unanswered supervisor support (USS). In Study 1 (N = 312 employees), we developed a measure of the experience of USS and examined its reliability and validity. In Study 2, we provided further support for the measure and, using a diary methodology, examined daily fluctuations in the experience and consequences of USS. Drawing from self-determination theory, we expected that need satisfaction and frustration would mediate the effects of USS on emotional exhaustion, perceived leadership effectiveness, and helping behavior. For five workdays, 199 employees completed a survey at the end of each workday. As predicted, on days when employees experienced USS, they had greater need frustration and emotional exhaustion. They also had lower need satisfaction and perceived their supervisor as a less effective leader. The association between USS and emotional exhaustion was mediated by need frustration – in particular, frustration of the needs for competence and relatedness. Further analyses showed that relatedness frustration mediated the effects of USS on employees’ perceptions of their leader’s effectiveness. The experience of USS in daily work life has implications for employees’ well-being and the way they perceive their supervisor. Thus, employees, supervisors, and organizations need to be aware of the impact of USS and how to prevent and manage its occurrence.

Abstract

In these politically polarizing times, we suggest that political diversity (having both conservative and liberal employees) has implications for organizational culture and value satisfaction, primarily when political ingroup-outgroup identities are salient (i.e., U.S. Presidential elections). To test these organizational-level relationships over time, we obtain publicly available archival data for 15 years (four election cycles from 2008 to 2022) for Standard & Poor’s 100 U.S. organizations. During years when organizations had greater political diversity (based on employee donations to politically affiliated groups), their employees tended to report less satisfaction with the organization’s culture and values (based on Glassdoor ratings) than when organizations had less political diversity, controlling for variables like size and political leaning of the organization. Further, time-varying effect modeling (TVEM) shows stronger inflections for the effect of political diversity on dissatisfaction during the 2008, 2012, and 2016 Presidential election years, consistent with the idea that outgroup hostility becomes stronger when political identities are salient. The effect of political diversity diminished in 2020 in contrast to our predictions. However, the pattern of effects continues to follow our model and theoretical assumptions because the prevalent work-from-home requirements during the pandemic likely made political dissimilarities less salient and divisive. Overall, the costs to organizational culture and value satisfaction call for policies addressing political outgroup bias at work during election years.

Work is closely intertwined with employees' sleep quantity and quality, with consequences for well-being and productivity. Yet despite the conceptualization of sleep health as a multidimensional pattern of various sleep characteristics, little is known about workers' experiences of the diverse range of sleep health dimensions (e.g., sleep regularity, daytime alertness, and sleep efficiency in addition to quantity and quality) proposed by contemporary frameworks. The present study integrates modern sleep frameworks with the Job Demands-Control-Support Model to describe common multidimensional sleep health phenotypes among employees and their associations with job characteristics. Across two national samples (N ₁ = 2353; N ₂ = 1260) of working adults from the Midlife in the United States study, latent class analysis indicated three common sleep health phenotypes: (1) good sleepers who exhibit good sleep across all dimensions, (2) catch-up sleepers who sleep longer on non-workdays and shorter on workdays but exhibit otherwise good sleep, and (3) short, dissatisfied, inefficient, and irregular sleepers (SDIIs) who were suboptimal across four of the five measured sleep health dimensions. Good sleepers reported low job demands, high control, and high support (similar to a low-strain job). Catch-up sleepers reported high job control and moderate demands and support (similar to an active job). SDIIs reported high demands, low control, and low support (similar to a high-strain job). We discuss implications for job characteristics theories, sleep health frameworks, and practical management of employee sleep when measured as a multidimensional pattern of sleep health experiences.

The extant leader-member exchange (LMX) literature holds that LMX and LMX differentiation have various consequences on the focal employees’ work-related outcomes. Since the levels of LMX might change as a result of exchanges in work interactions, scholars recently have raised the importance of adopting a more dynamic view in this literature. With the present research, we aim to examine the relationship between the change of LMX, the change of relative LMX (RLMX), and work-related effort. In particular, we focus on the concurrent effects of LMX-and-RLMX changes on the focal employees’ work-related efforts. Drawing on self-regulation theories, we propose that LMX trajectories and RLMX trajectories serve as two independent feedback loop forms regarding the attainability of achieving favorable LMX within teams, which jointly affect the focal employee work efforts. We collected multi-wave and multisource data from 328 employees in 42 workgroups and archival records from an insurance call center. The results indicated that negative LMX change was correlated with higher effort (i.e., the number of calls). Moreover, polynomial regression and response surface analyses revealed a positive relationship between follower LMX–RLMX change incompatibility and work effort. Our dual-dynamic model indicates the importance of considering concurrent changes in both LMX and RLMX to understand better the dynamic processes and outcomes of LMX in work teams.

Consistent with recent developments, we question the validity of trait neuroticism (N) and conscientiousness (C) as antecedents of psychological contract breach (PCB) and violation feelings. We investigate how key mediating (i.e., approach/avoidance goals) and moderating (i.e., emotion regulation strategies) mechanisms of the personality-PCB relationship operate over time. In Study 1 (550 observations), state N or C was associated positively with PCB and state N was associated positively with violation feelings. In study 2 (394 observations), state N was positively related to momentary avoidance goals, which in turn were related negatively to PCB and related positively to violation feelings. Moreover, suppression moderated the latter relationship; as suppression increased, the relationship between avoidance goals and violation feelings grew stronger. In contrast, state C was related positively to approach goals, which in turn were related positively to PCB and negatively to violation feelings. We discuss implications for theory and practice.

Interest in the influence of paradoxical leadership in organizations is increasing. We explore whether such a leadership style can truly benefit organizations by examining the effects of paradoxical leadership on a wide spectrum of types of employee performance (i.e., team performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and counterproductive workplace behavior) through group harmony. Using a sample of 195 bank employees and their 39 managers, we find support for our hypothesized multilevel model. Specifically, the analyses show that paradoxical leadership has a significant, positive impact on group harmony. Group harmony mediates the positive effect of paradoxical leadership on team performance and employees’ organizational citizenship behavior, as well as the negative effect of paradoxical leadership on employees’ counterproductive work behavior. We discuss how these findings contribute to the theory and practice of paradoxical leadership.

Abstract

Employees who perceive their supervisors to listen well enjoy multiple benefits, including enhanced well-being. However, concerns regarding the construct validity of perceived-listening measures raise doubts about such conclusions. The perception of listening quality may reflect two factors: constructive and destructive listening, which may converge with desired (e.g., humility) and undesired (e.g., rudeness) supervisor-subordinate relationship behaviors, respectively, and both may converge with relationship quality (e.g., trust). Therefore, we assessed the convergent validity of four perceived listening measures and their divergent validity with eight measures of supervisor-subordinate relationship behaviors, eight relationship-quality measures, and a criterion measure of well-being. Using data from 2,038 subordinates, we calculated the disattenuated correlations and profile similarities among these measures. The results supported convergent but not divergent validity: 58.7% (12.6%) of the correlations expected to diverge had confidence intervals with upper limits above 0.80 (0.90), and 20% of their profile-similarity indices were close to 1. To probe these correlations, we ran a factor analysis revealing good and poor relationship factors and an exploratory graph analysis identifying three clusters: positive and negative relationship behaviors and relationship quality. A post-hoc analysis indicated that relationship-quality mediates the effect of the positive and negative behaviors on well-being. The results demonstrate the challenge of differentiating the perception of listening from commonly used supervisor-subordinate relationship constructs, and cast doubts on the divergent validity of many constructs of interest in Organizational Behavior. However, using the “sibling” constructs framework may allow disentangling these highly correlated relationship constructs, conceptually and empirically.

Prior research demonstrates that overconfident people are more likely to attain high-status positions of leadership and influence. However, the underlying motivational and behavioral mechanisms driving this relationship remain largely unexplored. In the present research, we sought to fill this gap in the literature by proposing that overconfidence is associated with stronger status motives and the pursuit of high-status positions via dominance-based strategies. In Studies 1 and 2, we find overconfidence to be positively related to the pursuit of high-status positions of leadership. In Studies 3 and 4, we find overconfident individuals to lean towards dominance- over prestige-based status-seeking strategies. Finally, in Study 4, a field study among real-world supervisor-subordinate dyads, we find an indirect effect of overconfidence on expected social status advancement through dominance. Together, the current studies offer novel insight into the relationship between overconfidence and social status advancement by identifying previously unexplored explanatory mechanisms.

Abstract

This study was designed to document the development of nurses’ affective commitment to their occupation and organization during the first five years of their career, as well as the connections between these two types of commitment trajectories. We also considered the associations between these early trajectories, nurses’ levels of psychological need satisfaction, and the quality of their early socialization. We finally investigated the implications of these trajectories for nurses’ work satisfaction, psychological distress, somatization, and patient care quality. Relying on a sample of 659 newly registered nurses (M_age = 26.8; 88% females) measured four times over a two-year period, we relied on growth mixture analyses to assess the shape of their commitment trajectories defined as a function of tenure. These analyses revealed four profiles, similar across targets of commitment: High, Moderate, Low and Increasing, and Average/Low and Decreasing. For both targets, higher levels of commitment were anchored in more stable trajectories, and with better functioning across outcomes. Need fulfilment and socialization experiences helped drive more desirable trajectories and provided short-term boosts in commitment. Overall, we found more similarities than differences between both forms of commitment, and noted that nurturing one type of commitment seemed to help develop the other.

Although the implications of team interdependence for team performance are well established, little is known regarding its consequences on the team members’ emotional states. Drawing from Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, we propose a dual-path model of the impact of team interdependence on two distinct negative emotional states (NES), powerlessness and loneliness. More specifically, we argue that on the one hand, team interdependence can reduce member’s vulnerability to NES by facilitating a gain in support resources (i.e., social support). On the other hand, team interdependence may also increase members’ vulnerability to NES via the depletion of regulatory resources manifesting in the form of emotional exhaustion. Additionally, we propose that team goal orientations moderate these indirect effects. Testing this model using three waves of time-lagged data from a sample of manufacturing workers, we find support for the hypothesized dual pathways, and more specifically evidence of: (a) an indirect protective effect of team interdependence via social support on both powerlessness and loneliness, and (b) an indirect vulnerability effect of team interdependence via emotional exhaustion on both powerlessness and loneliness, particularly among members of teams characterized by a high team performance goal orientation. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.