Political Parties are regarded as one of the main actors. They act as a mediator between the state and the citizens. Moreover, the proper functioning of strong party systems in the country guarantees the stability of the political system. The stability of party systems is particularly important and relevant in relatively young democracies where state institutions are not fully established. A clear example of this is the countries of the post-Soviet space. Where the formation of party systems is encountered differently but with some similar difficulties, taking into account the experience and adapting it to the interests of the country is prominent and relevant for the Georgian reality. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the most pressing issue in the world has been the observation of the development of post-socialist countries. During this period, political systems were also established in Eastern European countries and in the Caucasus region to allow non-communist parties seeking power to come to power. Institutionalization of the party system, which in the post-communist countries, has encountered considerable obstacles subsequently, Georgia is not an exception. However, it should be noted that compared to other countries, the process of institutionalization and transformation in Georgia has lasted a very long time. It is interesting how the political systems and parties of the post-socialist states went through the formation and what is the current state of their representation today. This is one of the main issues in this article.
{"title":"The Issue of Institutionalization of Political Parties in Post-soviet Georgia","authors":"M. Benashvili","doi":"10.52340/jds.2022.02.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52340/jds.2022.02.28","url":null,"abstract":"Political Parties are regarded as one of the main actors. They act as a mediator between the state and the citizens. Moreover, the proper functioning of strong party systems in the country guarantees the stability of the political system.\u0000\u0000The stability of party systems is particularly important and relevant in relatively young democracies where state institutions are not fully established. A clear example of this is the countries of the post-Soviet space. Where the formation of party systems is encountered differently but with some similar difficulties, taking into account the experience and adapting it to the interests of the country is prominent and relevant for the Georgian reality.\u0000\u0000Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the most pressing issue in the world has been the observation of the development of post-socialist countries. During this period, political systems were also established in Eastern European countries and in the Caucasus region to allow non-communist parties seeking power to come to power. Institutionalization of the party system, which in the post-communist countries, has encountered considerable obstacles subsequently, Georgia is not an exception. However, it should be noted that compared to other countries, the process of institutionalization and transformation in Georgia has lasted a very long time. It is interesting how the political systems and parties of the post-socialist states went through the formation and what is the current state of their representation today. This is one of the main issues in this article.","PeriodicalId":48295,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47898779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studying foreign trade issues and developing the right strategy plays a key role in reviving the country's economy. Generally, the countries are involved in these processes, both at the international and regional levels. The growth of both bilateral and multilateral regional trade agreements (RTA) includes the agreements between the countries at significantly different stages of development. To reveal these differences, RTA generally contains specific and different types of provisions aiming the benefits for less developed partners. At the same time, such agreements make it possible to select a partner from a political and strategic point of view. The article discusses the importance and perspectives of regional trade through the prism of liberalization and historical experience, on Georgia - CIS example. Current trade flows with major partner countries are analyzed and the opportunities for diversity trade with other CIS trading partners are highlighted based on the intra-industry trade Index and the Finger-Kreinin Index. This analysis allows us to implement practical measures to increase the efficiency of external economic flows by identifying still unused reserves.
{"title":"Regional Trade Agreements and its Perspectives for Small Open Economies","authors":"Tamta Mikaberidze","doi":"10.52340/jds.2022.02.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52340/jds.2022.02.26","url":null,"abstract":"Studying foreign trade issues and developing the right strategy plays a key role in reviving the country's economy. Generally, the countries are involved in these processes, both at the international and regional levels. The growth of both bilateral and multilateral regional trade agreements (RTA) includes the agreements between the countries at significantly different stages of development. To reveal these differences, RTA generally contains specific and different types of provisions aiming the benefits for less developed partners. At the same time, such agreements make it possible to select a partner from a political and strategic point of view.\u0000\u0000The article discusses the importance and perspectives of regional trade through the prism of liberalization and historical experience, on Georgia - CIS example. Current trade flows with major partner countries are analyzed and the opportunities for diversity trade with other CIS trading partners are highlighted based on the intra-industry trade Index and the Finger-Kreinin Index. This analysis allows us to implement practical measures to increase the efficiency of external economic flows by identifying still unused reserves.","PeriodicalId":48295,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42515351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to the definition of modern democracy, the main means of control of the government by citizens is free elections. Elections are a necessary condition for the democratic nature of the state and not a guarantee of it. The election is the key factor in the functioning of democratic systems, which determines the relevance of this topic. The article concerns the Georgian Electoral System, its characteristics, and existing problems; in detail reviews the establishment of the electoral system and the existing regulations of electoral procedures. The article reviews the current problems related to the amendment of the Constitution that includes the transformation of the electoral system to a totally proportional electoral system. The authors gave a detailed analysis of the given draft law and comparative analysis regarding the German electoral system. With respect to democratic principles, thus, any electoral system may be chosen, regardless if it is a plurality or majority system, a proportional system, or a combined system. It should be underlined that there is no such thing as the "best" electoral system that could be exported to all countries in the world. Thus, the electoral system and proposals to reform should be assessed in each individual case.
{"title":"Georgian Electoral System – Current Problems and Challenges","authors":"Sophio Demetrashvili, Mariam Jikia","doi":"10.52340/jds.2022.02.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52340/jds.2022.02.22","url":null,"abstract":"According to the definition of modern democracy, the main means of control of the government by citizens is free elections. Elections are a necessary condition for the democratic nature of the state and not a guarantee of it. The election is the key factor in the functioning of democratic systems, which determines the relevance of this topic.\u0000\u0000The article concerns the Georgian Electoral System, its characteristics, and existing problems; in detail reviews the establishment of the electoral system and the existing regulations of electoral procedures.\u0000\u0000The article reviews the current problems related to the amendment of the Constitution that includes the transformation of the electoral system to a totally proportional electoral system. The authors gave a detailed analysis of the given draft law and comparative analysis regarding the German electoral system.\u0000\u0000With respect to democratic principles, thus, any electoral system may be chosen, regardless if it is a plurality or majority system, a proportional system, or a combined system. It should be underlined that there is no such thing as the \"best\" electoral system that could be exported to all countries in the world. Thus, the electoral system and proposals to reform should be assessed in each individual case.","PeriodicalId":48295,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46853310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-03DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2016.1265944
Marine de Talancé
Abstract Most of the existing literature examining the determinants of school quality in developing countries has failed to take into account the crucial role of teachers. This study assesses how teachers contribute to knowledge acquisition in Punjab, Pakistan. The baseline specification used is a gain model with three different levels of fixed effects. We find that teacher quality is strongly correlated with student achievement. Increasing teachers’ wages could improve schooling quality, as could the recruitment of local and contract teachers. Our analysis also underlines the importance of reforming training programmes and re-thinking wage policies.
{"title":"Better Teachers, Better Results? Evidence from Rural Pakistan","authors":"Marine de Talancé","doi":"10.1080/00220388.2016.1265944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1265944","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Most of the existing literature examining the determinants of school quality in developing countries has failed to take into account the crucial role of teachers. This study assesses how teachers contribute to knowledge acquisition in Punjab, Pakistan. The baseline specification used is a gain model with three different levels of fixed effects. We find that teacher quality is strongly correlated with student achievement. Increasing teachers’ wages could improve schooling quality, as could the recruitment of local and contract teachers. Our analysis also underlines the importance of reforming training programmes and re-thinking wage policies.","PeriodicalId":48295,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Studies","volume":"53 1","pages":"1697 - 1713"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2017-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00220388.2016.1265944","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58769363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-03DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2016.1234037
Karen Del Biondo
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the degree to which EU and United States development policies reflect partnership, meaning that aid is based on negotiations on an equal basis. It finds that, while the EU has traditionally been more focused on partnership than the United States, in recent years the gap is narrowing. The EU is increasingly providing aid based on a security rationale and has become reluctant to give budget support, while the United States is starting to work more with local actors. Changes in public support for aid, the EU’s growing role as a security provider and institutional changes can explain this trend.
{"title":"The EU, the United States and Partnership in Development Cooperation: Bridging the Gap?","authors":"Karen Del Biondo","doi":"10.1080/00220388.2016.1234037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1234037","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper investigates the degree to which EU and United States development policies reflect partnership, meaning that aid is based on negotiations on an equal basis. It finds that, while the EU has traditionally been more focused on partnership than the United States, in recent years the gap is narrowing. The EU is increasingly providing aid based on a security rationale and has become reluctant to give budget support, while the United States is starting to work more with local actors. Changes in public support for aid, the EU’s growing role as a security provider and institutional changes can explain this trend.","PeriodicalId":48295,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Studies","volume":"53 1","pages":"1238 - 1252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2017-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00220388.2016.1234037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58769729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2016.1196523
E. M. da Fonseca
{"title":"Pharmaceutical Autonomy and Public Health in Latin America: State, Society, and Industry in Brazil’s AIDS Program, By M. Flynn","authors":"E. M. da Fonseca","doi":"10.1080/00220388.2016.1196523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1196523","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48295,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Studies","volume":"52 1","pages":"1826 - 1827"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00220388.2016.1196523","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58769698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01Epub Date: 2015-11-05DOI: 10.1177/0271678X15615874
Ronney B Panerai, José L Jara, Nazia P Saeed, Mark A Horsfield, Thompson G Robinson
Novel MRI-based dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) assessment enables the estimation of both global and spatially discriminated autoregulation index values. Before exploring this technique for the evaluation of focal dCA in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients, it is necessary to compare global dCA estimates made using both TCD and MRI. Both techniques were used to study 11 AIS patients within 48 h of symptom onset, and nine healthy controls. dCA was assessed by the rate of return of CBFV (Rturn) following a sudden drop induced by the thigh cuff manoeuvre. No significant between-hemisphere differences were seen in controls using either the TCD or MRI technique. Inter-hemisphere averaged Rturn values were not different between TCD (1.89 ± 0.67%/s) and MRI (2.07 ± 0.60%/s) either. In patients, there were no differences between the affected and unaffected hemispheres whether assessed by TCD (Rturn 0.67 ± 0.72 vs. 0.98 ± 1.09%/s) or MRI (0.55 ± 1.51 vs. 1.63 ± 0.63%/s). Rturn for both TCD and MRI was impaired in AIS patients compared to controls in both unaffected and affected hemispheres (ANOVA, p = 0.00005). These findings pave the way for wider use of MRI for dCA assessment in health and disease.
新的基于mri的动态大脑自动调节(dCA)评估能够估计全局和空间区分的自动调节指数值。在探索该技术评估急性缺血性卒中(AIS)患者局灶性dCA之前，有必要比较TCD和MRI对全局dCA的估计。这两种技术用于研究11名症状出现48小时内的AIS患者和9名健康对照者。dCA通过大腿袖带运动引起的突然下降后CBFV的回复率(Rturn)来评估。在使用TCD或MRI技术的对照组中，没有发现明显的半球间差异。TCD与MRI的半球间平均Rturn值(1.89±0.67%/s)差异无统计学意义(2.07±0.60%/s)。在患者中，无论是TCD评估(Rturn 0.67±0.72 vs 0.98±1.09%/s)还是MRI评估(Rturn 0.55±1.51 vs 1.63±0.63%/s)，受影响的半球和未受影响的半球之间都没有差异。与未受影响和受影响的大脑半球相比，AIS患者TCD和MRI的复归率均受损(方差分析，p = 0.00005)。这些发现为MRI在健康和疾病dCA评估中的广泛应用铺平了道路。
{"title":"Dynamic cerebral autoregulation following acute ischaemic stroke: Comparison of transcranial Doppler and magnetic resonance imaging techniques.","authors":"Ronney B Panerai, José L Jara, Nazia P Saeed, Mark A Horsfield, Thompson G Robinson","doi":"10.1177/0271678X15615874","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0271678X15615874","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Novel MRI-based dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) assessment enables the estimation of both global and spatially discriminated autoregulation index values. Before exploring this technique for the evaluation of focal dCA in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients, it is necessary to compare global dCA estimates made using both TCD and MRI. Both techniques were used to study 11 AIS patients within 48 h of symptom onset, and nine healthy controls. dCA was assessed by the rate of return of CBFV (R<sub>turn</sub>) following a sudden drop induced by the thigh cuff manoeuvre. No significant between-hemisphere differences were seen in controls using either the TCD or MRI technique. Inter-hemisphere averaged R<sub>turn</sub> values were not different between TCD (1.89 ± 0.67%/s) and MRI (2.07 ± 0.60%/s) either. In patients, there were no differences between the affected and unaffected hemispheres whether assessed by TCD (R<sub>turn</sub> 0.67 ± 0.72 vs. 0.98 ± 1.09%/s) or MRI (0.55 ± 1.51 vs. 1.63 ± 0.63%/s). R<sub>turn</sub> for both TCD and MRI was impaired in AIS patients compared to controls in both unaffected and affected hemispheres (ANOVA, p = 0.00005). These findings pave the way for wider use of MRI for dCA assessment in health and disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":48295,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"2194-2202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0271678X15615874","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80797116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2016.1153074
Armin von Schiller
ABSTRACT This paper explores the relationship between socio-political institutions and tax composition in developing countries. It argues that strong business organisations and stable political party systems reduce the uncertainty of fiscal contracts for economic elites. The decrease in uncertainty leads elites to accept a larger share of the tax burden, which governments then collect using progressive tax types more intensively. To illustrate this claim, I provide evidence from a comparative analysis of the Peruvian and the Colombian tax history between 1970 and 2010.
{"title":"Business Organisations, Party Systems and Tax Composition in Developing Countries: A Comparison between Colombia and Peru","authors":"Armin von Schiller","doi":"10.1080/00220388.2016.1153074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1153074","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper explores the relationship between socio-political institutions and tax composition in developing countries. It argues that strong business organisations and stable political party systems reduce the uncertainty of fiscal contracts for economic elites. The decrease in uncertainty leads elites to accept a larger share of the tax burden, which governments then collect using progressive tax types more intensively. To illustrate this claim, I provide evidence from a comparative analysis of the Peruvian and the Colombian tax history between 1970 and 2010.","PeriodicalId":48295,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Studies","volume":"52 1","pages":"1722 - 1743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00220388.2016.1153074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58769509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-02DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2015.1107045
Apsara Karki Nepal
ABSTRACT Nepal has one of the highest ratios of international remittances to gross domestic product in the world. We examine whether the massive inflow of international remittances affects child schooling, child labour and household expenses. Controlling extensively for a host of observed characteristics of households and migrants, and using an instrumental variable approach, this research finds no effect of international remittances on child education or child labour in Nepal. However, it does find a significant increase in non-food expenditures, including education spending, due to international remittances. Despite increased expenditure on child education, educational outcomes are not improving because of international remittances.
{"title":"The Impact of International Remittances on Child Outcomes and Household Expenditures in Nepal","authors":"Apsara Karki Nepal","doi":"10.1080/00220388.2015.1107045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1107045","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Nepal has one of the highest ratios of international remittances to gross domestic product in the world. We examine whether the massive inflow of international remittances affects child schooling, child labour and household expenses. Controlling extensively for a host of observed characteristics of households and migrants, and using an instrumental variable approach, this research finds no effect of international remittances on child education or child labour in Nepal. However, it does find a significant increase in non-food expenditures, including education spending, due to international remittances. Despite increased expenditure on child education, educational outcomes are not improving because of international remittances.","PeriodicalId":48295,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Studies","volume":"52 1","pages":"838 - 853"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2016-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00220388.2015.1107045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58769383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-12DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2016.1153075
Christian von Haldenwang, Armin von Schiller
ABSTRACT Domestic revenue mobilisation has received growing attention in recent years. International players such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Bank and the G20 are calling for more determined action to combat tax evasion and avoidance. Developing countries are urged to increase their own tax collection. However, implementing and sustaining tax reforms has proven to be a challenging task for many governments. This special section provides new evidence on the political factors determining taxation in developing countries. The articles gathered here address two distinct yet related questions: first, which factors shape long-term taxation patterns and why are these patterns so difficult to change even when they prove to be dysfunctional in many ways? Second, which factors determine the fate of specific tax reforms? Evidence from case studies covering six countries is complemented by a statistical analysis of factors influencing revenue vulnerability in the face of external shocks.
{"title":"The Politics of Taxation: Introduction to the Special Section","authors":"Christian von Haldenwang, Armin von Schiller","doi":"10.1080/00220388.2016.1153075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1153075","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Domestic revenue mobilisation has received growing attention in recent years. International players such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Bank and the G20 are calling for more determined action to combat tax evasion and avoidance. Developing countries are urged to increase their own tax collection. However, implementing and sustaining tax reforms has proven to be a challenging task for many governments. This special section provides new evidence on the political factors determining taxation in developing countries. The articles gathered here address two distinct yet related questions: first, which factors shape long-term taxation patterns and why are these patterns so difficult to change even when they prove to be dysfunctional in many ways? Second, which factors determine the fate of specific tax reforms? Evidence from case studies covering six countries is complemented by a statistical analysis of factors influencing revenue vulnerability in the face of external shocks.","PeriodicalId":48295,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Development Studies","volume":"52 1","pages":"1685 - 1688"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2016-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00220388.2016.1153075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58769615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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