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Financialization and the Household 金融化与家庭
2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-100947
Caitlin Zaloom, Deborah James
Finance and the household are a pair that has not received sufficient attention. As a system, finance joins citizens, states, and global markets through the connections of kinship and residence. Householders use loans, investments, and assets to craft, reproduce, attenuate, and sever social connections and to elevate or maintain their class position. Householders’ social creativity fuels borrowing, making them the target of banks and other lenders. In pursuit of their own agendas, however, householders strategically deploy financial tools and techniques, sometimes mimicking and sometimes challenging their requirements. Writing against the financialization of daily life framework, which implies a one-way, top-down intrusion of the market into intimate relations, we explore how householders use finance within systems of social obligations. Financial and household value are not opposed, we argue. Acts of conversion between them produce care for the self and others and refashion inherited duties. Social aspiration for connection and freedom is an essential force in both financial lives and institutions.
财务和家庭是一对没有得到足够重视的关系。作为一个系统,金融通过亲属关系和居住地将公民、国家和全球市场联系在一起。家庭使用贷款、投资和资产来制造、繁殖、削弱和切断社会关系,并提升或维持他们的阶级地位。家庭的社会创造力刺激了借贷,使他们成为银行和其他贷款人的目标。然而,在追求自己的议程时,户主战略性地部署金融工具和技术,有时模仿,有时挑战他们的要求。在日常生活金融化的框架下,这意味着市场对亲密关系的单向、自上而下的入侵,我们探讨了家庭如何在社会义务体系中使用金融。我们认为,经济价值和家庭价值并不对立。他们之间的转换行为产生了对自我和他人的关怀,并重新塑造了继承的责任。社会对联系和自由的渴望是金融生活和金融机构的一股重要力量。
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引用次数: 0
Critical Geoarchaeology: From Depositional Processes to the Sociopolitics of Earthen Life 批判地质考古学:从沉积过程到地球生命的社会政治
2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-052621-024545
Andrew M. Bauer
In the last several decades, geoarchaeological research and practice have moved well beyond their foundational concerns for site formation processes and the stratigraphic integrity of artifact associations, developing significant orientations toward archaeological and social theory. This review focuses on four overlapping research emphases that have explicitly extended the reach of geoarchaeological research within the broader social sciences and humanities, including ( a) interpretive, symbolic, and social approaches in geoarchaeological research; ( b) articulations with recent developments in posthumanist and new materialist scholarship; ( c) the application of geoarchaeological investigations to historical ecology and political ecology research programs; and ( d), building on the latter, critical engagements with ongoing transdisciplinary scholarship on the Anthropocene. Taken together, these different orientations offer new possibilities for geoarchaeological research to inform anthropological concerns for social and environmental production and the ways that archaeological and geological fields of practice and discourse contribute to shaping social, political, and environmental conditions today.
在过去的几十年里,地质考古学的研究和实践已经远远超出了他们对遗址形成过程和人工制品协会的地层完整性的基本关注,发展了考古和社会理论的重要方向。这篇综述着重于四个重叠的研究重点,它们明确地扩展了地质考古研究在更广泛的社会科学和人文科学中的范围,包括(a)地质考古研究中的解释、象征和社会方法;(b)阐述后人类主义和新唯物主义学术的最新发展;(c)地质考古调查在历史生态学和政治生态学研究项目中的应用;(d)在后者的基础上,与正在进行的关于人类世的跨学科学术进行批判性接触。总的来说,这些不同的方向为地质考古研究提供了新的可能性,为社会和环境生产的人类学关注提供了信息,以及考古和地质领域的实践和话语有助于塑造当今的社会、政治和环境条件的方式。
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引用次数: 0
Inspiring Continuities 鼓舞人心的连续性
2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-an-52-082223-100001
Karen B. Strier, Don Brenneis
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
基础设施是一种物质形式,它允许在空间上进行交换。它们是货物、思想、废物、权力、人员和金融的实体网络。在这篇文章中,我追溯了人类学…阅读更多
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引用次数: 0
Publics, Polls, Protest: Public Representation as Sociopolitical Practice 公众、民意调查、抗议:作为社会政治实践的公众代表
2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-070120-111600
Amahl A. Bishara
This article seeks to illuminate connections across studies of publics, media, formal political processes, and protests. An examination of representation as sociopolitical practice allows us to consider the practices that occur around the edges of what has been considered the public sphere and to interrogate the work of its boundaries, which reify national publics, separate civil society from formal political work, and separate representational work from collective action. Thinking about environments for expression and practices of representation invites a consideration of the multiple interrelated geographies of expressive spaces—ranging from publics that legitimize a state to those corresponding to or creating communities, political movements, immigrant groups, or diasporic networks. A focus on representational practices trains attention on the body, place, and social relations and encourages attention to the multiplicity of ways in which violence shapes environments for expression, as well as how social and political actors respond to violence.
本文试图阐明公众、媒体、正式政治程序和抗议研究之间的联系。将代表性作为社会政治实践进行考察,使我们能够考虑发生在被认为是公共领域边缘的实践,并询问其边界的工作,这些工作具体化了国家公众,将公民社会与正式的政治工作分开,将代表性工作与集体行动分开。思考表达的环境和表现的实践,需要考虑表达空间的多个相互关联的地理位置——从使国家合法化的公众到与社区、政治运动、移民群体或散居网络相对应或创建的公众。对代表性实践的关注训练了对身体、地点和社会关系的关注,并鼓励人们关注暴力塑造表达环境的多种方式,以及社会和政治行动者如何应对暴力。
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引用次数: 0
Slaving and Slave Trading in Africa 非洲的奴隶和奴隶贸易
2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-052621-022531
Rachel Ama Asaa Engmann
Slavery in Africa dates to antiquity. Slave trading networks in Africa transported people across the Sahara and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, with significant numbers of people sent to the Middle East, India, central Asia, and South and Southeast Asia. Africa, however, was not only a source of export of people; enslaved persons were also imported into the continent. This article reviews scholarly research into the capture, trade, and use of enslaved men, women, and children in Africa, with a focus on Ghana. It suggests that the history and legacies of slavery and slave trading cannot be understood without reference to African historiography, the politics of knowledge production, and present-day heritage tourism. In reviewing the historical and anthropological research, it also introduces some of the possibilities, problems, and challenges of archaeological approaches to studying slavery and slave trading to demonstrate that archaeology is in conversation with—and of value to—those outside the discipline.
非洲的奴隶制可以追溯到古代。非洲的奴隶贸易网络将人们运送到撒哈拉沙漠、大西洋和印度洋,大量的人被送往中东、印度、中亚、南亚和东南亚。然而,非洲不仅是人口输出的来源;奴隶也被输入到非洲大陆。这篇文章回顾了对非洲被奴役的男人、女人和儿童的捕获、交易和使用的学术研究,重点是加纳。它表明,如果不参考非洲史学、知识生产的政治和当今的遗产旅游,就无法理解奴隶制和奴隶贸易的历史和遗产。在回顾历史和人类学研究时,它还介绍了考古学方法研究奴隶制和奴隶贸易的一些可能性、问题和挑战,以证明考古学与学科外的人进行了对话,并对他们有价值。
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引用次数: 0
Human Bodies in Extreme Environments 极端环境下的人体
2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-085858
Cara Ocobock
Human habitation and adaptation to extreme environments have a deep history in anthropological research. Anthropologists’ understanding of these ecological pressures and how humans respond to them has grown substantially over the last 100+ years. This review covers long-standing knowledge on adaptation to classic extreme conditions of heat, cold, and high altitude, while also updating the areas in which recent research has broadened our understanding of human adaptation, acclimatization, and resilience. Unfortunately, the intersecting stresses of structural inequality and climate change have made these extremes more extreme, with drastic negative impacts on health and well-being. Future research will need to explore how extreme environments, structural inequality, and climate change are embodied as well as mitigated so that humans are better prepared to face a rapidly changing world.
人类的居住和对极端环境的适应在人类学研究中有着悠久的历史。在过去的100多年里,人类学家对这些生态压力以及人类如何应对这些压力的理解已经大大增加。这篇综述涵盖了长期以来关于适应经典极端条件(热、冷和高海拔)的知识,同时也更新了最近研究拓宽了我们对人类适应、驯化和恢复力的理解的领域。不幸的是,结构不平等和气候变化的相互交织的压力使这些极端情况更加极端,对健康和福祉产生了严重的负面影响。未来的研究将需要探索极端环境、结构不平等和气候变化是如何体现和缓解的,以便人类更好地准备面对快速变化的世界。
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引用次数: 1
Making a Difference: The Political Life of Religious Conversion 改变:宗教皈依的政治生活
2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-101416
Michal Kravel-Tovi
This article reviews the anthropological scholarship that engages with religious conversion as a political phenomenon, broadly defined. It develops the idea of making a difference as an overarching framework with a double meaning. First, this idiom captures how, by framing religious conversion in political terms, anthropologists have claimed to have substantially intervened—have made a difference, so to speak—in the discussion of conversion. Second, the article sets aside the prevalent problematization of conversion as a category of change, showing instead how anthropologists have sought to establish how religious change makes a difference—in the interweaved realities of individuals, collectives, and polities. I scrutinize and contextualize the belated consolidation of this area of inquiry, map its major strands, and identify the interrelated theoretical developments within anthropology. Seeing these strands as a generative domain of inquiry, I conclude with a number of suggestions for future research, such as paying closer attention to political conversions and to the links between religious conversion and political crises. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
本文回顾了将宗教皈依作为一种广义的政治现象进行研究的人类学研究。它发展了作为一个具有双重意义的总体框架的不同的想法。首先,这个成语抓住了人类学家们是如何通过将宗教皈依置于政治语境中,声称他们实质上干预了——可以说是产生了影响——对宗教皈依的讨论。其次,这篇文章将普遍存在的皈依问题作为一种变化,而不是人类学家如何试图确定宗教变化是如何在个人、集体和政治的交织现实中产生影响的。我仔细研究并将这一领域迟来的整合置于背景中,绘制出其主要分支,并确定人类学中相互关联的理论发展。将这些线索视为一个衍生性的研究领域,我对未来的研究提出了一些建议,例如更密切地关注政治皈依以及宗教皈依与政治危机之间的联系。预计《人类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年10月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Biocultural Lactation: Integrated Approaches to Studying Lactation Within and Beyond Anthropology 生物文化哺乳:人类学内外研究哺乳的综合方法
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110135
E. Quinn, A. Palmquist, C. Tomori
This review examines anthropological contributions over the past decade into the biocultural processes and practices of lactation via the analytical pillars of colonialism, racial capitalism, and medicalization. The nexus of these three processes has been foundational to the profound disruption and decline of breastfeeding in the mid-twentieth century and is still impacting ongoing efforts to restore and facilitate breastfeeding. Anthropologists have helped expose and challenge biocapitalist, medicalized conceptualizations of lactation that undermine breastfeeding often even when they claim to support it. Moreover, they have highlighted how ethnocentric cultural ideologies shape biomedical categories of “normal” infant feeding and lactation and have demonstrated the variability of these processes and practices. While these efforts have yielded important interventions into anthropology and a range of other disciplines, significant work remains to integrate efforts across the subfields and to challenge racist, oppressive systems that continue to shape both the study and the practice of lactation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
这篇综述通过殖民主义、种族资本主义和医学化的分析支柱,考察了过去十年来人类学对哺乳的生物文化过程和实践的贡献。这三个过程的联系是20世纪中期母乳喂养受到严重破坏和衰落的根本原因,并仍在影响着正在进行的恢复和促进母乳喂养的努力。人类学家帮助揭露和挑战了生物资本主义,医学化的哺乳概念,即使他们声称支持母乳喂养,也经常破坏母乳喂养。此外,他们强调了以种族为中心的文化意识形态如何塑造“正常”婴儿喂养和哺乳的生物医学类别,并展示了这些过程和做法的可变性。虽然这些努力对人类学和一系列其他学科产生了重要的影响,但仍有重要的工作要做,以整合各个子领域的努力,并挑战种族主义和压迫性制度,这些制度继续影响着哺乳的研究和实践。预计《人类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年10月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 1
White Supremacy and the Making of Anthropology 白人至上主义与人类学的形成
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-040400
Aisha M. Beliso-DeJesús, Jemima Pierre, Junaid Rana
This review presents a historical and contemporary view of white supremacy as an entrenched global system based on presumed biological and cultural difference, related practices of racism, the valorization of whiteness, and the denigration of nonwhiteness. We center the role of the discipline of anthropology, and contend that the discipline is shaped by, and shapes, structures of white supremacy. In this article, we detail anthropology's role in the development of racial science and the subsequent placement of whiteness at the top of the world's global political and cultural systems of power. We examine the early critiques of anthropology's racializing practices by Black and Indigenous anthropologists, which set the stage for an anti-imperial analysis that addressed how white power was entrenched within the discipline and broader society. Last, we discuss emerging scholarship on the anthropology of white supremacy and the methodological and theoretical shifts that push the discipline and refine the concept. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
本文回顾了白人至上主义的历史和当代观点,认为这是一种根深蒂固的全球体系,其基础是假定的生物和文化差异、相关的种族主义实践、白人的价值增值和非白人的诋毁。我们以人类学这门学科的角色为中心,并主张这门学科是由白人至上主义的结构所塑造和塑造的。在本文中,我们详细介绍了人类学在种族科学发展中的作用,以及随后白人在全球政治和文化权力体系中的地位。我们研究了黑人和土著人类学家对人类学种族化实践的早期批评,这些批评为反帝国主义分析奠定了基础,该分析解决了白人权力如何在学科和更广泛的社会中根深蒂固。最后,我们讨论了关于白人至上主义人类学的新兴学术,以及推动这一学科和完善这一概念的方法和理论转变。预计《人类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年10月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
Reconceptualizing Archaeological Perspectives on Long-Term Political Change 重新认识长期政治变革的考古学视角
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-060221-114205
G. Feinman
In archaeology, along with a large sector of other social sciences, comparative approaches to long-term political change over the last two centuries have been underpinned by two big ideas, classification and evolution, which often have been manifest as cultural history and progress. Despite comparative archaeology's agenda to explain change, the conceptual core of these frames was grounded in the building of stepped sequences of transformation with expectations drawn from synchronic empirical snapshots in time. Nevertheless, especially over the last 70 years, archaeology has seen the generation and analysis of unprecedented volumes of data collected along multiple dimensions and a range of spatial scales. Compilation and comparison of these data reveal significant diversity along various dimensions, which have begun to create dissonance with key tenets, assumptions, and even the aims of extant, long-held approaches. Expanded conceptual framing with a shift toward a focus on explaining variation and change is necessary. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在考古学中,以及其他社会科学的很大一部分,过去两个世纪的长期政治变化的比较方法得到了两大思想的支持,分类和进化,这两大思想通常被表现为文化历史和进步。尽管比较考古学的议程是解释变化,但这些框架的概念核心是建立在阶梯式转变序列的基础上,并从时间上的共时经验快照中得出期望。然而,特别是在过去的70年里,考古学已经看到了在多个维度和一系列空间尺度上收集的前所未有的大量数据的生成和分析。这些数据的汇编和比较揭示了各方面的显著差异,这已经开始与现有的长期方法的关键原则、假设甚至目标产生不协调。扩展概念框架,将重点转向解释变异和变化是必要的。预计《人类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年10月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 0
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Annual Review of Anthropology
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