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Rethinking Neandertals 重新思考尼安德特人
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-052621-024752
A. Nowell
In this article, I first provide an overview of the Neandertals by recounting their initial discovery and subsequent interpretation by scientists and by discussing our current understanding of the temporal and geographic span of these hominins and their taxonomic affiliation. I then explore what progress we have made in our understanding of Neandertal lifeways and capabilities over the past decade in light of new technologies and changing perspectives. In the process, I consider whether these advances in knowledge qualify as so-called Black Swans, a term used in economics to describe events that are rare and unpredictable and have wide-ranging consequences, in this case for the field of paleoanthropology. Building on this discussion, I look at ongoing debates and focus on Neandertal extinction as a case study. By way of discussion and conclusion, I take a detailed look at why Neandertals continue to engender great interest, and indeed emotion, among scientists and the general public alike. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在这篇文章中,我首先提供了尼安德特人的概述,叙述了他们最初的发现和后来的科学家的解释,并讨论了我们目前对这些人族的时间和地理跨度以及他们的分类关系的理解。然后,我探讨了在过去十年中,根据新技术和不断变化的观点,我们在了解尼安德特人的生活方式和能力方面取得了哪些进展。在这个过程中,我考虑这些知识上的进步是否符合所谓的“黑天鹅”(Black Swans)的条件。“黑天鹅”是经济学中的一个术语,用来描述罕见的、不可预测的、影响广泛的事件,在这里指的是古人类学领域。在此讨论的基础上,我着眼于正在进行的辩论,并将尼安德特人灭绝作为一个案例研究。通过讨论和总结,我详细探讨了为什么尼安德特人继续引起科学家和公众的极大兴趣,甚至是情感。预计《人类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期为2023年10月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 1
Steps to an Ecology of Algorithms 算法生态学的步骤
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-041547
W. Schinkel
Anthropological expeditions seeking out algorithms frequently return empty-handed. They are confronted with the challenge of the object: what to study when studying algorithms? In this article, I draw together a number of literatures to outline one possible answer to the question of how to study algorithms in social science. I argue that what we should study are algorithmic ecologies. I sketch five modalities of algorithmic ecologies and review concomitant literatures: ( a) imaginaries, ( b) infrastructures, ( c) interfaces, ( d) identities, and ( e) investments and interests. The speculative propositions offered here are that algorithms are immanent to ecologies and that they are enacted across all the modalities of algorithmic ecologies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
寻找算法的人类学探险队经常两手空空地返回。他们面临着对象的挑战:在研究算法时要研究什么?在这篇文章中,我汇集了一些文献,概述了如何在社会科学中研究算法这个问题的一个可能答案。我认为我们应该研究的是算法生态学。我概述了算法生态的五种模式,并回顾了相关文献:(a)想象,(b)基础设施,(c)接口,(d)身份,以及(e)投资和兴趣。这里提供的推测命题是,算法是生态的内在组成部分,它们是在算法生态的所有模式中制定的。《人类学年度评论》第52卷预计最终在线出版日期为2023年10月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Developments in the Archaeology of Long-Distance Connections Across the Ancient Indian Ocean 古印度洋长途联系考古学的最新进展
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-05 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-101819-110124
S. Abraham
Scholarship on the ancient Indian Ocean, which stretches deep into the previous century, is available from an array of academic disciplines including but not limited to history, archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, art history, and materials science. It spans from prehistory to the present era and includes evidence ranging from the Mediterranean to East Asia. What binds together the world of Indian Ocean research is an enduring interest in the complex maritime-based links crosscutting this space and—for archaeologists—the movements of cultural elements (objects, ideas, people, etc.) that have left behind some material trace. Recent field projects and materials science studies have greatly expanded this material database, refining (and sometimes challenging) traditional interpretations about Indian Ocean maritime relations. This review presents a streamlined perspective, focusing on recent archaeological contributions about long-distance interregional connections across the Indian Ocean from 500 bce to 1000 ce. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
可以从一系列学科获得关于古印度洋的奖学金,这些学科可以深入到上个世纪,包括但不限于历史、考古学、金石学、钱币学、艺术史和材料科学。它从史前到现在,包括从地中海到东亚的证据。将印度洋研究世界联系在一起的是,人们对贯穿这一空间的复杂海洋联系的持久兴趣,以及对考古学家来说,留下一些物质痕迹的文化元素(物体、思想、人等)的运动。最近的实地项目和材料科学研究极大地扩展了这个材料数据库,完善了(有时甚至具有挑战性的)关于印度洋海洋关系的传统解释。这篇综述提供了一个精简的视角,重点介绍了最近关于从公元前500年到公元前1000年跨越印度洋的远距离区域间连接的考古贡献。《人类学年度评论》第52卷预计最终在线出版日期为2023年10月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 0
The Great Pirahã Brouhaha: Linguistic Diversity and Cognitive Universality 伟大的布鲁哈:语言多样性与认知普遍性
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-05 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-091031
J. Chernela
Claims made by linguist Daniel Everett that the Pirahã language, spoken by a small group of native Amazonians, lacks features thought to be universally present in languages captured the imaginations of scholars and prompted broader questions on the nature of language, the diversity in languages, and the universals shared by them. Everett claimed that, in Pirahã, he had found a language without numbers, colors, mythology, abstract thinking, or recursive embedding. These claims were challenged by proponents of a universal grammar and by other biological linguists concerned with identifying shared faculties that undergird human cognitive capacities and by linguistic anthropologists concerned with the products of those potentials as they are actualized in the interactivity of speaking. Situating the Pirahã in historical and sociological context, I question the novelty of a faculty of language and many of Everett's claims of Pirahã exceptionality, and I explore the renewed interest in the nature of language. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
语言学家丹尼尔·埃弗雷特(Daniel Everett)声称,一小群亚马逊土著人所说的皮拉汉语缺乏被认为普遍存在于语言中的特征,这一说法引起了学者们的想象,并引发了对语言性质、语言多样性及其共有的普遍性的更广泛质疑。Everett声称,在Pirahã,他发现了一种没有数字、色彩、神话、抽象思维或递归嵌入的语言。这些主张受到了普遍语法支持者的质疑,也受到了其他致力于识别支撑人类认知能力的共同能力的生物语言学家的质疑,以及关注这些潜力在口语互动中实现的产物的语言人类学家的质疑。在历史和社会学的背景下,我对语言学院的新颖性和埃弗雷特关于皮拉昂例外性的许多主张提出了质疑,我探索了对语言本质的新兴趣。《人类学年度评论》第52卷预计最终在线出版日期为2023年10月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 0
Water Needs, Water Insecurity, and Human Biology 水需求、水不安全与人类生物学
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-090331
A. Rosinger
Water links the environment, culture, and biology. An integrative approach is needed to attain a complete picture of how water affects human biology due to its inherent interdisciplinary nature. First, this review describes advances in human water needs, thirst, and hydration strategies from a biocultural perspective. Second, it provides a critical appraisal of the literatures on water insecurity (WI) experiences and coping strategies used to mitigate WI to illustrate how they intersect to affect human biology through the embodiment framework. Deviations from water needs and heightened WI can alter hydration and coping strategies, which have implications for a suite of psychological and physiological outcomes. These disruptions are embodied in cellular damage, dehydration, nutrition, stress, mental health, cognitive impairment, aging-related effects, cardiometabolic health, and kidney function. Disrupting forces such as lifestyle changes and climate change have important implications for water needs, WI, coping and hydration strategies, and the embodiment of each. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
水将环境、文化和生物联系在一起。由于水固有的跨学科性质,需要一种综合的方法来全面了解水如何影响人类生物学。首先,这篇综述从生物文化的角度描述了人类水需求、口渴和水合策略的进展。其次,它对关于水不安全(WI)经历和用于缓解WI的应对策略的文献进行了批判性评价,以说明它们如何通过具体框架相互交叉影响人类生物学。偏离水需求和WI升高会改变水合作用和应对策略,这对一系列心理和生理结果有影响。这些破坏体现在细胞损伤、脱水、营养、压力、心理健康、认知障碍、衰老相关影响、心脏代谢健康和肾功能方面。生活方式的改变和气候变化等破坏力对水需求、WI、应对和水合策略以及每种策略的具体实施都有重要影响。《人类学年度评论》第52卷预计最终在线出版日期为2023年10月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 4
A Linguistic Anthropology of Images 图像的语言人类学
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-092147
C. Nakassis
This review sketches a linguistic anthropology of images. While linguistic anthropology has not historically focalized images as a central theoretical object of concern, linguistic anthropologists’ research has increasingly concerned images of various sorts. Furthermore, in its critique of structuralist reductions of language, the field has advanced an analytic vocabulary for thinking about the image in discourse. In this article, I review scholarship in linguistic anthropology on prototypic images to show how these advances (e.g., entextualization, performativity, perspective, and enregisterment) can be leveraged to theorize images more generally. In doing so, I argue against any hard distinction between language and image. I conclude by expanding out from a linguistic anthropology of images to what I call “a linguistic anthropology of … ,” a field characterized by an open-ended horizon of objects and modes of inquiry, all linked together as linguistic anthropology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
这篇综述概述了图像的语言人类学。虽然语言人类学在历史上并没有将图像作为关注的中心理论对象,但语言人类学家的研究越来越多地关注各种图像。此外,在对语言结构主义还原的批判中,该领域提出了一个分析词汇来思考话语中的形象。在这篇文章中,我回顾了语言人类学中关于原型图像的学术研究,以展示如何利用这些进步(例如,语境化、表演性、视角和注册)来更普遍地对图像进行理论化。在这样做的过程中,我反对对语言和图像进行任何硬性区分。最后,我从图像的语言人类学扩展到我所说的“… ,” 一个以对象和探究模式的开放视野为特征的领域,所有这些都作为语言人类学联系在一起。《人类学年度评论》第52卷预计最终在线出版日期为2023年10月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 0
Critical University Studies 关键大学研究
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-040011
Vineeta Singh, N. Vora
In this article, we explore critical university studies (CUS), an interdisciplinary body of scholarship that interrogates structures of higher education and their entanglements with national and global institutions and political movements. Favoring an expansive definition of CUS, we draw from scholars who trace the origins of the American university to the slave trade, racial science, and Native American ethnic cleansing projects, as well as scholars who bring abolitionist and decolonial stances to highlight how the university continues to perpetuate state interests, carceral and settler logics, empire, and antiblackness. We then bring the lens of CUS to bear on critical work by anthropologists on higher education and on the discipline more broadly. We explore the challenges of advocating for antiracist and anti-imperial anthropology without attending to the structures of Western/white superiority that have enabled its institutionalization. We conclude by considering interventions by the emerging field of abolitionist anthropology. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在这篇文章中,我们探讨了批判性大学研究(CUS),这是一个跨学科的学术机构,它质疑高等教育的结构及其与国家和全球机构和政治运动的纠缠。我们倾向于对CUS进行广泛的定义,我们从那些将美国大学的起源追溯到奴隶贸易、种族科学和美洲原住民种族清洗项目的学者,以及那些提出废奴主义和非殖民化立场以强调大学如何继续延续国家利益、尸体和定居者逻辑、帝国和反奴隶制的学者那里汲取了经验。然后,我们将CUS的视角与人类学家在高等教育和更广泛的学科方面的批判性工作联系起来。我们探讨了倡导反种族主义和反帝国人类学的挑战,而不关注使其制度化的西方/白人优越感的结构。最后,我们考虑了废奴主义人类学这一新兴领域的干预措施。《人类学年度评论》第52卷预计最终在线出版日期为2023年10月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 2
Remarking the Unmarked: An Anthropology of Masculinity Redux 评论未标记:男性气概的人类学
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-052721-041915
M. Gutmann
This review surveys studies of men and masculinities in anthropology and ethnography from other disciplines, as well as theoretical frameworks and debates among anthropologists and other relevant scholars in the field. It also aims to assess developments in these studies since an earlier Annual Review of Anthropology article was published on this subject. By considering the ethnographic boom in men and masculinities studies across the globe since 2000, increasingly authored by anthropologists from the Global South, this review considers anthropology's singular contributions topically and conceptually—for example, masculinity and militarism, men and public health, gender inequalities, and trans* social movements—including through innovative research in biological and linguistic anthropology and archaeology. Throughout, this article reflects on the extent to which anthropologists have moved (and if they should have moved) beyond the study of women or men to instead explore gender, sex, and sexuality of humans and nonhuman animals in less binary frameworks. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
这篇综述调查了其他学科对人类学和民族志中男性和男子气概的研究,以及人类学家和该领域其他相关学者之间的理论框架和辩论。它还旨在评估自早些时候发表的《人类学年度评论》关于这一主题的文章以来,这些研究的进展。考虑到自2000年以来全球男性和男子气概研究的人种学热潮,这篇综述从主题和概念上考虑了人类学的独特贡献——例如,男子气概和军国主义、男性与公共卫生、性别不平等、,以及跨性别社会运动——包括通过生物、语言人类学和考古学的创新研究。在整个过程中,这篇文章反思了人类学家在多大程度上超越了对女性或男性的研究,转而在不那么二元的框架中探索人类和非人类动物的性别、性和性。《人类学年度评论》第52卷预计最终在线出版日期为2023年10月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 1
Acknowledging Inspirations in a Lifetime of Shifting and Pivoting Standpoints to Construct the Past 承认在构建过去的转变和中心立场的一生中的灵感
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-062320-015836
R. Tringham
In this Perspective article, I am able to draw the various strands of my intellectual thinking and practice in archaeology and European prehistory into a complex narrative of changing themes. In this narrative, I draw attention to the inspirational triggers of these transformations to be found in works and words of colleagues and events within and outside my immediate discipline. A group of events between 1988 and 1993 disrupted (in a good way) the trajectory of my professional life and provided a convenient anchor around which my themes pivoted and regrouped with very different standpoints. But some trends in my way of working remained constant and contributed, I hope, to a career of cumulative knowledge. Along the way, I show the significance, in terms of my personal intellectual context as well as archaeological practice in general, of my published works as well as more obscure and some unpublished works that are cited here for the first time Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 52 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在这篇《透视》的文章中,我能够将我在考古学和欧洲史前史中的各种思想和实践融入一个不断变化的主题的复杂叙事中。在这篇叙述中,我提请人们注意这些转变的鼓舞人心的触发因素,这些触发因素存在于同事的作品和话语中,以及我直接学科内外的事件中。1988年至1993年间发生的一系列事件(以一种很好的方式)打乱了我职业生涯的轨迹,并为我的主题提供了一个方便的锚,围绕着这个锚,我的主题以非常不同的观点进行了转向和重组。但我的工作方式中的一些趋势保持不变,我希望这有助于积累知识。在这一过程中,我展示了我已发表的作品以及本文首次引用的更晦涩和一些未发表的作品在我个人知识背景和考古实践方面的重要性。《人类学年度评论》第52卷的最终在线出版日期预计为2023年10月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 0
Communities of Thought 思想共同体
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-24 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-an-51-082222-100001
D. Brenneis, K. Strier
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Annual Review of Anthropology
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