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Gesture 手势
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-26 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-041420-104310
E. Cartmill
Gesture is intimately entwined with human language and thought. It is a tool for communication as well as cognition: conveying information to interlocutors, orchestrating interaction, and supporting problem-solving and learning. Over the past 25 years, the community of scholars interested in gesture has grown from a specialized group to a multidisciplinary community incorporating gesture into a wide range of topics. This article aims to capture and continue that growth by introducing readers to some of the most intriguing findings and questions in gesture research. It adopts a four-field approach, integrating multiple literatures and introducing work from outside anthropology. It defines key terminology and reviews five areas that have undergone significant recent growth: the integration of gesture with speech, gesture as communication and cognition, gesture's role in learning and language development, cultural variation in gesture, and the role of gesture in language origins. Taken together, these areas demonstrate that gesture is entangled with language, thought, and identity, starting in early childhood. This tangle has deep evolutionary roots; indeed, gesture may have been part of the human story from its start. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology Volume 51 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
手势与人类的语言和思想紧密相连。它是沟通和认知的工具:向对话者传达信息,协调互动,支持解决问题和学习。在过去的25年里,对手势感兴趣的学者群体已经从一个专门的群体发展成为一个多学科的群体,将手势纳入了广泛的主题。本文旨在通过向读者介绍手势研究中一些最有趣的发现和问题,捕捉并继续这种增长。它采用了四领域的方法,整合了多种文献,并引入了人类学以外的工作。它定义了关键术语,并回顾了最近发生重大发展的五个领域:手势与言语的整合,手势作为交流和认知,手势在学习和语言发展中的作用,手势的文化差异,手势在语言起源中的作用。综上所述,这些区域表明,手势与语言、思想和身份认同纠缠在一起,从童年早期就开始了。这种纠结有着深刻的进化根源;事实上,手势可能从一开始就是人类故事的一部分。预计《人类学年度评论》第51卷的最终在线出版日期是2022年10月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 1
Multimodality: Reshaping Anthropology 多模态:重塑人类学
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-18 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-121319-071409
Mark R. Westmoreland
Multimodality offers anthropologists an inflection on the way we do research, produce scholarship, teach students, and relate to diverse publics. Advancing an expanding array of tools, practices, and concepts, multimodality signals a change in the way we pay attention and attend to the diverse possibilities for understanding the human experience. Multimodality recognizes the way smartphones, social media, and digital software transform research dynamics in unprecedented ways, while also drawing upon long-standing practices of recording and presenting research through images, sounds, objects, and text. Rather than flatten out ethnographic participant observation into logocentric practices of people-writing, multimodal ethnographies diversify their modes of inquiry to produce more-than-textual mediations of sensorial research experiences. By emphasizing kaleidoscopic qualities that give shape to an emergent, multidimensional, and diversifying anthropology, multimodality proposes alternatives to enduring and delimiting dichotomies, particularly text/image. These new configurations invite unrealized disciplinary constellations and research collaborations to emerge, but also require overhauling the infrastructures that support training, dissemination, and assessment. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology Volume 51 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
多模态为人类学家提供了一种研究方式的转折,产生奖学金,教育学生,并与不同的公众联系。多模态促进了一系列工具、实践和概念的扩展,标志着我们关注和关注理解人类经验的各种可能性的方式发生了变化。“多模态”认识到智能手机、社交媒体和数字软件以前所未有的方式改变了研究动态,同时也借鉴了通过图像、声音、物体和文本记录和呈现研究的长期实践。与其将民族志的参与者观察扁平化为以文字为中心的人类写作实践,多模态民族志将其探究模式多样化,以产生超越文本的感官研究经验中介。通过强调千变万化的特性,形成一个新兴的、多维的、多样化的人类学,多模态提出了持久和划界的二分法的替代方案,特别是文本/图像。这些新的配置引发了未实现的学科组合和研究合作的出现,但也需要彻底改革支持培训、传播和评估的基础设施。预计《人类学年度评论》第51卷的最终在线出版日期是2022年10月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 2
Prehistory of Kinship 亲属关系的史前史
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-021036
R. Bentley
As observed in recent centuries, the contemporary variety of kinship systems reflects millennia of human migration, cultural inheritance, adaptation, and diversification. This review describes key developments in prehistoric kinship, from matricentric hominin evolution to the Neolithic transition to agriculture and the heterogeneous resilience of matriliny. Starting with our hominin ancestors, kinship evolved among a cooperative breeding species to multilevel group structure among human hunter-gatherers, to substantial kinship changes brought on by the origins of intensified farming, to permanent settlements and unequal resource access. This review takes the approach that new forms of subsistence facilitated new equations of reproductive success, which changed cultural norms of kinship systems and heritable wealth. Subsequently, the formation of complex societies diminished kinship as the primary organizing principle of society. The article describes new methodologies and theoretical developments, along with critiques of bioarchaeological interpretations of prehistoric kinship. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology Volume 51 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
正如近几个世纪所观察到的那样,当代各种各样的亲属制度反映了数千年来人类的迁徙、文化传承、适应和多样化。这篇综述描述了史前亲缘关系的关键发展,从以母体为中心的原始人进化到新石器时代向农业的过渡,以及母系制的异质韧性。从我们的原始人祖先开始,亲缘关系从合作繁殖物种演变为人类狩猎采集者的多级群体结构,再到集约农业起源带来的实质性亲缘关系变化,再到永久定居点和不平等的资源获取。这篇综述采用的方法是,新的生存形式促进了新的生育成功方程式,这改变了亲属制度和可继承财富的文化规范。随后,复杂社会的形成削弱了作为社会主要组织原则的亲属关系。这篇文章描述了新的方法和理论发展,以及对史前亲缘关系的生物考古学解释的批评。《人类学年度评论》第51卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年10月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 1
Wound Culture 伤口培养
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-041520-101216
Harris Solomon
This review offers new perspectives on the anthropology of injuries and wounds. It maps how theories, methods, and ethnographic sensibilities converge on wounds, on the act of wounding, and on the wounded as instructive objects. The review assesses how anthropologists understand social forces to cause wounds and how they accord wounds the power to generate meaning about sociality. Organized across two themes, “breach” and “repair,” the review tests concepts of embodiment across clinical boundaries, manifestations of harm, and formations of justice. It examines how anthropological thought connects to wound culture and assesses links between embodiment and politics that develop in the domains of critical theory and medical anthropology. Ultimately, it aims to shed light on the connections between body politics and ethnography and to ask what wounds might generate as an anthropological concern. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology Volume 51 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
这篇综述为损伤人类学提供了新的视角。它描绘了理论、方法和民族志情感如何融合在创伤、伤害行为和作为指导对象的伤者身上。这篇综述评估了人类学家如何理解造成创伤的社会力量,以及他们如何赋予创伤产生社会意义的力量。该综述分为“突破”和“修复”两个主题,测试了跨临床界限的体现、伤害的表现和正义的形成的概念。它考察了人类学思想如何与伤口文化联系在一起,并评估了在批判理论和医学人类学领域发展起来的化身与政治之间的联系。最终,它旨在阐明身体政治和民族志之间的联系,并询问作为人类学关注的问题可能会产生什么创伤。《人类学年度评论》第51卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年10月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 4
The Semiotics of Cooperation 合作的符号学
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-041420-103556
A. Duranti, Nicco A. La Mattina
In this article, we suggest that in starting from dialogical, interactive studies of human discourse, we can uncover properties of cooperation that have otherwise been missed or have remained underappreciated by scholars trying to account for cooperation from an evolutionary point of view or from the point of view of its mental representation (i.e., by means of collective intentions or goals). Before uncovering these properties, we argue that a distinction must be drawn between intersubjectivity, understood as an ever-present empathic sensitivity to others, and intersubjective attunement, the process of adjusting one's actions to the ever-changing contextual conditions of interaction. It is by attending to intersubjective attunement that cooperative activities are shown to be inherently vulnerable to breach, failure, and all kinds of interactional glitches, while also being open to modifications, e.g., repairs, that allow for their successful completion. Unpacking these conditions for cooperation allows us to reveal five general properties that guide its semiotic constitution, namely, sensorial access, distributed intentionality, fluctuation of attention, improvisation, and negotiable role ascription. Attention to the semiotics of cooperation across communities and within particular activities can add a sixth general property, namely, variability in how and the extent to which cooperation is acknowledged. We introduce the term cryptocooperation to describe joint activities where the cooperative role by certain participants is underrecognized and thereby remains hidden. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology Volume 51 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在这篇文章中,我们建议,从人类话语的对话性、互动性研究开始,我们可以发现合作的性质,这些性质在其他方面被试图从进化的角度或从其心理表征的角度(即,通过集体意图或目标)解释合作的学者所忽视或低估。在揭示这些特性之前,我们认为必须区分主体间性和主体间协调,主体间性被理解为对他人始终存在的移情敏感性,主体间协调是将一个人的行为调整到不断变化的互动上下文条件的过程。正是通过关注主体间的协调,合作活动被证明天生容易受到破坏、失败和各种互动故障的影响,同时也可以接受修改,例如修复,以使其成功完成。打开合作的这些条件,我们可以揭示指导其符号构成的五个一般性质,即感官访问、分布式意向性、注意力的波动、即兴创作和可协商的角色归属。对跨社区和特定活动中合作的符号学的关注可以增加第六个一般属性,即承认合作的方式和程度的可变性。我们引入了“加密操作”一词来描述某些参与者的合作角色被低估从而被隐藏的联合活动。《人类学年度评论》第51卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年10月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 1
The Laboratory of Scientific Racism: India and the Origins of Anthropology 科学种族主义实验室:印度和人类学的起源
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-024344
L. Weaver
Anthropology, especially biological anthropology, owes its origins to the scientific study of human racial differences. That dark history is well-acknowledged and, when it is taught, usually begins with the racism of early figures, such as Johann Friedrich Blumenbach or, more recently, Ernest Hooton, and exonerates itself through a turn toward antiracist scholars such as Frank Livingstone and Franz Boas. Rarely, if ever, is this origin story critically appraised. This article aims to complicate the origin story of biological anthropology by examining how colonial subjects were involved in the development, testing, and refinement of racial theory, and thus of biological anthropology itself. Taking India as an example, I trace how Indians and the caste system were first the subjects and eventually the interlocutors of racial scientific theory and testing. This reorientation, I argue, is important for developing a more expansive and accurate version of the discipline's history and also for shining a light on its relevance to contemporary global racial conflict. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology Volume 51 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
人类学,尤其是生物人类学,其起源应归功于对人类种族差异的科学研究。这段黑暗的历史是公认的,当它被教授时,通常从早期人物的种族主义开始,比如约翰·弗里德里希·布鲁门巴赫,或者最近的欧内斯特·胡顿,然后通过转向弗兰克·利文斯通和弗朗茨·博阿斯等反种族主义学者来为自己开脱。这个原创故事很少被批判性地评价。本文旨在通过考察殖民主体如何参与种族理论以及生物人类学本身的发展、检验和完善,从而使生物人类学的起源故事复杂化。以印度为例,我追溯了印度人和种姓制度是如何首先成为种族科学理论和测试的对象,最终成为对话者的。我认为,这种重新定位对于发展一个更广泛、更准确的学科历史版本非常重要,对于揭示它与当代全球种族冲突的相关性也很重要。预计《人类学年度评论》第51卷的最终在线出版日期是2022年10月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 1
Bad Mouths: Taboo and Transgressive Language 脏话:禁忌与越界语言
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-041420-112543
L. Miller
The academic literature on taboo language is flourishing not only in fields such as linguistic anthropology or sociolinguistics, but also in disciplines that usually target language itself as the object of study. Although there is more than a century of scholarly writing on taboo language, new and neglected areas and directions continue to provide valuable insights on a universal linguistic behavior. This review tracks four sometimes overlapping clusters: naming and linguistic avoidance behaviors, taboo language and transgression, taboo language in language contact situations, and taboo language in educational settings and other contexts. The discussion in this review includes examples of how taboo language is inextricably meshed with the relationships found among kinship circles, subcultural group members, generational cohorts, and other social groupings. New areas of research that are proving to be attractive to scholars include taboo language in global media translation, subtitling or scalation, language contact situations, and the teaching of taboo terms in second language instruction. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology Volume 51 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
关于禁忌语言的学术文献不仅在语言学人类学或社会语言学等领域蓬勃发展,而且在通常以语言本身为研究对象的学科中也蓬勃发展。尽管关于禁忌语言的学术写作已经有一个多世纪了,但新的和被忽视的领域和方向仍然为普遍的语言行为提供了宝贵的见解。这篇综述追踪了四个有时重叠的集群:命名和语言回避行为、禁忌语言和越轨行为、语言接触情况下的禁忌语言以及教育环境和其他环境中的禁忌语言。这篇综述中的讨论包括禁忌语言如何与亲属圈、亚文化群体成员、代际群体和其他社会群体之间的关系密不可分的例子。事实证明,对学者有吸引力的新研究领域包括全球媒体翻译中的禁忌语言、字幕或分级、语言接触情况以及第二语言教学中的禁忌术语教学。《人类学年度评论》第51卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年10月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 1
The Necropolitics of Language Oppression 语言压迫的死亡政治
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-041420-102158
G. Roche
This article explores how language oppression—coerced language loss—contributes to physical death. The context for this investigation is the ongoing crisis of global linguistic diversity, which sees approximately half the world's languages facing language oppression. It is also a crisis of bodies and lives. This article proposes the necropolitics of language oppression as a decolonial anthropological approach for theorizing and confronting this global problem. Drawing on the anthropology of violence, genocide, and the state, within the context of anthropology's colonial turn since the 1970s, this article describes how states within colonial modernity create and exploit population-differentiated death through practices of social death, slow violence, and slow death. This perspective enables a synthesis of literature from linguistics, applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, translation studies, and public health to reveal the links between language oppression and death. The conclusion discusses how the approach developed in this article can help sustain languages and lives. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology Volume 51 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
这篇文章探讨了语言压迫——强迫性语言丧失——是如何导致身体死亡的。这项调查的背景是全球语言多样性的持续危机,世界上大约一半的语言面临着语言压迫。这也是一场身体和生命的危机。本文提出语言压迫的死亡政治作为一种非殖民化的人类学方法来理论化和面对这一全球性问题。在20世纪70年代以来人类学的殖民转向的背景下,借鉴暴力、种族灭绝和国家人类学,本文描述了殖民现代性中的国家如何通过社会死亡、缓慢暴力和缓慢死亡的实践来创造和利用人口分化的死亡。这一视角能够综合语言学、应用语言学、社会语言学、翻译研究和公共卫生等领域的文献,揭示语言压迫与死亡之间的联系。结论部分讨论了本文开发的方法如何帮助维持语言和生活。预计《人类学年度评论》第51卷的最终在线出版日期是2022年10月。修订后的估计数请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。
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引用次数: 4
Thinking in Between Disciplines 学科之间的思考
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-070120-111609
Elinor Ochs
Academic disciplines are shape-shifting zones of inquiry yet notably bounded by regimes of training, truth, genre, and aesthetics. This article journeys into liminal zones in between disciplines as an existential space to ponder matters that beg for release from disciplinary syllabi. Can one thrive or even survive in the academy while dwelling in intervals between scholarly footprints? I lay bare a life of thinking in between anthropology, linguistics, and psychology for the reader to pursue and complicate this question. Try as I might to steer clear of folly, I have thrown caution to the winds to suggest affordances that nourish transgressive thinking in ways that expand and reassemble thinkable objects of inquiry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology Volume 51 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
学术学科是研究的变形区,但明显受到训练、真理、流派和美学制度的限制。本文作为一个存在空间,深入到学科之间的界限地带,思考那些需要从学科教学大纲中释放出来的问题。一个人能在学术足迹之间的间隙中茁壮成长,甚至在学院中生存吗?我揭示了一种介于人类学、语言学和心理学之间的思考生活,以供读者追求并使这个问题复杂化。尽管我尽量避免愚蠢,但我还是把谨慎抛到了九霄云外,提出了以扩展和重组可思考的探究对象的方式来滋养越轨思维的启示。《人类学年度评论》第51卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年10月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 1
Sociality, Style, and Paying Attention 社交、风格和注意力
IF 2.8 2区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-an-50-081621-100001
D. Brenneis, K. Strier
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Annual Review of Anthropology
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