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The mediating effect of institutional trust in the relationship between precarity and conspiracy beliefs: A conceptual replication of Adam-Troian et al. (2023) 制度信任在不稳定性与阴谋信念之间关系中的中介效应:亚当-特罗伊安等人(2023 年)的概念复制。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12725
Magdalena Adamus, Eva Ballová Mikušková, Pavol Kačmár, Martin Guzi, Matuš Adamkovič, Maria Chayinska, Jais Adam-Troian

The paper reports the results of registered conceptual replications of the indirect effect of institutional trust in the relationship between precarity and the endorsement of conspiracy beliefs (CB). The original study of Adam-Troian et al. (2023; British Journal of Social Psychology, 62(S1), 136-159) indicated that subjective appraisals of economic hardship are associated with lower trust in governments and institutions, which in turn is associated with stronger endorsement of CB. Our Studies 1 to 3 report a series of replications using Slovak panel data. Study 4 reports a replication of the mediation model using data from the European Social Survey Round 10 collected in 17 countries. To provide a quantitative synthesis of these and previous results, we conducted mini meta-analysis (N = 50,340). Although the strength of the observed relationships differed across the studies to some degree, the original patterns of relations remained robust, supporting the original model. The study corroborates the view that to curb the spread of CB, it is necessary to address structural issues, such as growing financial insecurity, socioeconomic inequalities, and the deficit of institutional trust. Finally, we discuss the role of cultural and political settings in conditioning the mechanisms through which precarity enhances the endorsement of CB.

本文报告了对机构信任在不稳定性与共谋信念(CB)认可之间关系的间接影响的概念复制结果。Adam-Troian 等人(2023 年;《英国社会心理学杂志》,62(S1),136-159)的原始研究表明,对经济困难的主观评价与对政府和机构的较低信任度有关,而较低的信任度又与较强的共谋信念认可度有关。我们的研究 1 至研究 3 使用斯洛伐克的面板数据进行了一系列重复研究。研究 4 报告了利用在 17 个国家收集的欧洲社会调查第 10 轮数据对中介模型的复制。为了对这些研究和之前的研究结果进行量化综合,我们进行了小型荟萃分析(N = 50,340)。尽管不同研究中观察到的关系强度存在一定差异,但原有的关系模式仍然保持稳定,支持原有模型。这项研究证实了一种观点,即要遏制《公司条例》的蔓延,就必须解决结构性问题,如日益严重的财务不安全、社会经济不平等和机构信任缺失。最后,我们讨论了文化和政治环境在影响不稳定性加强支持公司债券的机制中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Identity fusion is associated with outgroup trust and social exploration: Evidence for the fusion-secure base hypothesis 身份融合与外群体信任和社会探索有关:融合-安全基础假说的证据。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12724
Jack W. Klein, Katharine H. Greenaway, Brock Bastian

Identity fusion – a powerful form of group alignment – is a strong predictor of using violence to defend the ingroup. However, recent theorizing suggests, in the absence of outgroup threat, fusion may instead promote intergroup trust and cooperation. Across five studies we find evidence that fusion to a range of groups (e.g., country, football team) was consistently positively associated with a willingness to trust others generally, trust outgroup members, and social exploration. An internal meta-analysis indicated that fusion was more strongly associated with trust and social exploration, compared to several measures of group identification. These findings provide support for the fusion-secure base hypothesis (Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2023, 27(2), 107–127) and suggest that fusion has the potential to increase a willingness to interact with, and trust, outgroup members.

身份融合--一种强大的群体一致性形式--是使用暴力捍卫内群体的一个强有力的预测因素。然而,最近的理论研究表明,在没有外群体威胁的情况下,融合反而会促进群体间的信任与合作。在五项研究中,我们发现有证据表明,与一系列群体(如国家、足球队)的融合始终与信任他人的意愿、信任外群体成员和社会探索呈正相关。一项内部荟萃分析表明,与群体认同的几种测量方法相比,融合与信任和社会探索的关系更为密切。这些发现为融合-安全基础假说提供了支持(《人格与社会心理学评论》。2023,27(2),107-127),并表明融合有可能增加与外群体成员互动和信任的意愿。
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引用次数: 0
Backfire effects of performance quantification on stress and disidentification: The role of metadehumanization in organizations, sport, and social networks 绩效量化对压力和认同感的反作用:元人性化在组织、体育和社交网络中的作用。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12721
Stephanie Demoulin, Florence Stinglhamber

Quantification, that is, the shaping of human environments in numerical terms, is so widespread in contemporary societies that it has contaminated almost all spheres of human life. We explore the links between performance quantification and individuals' feelings of being treated in a dehumanized way, that is, metadehumanization. We present an integrative research that assessed the relationships between performance quantification, metadehumanization, and on two of metadehumanization's consequences, that is, stress and disidentification, in three contexts, that is, organizations, sport, and social networks. In addition, we test the moderating roles of two individual variables, that is, competitiveness and tender-mindedness, in this model. In three samples (Ns = 204, 300, 297, for Samples A, B, and C, respectively), we show a mediation effect of metadehumanization on the links between performance quantification and stress and disidentification that holds despite of contextual variations. Unexpectedly, our two moderated mediation hypotheses did not hold or showed inconsistent effects across samples.

量化,即用数字来塑造人类环境,在当代社会中非常普遍,几乎污染了人类生活的所有领域。我们探讨了绩效量化与个人被非人化对待的感觉(即元人性化)之间的联系。我们介绍了一项综合研究,该研究评估了绩效量化、元人性化之间的关系,以及元人性化在组织、体育和社交网络三种环境中的两种后果,即压力和身份认同。此外,我们还测试了该模型中两个个体变量(即好胜心和温柔心)的调节作用。在三个样本(样本 A、B 和 C 的样本数分别为 204、300 和 297)中,我们发现元人性化对绩效量化与压力和不认同之间的联系具有中介效应,而且这种效应在不同的情境下都能保持不变。出乎意料的是,我们的两个调节中介假设在不同样本中并不成立或显示出不一致的效果。
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引用次数: 0
Social influence and social identity: A diffusion model analysis 社会影响与社会认同:扩散模型分析。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12714
Vinzenz H. Duderstadt, Andreas Mojzisch, Markus Germar

Building on the seminal studies of Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif, recent research has advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying social influence by applying a diffusion model analysis. Here, we combined the social identity approach to social influence with a diffusion model analysis to unravel the mechanisms underlying social influence. In particular, we aimed to disentangle whether the difference between in-group and out-group influence on perceptual decision-making is driven by a judgmental bias (i.e., changes in decision criteria) or a perceptual bias (i.e., changes in the uptake of sensory information). Preregistered analyses indicated that in-groups exerted stronger social influence than out-groups because in-groups induced a stronger perceptual bias than out-groups. This finding is in line with the single process assumption of the social identity approach because it implicates that the single process driving social influence (i.e., self-categorisation) translates into a change in a single subprocess of decision-making (i.e., biased information uptake). In conclusion, our results highlight that our theoretical understanding of social influence can be expanded by integrating the social identity approach with a diffusion model analysis.

在所罗门-阿什(Solomon Asch)和穆扎费尔-谢里夫(Muzafer Sherif)的开创性研究的基础上,最近的研究通过应用扩散模型分析,推进了我们对社会影响内在机制的理解。在这里,我们将社会影响的社会认同方法与扩散模型分析相结合,以揭示社会影响的内在机制。特别是,我们的目的是要区分群体内和群体外对知觉决策影响的差异是由判断偏差(即决策标准的变化)还是知觉偏差(即感官信息摄取的变化)驱动的。预先登记的分析表明,由于内部群体比外部群体诱发了更强的感知偏差,因此内部群体比外部群体施加了更强的社会影响。这一发现与社会认同方法的单一过程假设相一致,因为它意味着驱动社会影响的单一过程(即自我分类)会转化为决策的单一子过程(即有偏差的信息摄取)的变化。总之,我们的研究结果突出表明,通过将社会认同方法与扩散模型分析相结合,我们对社会影响的理论理解可以得到拓展。
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引用次数: 0
The Perceived Economic Scarcity Scale: A valid tool with greater predictive utility than income 经济稀缺感量表:比收入更具预测效用的有效工具。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12719
Victor Auger, Nicolas Sommet, Alice Normand

This article introduces the Perceived Economic Scarcity Scale (PESS), a novel instrument measuring the subjective evaluation and experience of economic scarcity (the feeling of having insufficient financial resources to meet one's needs). We conducted three high-powered preregistered studies (total N = 1900) to rigorously evaluate the PESS's psychometric properties. In Study 1, we generated a pool of items and used both Principal Component Analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis to select the most appropriate items. In Study 2, we examined the PESS's construct validity, demonstrating that it measures a distinct construct from related constructs such as subjective social class. In Study 3, we examined the PESS's predictive validity, demonstrating that it is a robust predictor of both affective outcomes (e.g. anxiety-depressive symptoms) and cognitive outcomes (e.g. economic risk-taking). Critically, we found that the PESS not only has incremental validity over and above income but also has greater predictive utility than income. We also found that the PESS score varies depending on the distance-to-pay and has excellent test–retest reliability. Overall, the PESS appears to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing perceived economic scarcity, and we encourage researchers to use it to better understand the psychological consequences of ‘not having enough’.

本文介绍了 "经济匮乏感量表"(PESS),这是一种测量经济匮乏感(指没有足够的经济资源来满足自身需求的感觉)的主观评价和体验的新型工具。为了严格评估 PESS 的心理测量特性,我们进行了三项高功率预注册研究(总人数 = 1900)。在研究 1 中,我们生成了一个项目库,并使用主成分分析和探索性因子分析来选择最合适的项目。在研究 2 中,我们检验了 PESS 的建构效度,证明它测量的是与主观社会阶层等相关建构不同的建构。在研究 3 中,我们检验了 PESS 的预测效度,证明它能够有力地预测情感结果(如焦虑抑郁症状)和认知结果(如经济风险承担)。重要的是,我们发现 PESS 不仅比收入具有更高的有效性,而且比收入具有更高的预测效用。我们还发现,PESS 分数随支付距离的变化而变化,并且具有极佳的测试-再测试可靠性。总之,PESS 似乎是一种有效、可靠的评估经济匮乏感的工具,我们鼓励研究人员使用它来更好地了解 "不够用 "的心理后果。
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引用次数: 0
Human aggression in everyday life: An empirical test of the general aggression model 日常生活中的人类攻击行为:一般攻击模型的实证检验。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12718
Riccarda Kersten, Tobias Greitemeyer

With the general aggression model (GAM), Anderson and Bushman (2002) provided an integrative framework to explain the complex nature of aggression. Based on the GAM, we examined whether personological and situational factors (interactively) have an impact on the person's internal state (consisting of aggressive cognition, affect, and physiological arousal), which in turn is assumed to lead to aggressive behaviour. In a large-scale experience sampling study, 403 participants answered 7558 questionnaires over a period of 2 weeks. As hypothesized, participants were more likely to exhibit an aggressive internal state the higher they scored on antagonistic personality traits (trait aggression, narcissism, psychopathy, sadism, anger rumination) and the more interpersonal, intrapersonal, and environmental triggers they experienced. Aggressive behaviour was positively related to trait aggression, psychopathy, sadism, anger rumination, and all situational triggers. Furthermore, the impact of antagonistic personality traits and situational triggers on aggressive behaviour was considerably reduced when the aggressive internal state was taken into account. Contrary to predictions, the relationship between antagonistic personality traits and the aggressive internal state was most pronounced when situational triggers were low. Overall, however, the process by which personal and situational variables predict aggression in daily life can be well explained by the GAM.

安德森和布什曼(2002 年)通过一般攻击模型(GAM)提供了一个综合框架来解释攻击行为的复杂性质。基于 GAM,我们研究了个人因素和情境因素(相互作用)是否会影响个人的内部状态(包括攻击性认知、情感和生理唤醒),进而导致攻击行为。在一项大规模经验取样研究中,403 名参与者在两周内回答了 7558 份问卷。正如假设的那样,参与者在对抗性人格特质(特质攻击性、自恋、变态心理、虐待狂、愤怒反刍)上的得分越高,经历的人际、人内和环境诱因越多,他们就越有可能表现出攻击性的内心状态。攻击行为与特质攻击性、心理变态、虐待狂、愤怒反刍以及所有情境诱因呈正相关。此外,如果将攻击性内心状态考虑在内,对抗性人格特质和情境诱因对攻击行为的影响就会大大降低。与预测相反,当情境诱因较低时,对抗性人格特质与攻击性内心状态之间的关系最为明显。不过,总的来说,GAM 可以很好地解释个人和情境变量对日常生活中攻击行为的预测过程。
{"title":"Human aggression in everyday life: An empirical test of the general aggression model","authors":"Riccarda Kersten,&nbsp;Tobias Greitemeyer","doi":"10.1111/bjso.12718","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjso.12718","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the general aggression model (GAM), Anderson and Bushman (2002) provided an integrative framework to explain the complex nature of aggression. Based on the GAM, we examined whether personological and situational factors (interactively) have an impact on the person's internal state (consisting of aggressive cognition, affect, and physiological arousal), which in turn is assumed to lead to aggressive behaviour. In a large-scale experience sampling study, 403 participants answered 7558 questionnaires over a period of 2 weeks. As hypothesized, participants were more likely to exhibit an aggressive internal state the higher they scored on antagonistic personality traits (trait aggression, narcissism, psychopathy, sadism, anger rumination) and the more interpersonal, intrapersonal, and environmental triggers they experienced. Aggressive behaviour was positively related to trait aggression, psychopathy, sadism, anger rumination, and all situational triggers. Furthermore, the impact of antagonistic personality traits and situational triggers on aggressive behaviour was considerably reduced when the aggressive internal state was taken into account. Contrary to predictions, the relationship between antagonistic personality traits and the aggressive internal state was most pronounced when situational triggers were low. Overall, however, the process by which personal and situational variables predict aggression in daily life can be well explained by the GAM.</p>","PeriodicalId":48304,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Social Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bjso.12718","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139089073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A search for commonalities in defining the common good: Using folk theories to unlock shared conceptions 寻找定义共同利益的共性:利用民间理论发掘共同理念。
IF 5.4 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12713
Melissa A. Wheeler, Samuel G. Wilson, Naomi Baes, Vlad Demsar

Throughout the course of scholarly history, some concepts have been notoriously hard to define. The ‘common good’ is one such concept. While the common good has a long and contested scholarly history, social psychology research on folk theories – lay beliefs that represent an individual's informal and subjective understanding of the world – may provide a key for unlocking this nebulous concept. In the current paper, we analysed lay definitions of the common good using the linguistic inquiry and word count's meaning extraction method. From a nationally representative Australian sample of open-ended text responses (n = 14,303), we uncovered a consistent conceptual structure, with nine themes corresponding to three core aspects: (i) outcomes and objects, (ii) principles and processes and (iii) stakeholders and beneficiaries. From this, we developed a working definition of the folk concept of the common good: ‘achieving the best possible outcome for the largest number of people, which is underpinned by decision-making that is ethically and morally sound and varies by the context in which the decisions are made’. A working definition benefits the academic community and society more broadly, particularly when diverse stakeholders come together to act for the common good to address shared challenges.

在学术史上,有些概念是出了名的难以界定。共同利益 "就是这样一个概念。虽然 "共同利益 "在学术史上有着漫长而有争议的历史,但有关民间理论(代表个人对世界的非正式和主观理解的非专业信仰)的社会心理学研究可能会为解开这一模糊概念提供一把钥匙。在本文中,我们使用语言调查和字数统计的意义提取法分析了普通人对共同利益的定义。从具有全国代表性的澳大利亚开放式文本回复样本(n = 14303)中,我们发现了一个一致的概念结构,其中九个主题分别对应三个核心方面:(i) 结果和对象,(ii) 原则和过程,以及 (iii) 利益相关者和受益人。在此基础上,我们提出了 "共同利益 "这一民间概念的工作定义:"为最大多数人实现尽可能好的结果,其基础是伦理道德上合理的决策,并因决策环境而异"。一个行之有效的定义有利于学术界和更广泛的社会,特别是当不同的利益攸关方为共同利益而携手行动,应对共同挑战时。
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引用次数: 0
Toleration, discrimination, or acceptance? How majorities interpret and legitimize minority toleration depends on outgroup threat 宽容、歧视还是接受?多数人如何解释对少数人的宽容并使之合法化取决于外群体的威胁。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12715
Berfin Acar, Sabahat Cigdem Bagci, Maykel Verkuyten

The notion of tolerance is widely embraced in plural contexts, but little is known about how majority members interpret the toleration of minorities. With four studies, we investigated majority group members' interpretations of a minority toleration situation (compared to full acceptance and discrimination situations) as a function of outgroup threat. Study 1 (N = 214) showed that higher perception of threat from Syrian refugees was associated with Turkish natives' stronger likelihood of interpreting a refugee toleration situation as ‘acceptance’. Studies 2 (N = 161, threatening context: Syrian refugees-Turkish natives) and 3 (N = 206, non-threatening context: homosexuals-liberal heterosexual students) demonstrated that toleration was interpreted more as a form of acceptance in a high-threat context, whereas it was perceived more like discrimination in the non-threatening context. Experimental Study 4 (N = 150, pre-registered, Muslims-Christians in the UK) indicated that increasing outgroup threat led to higher legitimization of toleration, which, in turn, related to lower support of minority rights. It is concluded that outgroup threat affects how people interpret the way in which minorities are treated, which has implications for initiatives and policies that try to stimulate tolerance towards minority groups.

宽容的概念在多元环境中被广泛接受,但对于多数群体成员如何解释对少数群体的宽容却知之甚少。通过四项研究,我们调查了多数群体成员对外群体威胁的解释,以及他们对少数群体容忍情况(与完全接受和歧视情况相比)的解释。研究1(N = 214)表明,对叙利亚难民威胁的更高感知与土耳其本地人将难民容忍情况解释为 "接受 "的更大可能性相关。实验研究 2(N = 161,威胁情境:叙利亚难民-土耳其本地人)和实验研究 3(N = 206,非威胁情境:同性恋-自由异性恋学生)表明,在高威胁情境中,宽容更多地被解释为一种接受,而在非威胁情境中,宽容更多地被认为是一种歧视。实验研究 4(N = 150,预先注册,英国穆斯林-基督徒)表明,外群体威胁的增加导致容忍的合法化程度提高,反过来又导致对少数群体权利的支持率降低。结论是,外群体威胁会影响人们如何解释对待少数群体的方式,这对试图促进对少数群体宽容的倡议和政策具有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Damned if she does: The subordinate male target hypothesis and discrimination of social dominant female minority members 如果她这样做就该死:从属男性目标假说与歧视社会占优势的女性少数群体成员
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12716
Sarah Buhl, Frank Asbrock, Chris G. Sibley, Carla Houkamau

According to the subordinate male target hypothesis (SMTH), racism is based on an ethnicity-by-gender interaction, with a stronger link between experiencing racist discrimination and subordinate or dominant ethnic group status for men compared to women. This study reevaluates the SMTH, originally focused on objective discrimination, by applying it to self-reported active harm as a theoretically derived measure of racist discrimination and by exploring interindividual differences in female ethnic minority members' discriminatory experiences. We proposed that social dominance orientation (SDO) among female ethnic minorities would influence SMTH predictions. We tested this using multiple linear regression analyses among a sample of New Zealand Europeans as the majority in New Zealand and non-Europeans as the minority. As hypothesized, male non-Europeans reported disproportionally more active harm than female non-Europeans. Unexpectedly, not only female but also male, non-Europeans high in SDO reported more active harm than non-Europeans low in SDO. Therefore, applied to self-reported racist experiences, oppression of ethnic minorities is driven by interindividual differences rather than by gender. Together, these findings provide evidence that the SMTH cannot be unreservedly extended to reports of racist discrimination and that other processes may underlie these subjective experiences of discrimination that need to be considered in more detail.

根据 "从属男性目标假说"(SMTH),种族主义是基于种族与性别之间的相互作用,与女性相比,男性遭受种族主义歧视与种族群体的从属或主导地位之间有更强的联系。本研究重新评估了最初侧重于客观歧视的 SMTH,将其应用于自我报告的主动伤害,作为从理论上得出的种族主义歧视的衡量标准,并探讨了女性少数民族成员歧视经历的个体间差异。我们提出,少数族裔女性的社会主导取向(SDO)会影响 SMTH 的预测。我们使用多元线性回归分析在新西兰欧洲人(新西兰的多数群体)和非欧洲人(少数群体)样本中进行了测试。正如假设的那样,男性非欧洲人报告的主动伤害比女性非欧洲人多得多。出乎意料的是,不仅女性非欧洲人,而且男性非欧洲人中 SDO 值高的也比 SDO 值低的非欧洲人报告了更多的主动伤害。因此,就自我报告的种族主义经历而言,对少数族裔的压迫是由个体间差异而非性别驱动的。总之,这些研究结果证明,SMTH 不能毫无保留地扩展到种族主义歧视的报告中,这些歧视的主观经历可能还有其他过程,需要更详细地考虑。
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引用次数: 0
The costs of lying: Consequences of telling lies on liar's self-esteem and affect 说谎的代价说谎对说谎者自尊和情感的影响
IF 5.4 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-30 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12711
Sanne Preuter, Bastian Jaeger, Mariëlle Stel

Deceiving others is generally viewed as immoral. However, most people lie on a daily basis. This article examines the psychological consequences for the liars themselves, as they are participating in what is generally perceived as immoral behaviour. More specifically, this article focuses on the effects of lying on the liar's self-esteem and affect. We tested if lying, in comparison to telling the truth, lowers people's self-esteem and increases negative experienced affect. In total, three cross sectional and one longitudinal studies were conducted (N = 783). Results showed that lying decreased people's self-esteem and increased negative affect, regardless of the type of lie (self-centred vs. other-oriented). Furthermore, lying on a given day decreased people's self-esteem compared to their self-esteem on the previous day and to their average level of self-esteem across 5 days.

欺骗他人通常被视为不道德。然而,大多数人每天都在撒谎。本文探讨了说谎者本身的心理后果,因为他们参与了一般被视为不道德的行为。更具体地说,本文重点关注说谎对说谎者自尊和情感的影响。我们测试了与说真话相比,撒谎是否会降低人们的自尊并增加负面情绪体验。我们共进行了三项横断面研究和一项纵向研究(N = 783)。结果表明,无论谎言的类型(以自我为中心还是以他人为中心)如何,说谎都会降低人们的自尊,增加负面情绪。此外,与前一天的自尊水平和 5 天的平均自尊水平相比,在某一天撒谎会降低人们的自尊水平。
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引用次数: 0
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British Journal of Social Psychology
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