We examine the relationship between income volatility and life expectancy in mid-sized U.S. commuting zones between 2006 and 2014. We use a commercial dataset, InfoUSA, to measure income volatility which we link to estimates of life expectancy by gender, county, race, and income. We find that higher income volatility in a county is associated with lower life expectancy, but only at the bottom of the income distribution and primarily for non-Hispanic Whites. Though we cannot extrapolate our findings to individual-level relationships, we do link them to existing literatures on place-based differences in mortality and the relationship between volatility and health.
{"title":"The Association between the Volatility of Income and Life Expectancy in the United States.","authors":"Anna L Ziff, Emily Wiemers, V Joseph Hotz","doi":"10.1086/732668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/732668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We examine the relationship between income volatility and life expectancy in mid-sized U.S. commuting zones between 2006 and 2014. We use a commercial dataset, InfoUSA, to measure income volatility which we link to estimates of life expectancy by gender, county, race, and income. We find that higher income volatility in a county is associated with lower life expectancy, but only at the bottom of the income distribution and primarily for non-Hispanic Whites. Though we cannot extrapolate our findings to individual-level relationships, we do link them to existing literatures on place-based differences in mortality and the relationship between volatility and health.</p>","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"43 Suppl 1","pages":"S153-S178"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12002405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144019205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erin Kelley, Gregory Lane, Matthew Pecenco, Edward Rubin
Many workers are evaluated on their ability to engage with customers. We measure the impact of gender-based customer discrimination on the productivity of online sales agents in sub-Saharan Africa. Using a novel framework that randomly varies the gender of names presented to customers without changing worker behavior, we find the assignment of a female-sounding name leads to 50 percent fewer purchases. Customers also lag in responding, are less expressive, and avoid discussing purchases. We show similar results for customers around the world and across workers. Removing customer bias, we find women would be more productive than their male coworkers.
{"title":"Customer Discrimination in the Workplace: Evidence from Online Sales.","authors":"Erin Kelley, Gregory Lane, Matthew Pecenco, Edward Rubin","doi":"10.1086/733049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/733049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many workers are evaluated on their ability to engage with customers. We measure the impact of gender-based customer discrimination on the productivity of online sales agents in sub-Saharan Africa. Using a novel framework that randomly varies the gender of names presented to customers without changing worker behavior, we find the assignment of a female-sounding name leads to 50 percent fewer purchases. Customers also lag in responding, are less expressive, and avoid discussing purchases. We show similar results for customers around the world and across workers. Removing customer bias, we find women would be more productive than their male coworkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12352488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Analyzing data spanning three decades covering the near universe of births, we study county-level differences in Cesarean section (C-section) rates among first-time mothers of singleton births. Our research reveals persistent geographic variation in C-section rates for both low- and high-risk groups. Counties with elevated C-section rates consistently perform more C-sections across mothers at all levels of appropriateness for the procedure. These elevated rates of C-section in high C-section counties are associated with reduced maternal and infant morbidity. We also find that C-section decisions are less responsive to underlying risks for Black mothers relative to white mothers, suggesting potential welfare-reducing disparities.
{"title":"Geographic Variation in Cesarean Sections in the United States: Trends, Correlates, and Other Interesting Facts.","authors":"Sarah Robinson,Heather Royer,David Silver","doi":"10.1086/728804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/728804","url":null,"abstract":"Analyzing data spanning three decades covering the near universe of births, we study county-level differences in Cesarean section (C-section) rates among first-time mothers of singleton births. Our research reveals persistent geographic variation in C-section rates for both low- and high-risk groups. Counties with elevated C-section rates consistently perform more C-sections across mothers at all levels of appropriateness for the procedure. These elevated rates of C-section in high C-section counties are associated with reduced maternal and infant morbidity. We also find that C-section decisions are less responsive to underlying risks for Black mothers relative to white mothers, suggesting potential welfare-reducing disparities.","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"75 1","pages":"S219-S259"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142249153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wolfgang Frimmel, Martin Halla, Jörg Paetzold, Julia Schmieder
{"title":"Health of Parents, Their Children's Labor Supply, and the Role of Migrant Care Workers","authors":"Wolfgang Frimmel, Martin Halla, Jörg Paetzold, Julia Schmieder","doi":"10.1086/729102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/729102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"14 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139004912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imran Rasul, Vittorio Bassi, Oriana Bandiera, Robin Burgess, Anna Vitali, Munshi Sulaiman
{"title":"The Search for Good Jobs: Evidence from a Six-year Field Experiment in Uganda","authors":"Imran Rasul, Vittorio Bassi, Oriana Bandiera, Robin Burgess, Anna Vitali, Munshi Sulaiman","doi":"10.1086/728429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/728429","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"35 1-2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134909814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Severe gender imbalances coupled with the stark income differences across countries are driving an increase in cross-border marriages in many Asian countries. This paper theoretically and empirically studies who marries whom, including how cross-border couples are selected, and how marital surplus is allocated within couples in the marriage markets of Taiwan (a wealthier side with male-biased sex ratios) and Vietnam (a poorer side with balanced sex ratios). Among the cross-border marriages that are predominantly made up of Taiwanese men and Vietnamese women, I nd that Taiwanese men are selected from the middle level of the socioeconomic status distribution, and Vietnamese women are positively selected for cross-border marriages. Moreover, I show that changes in costs of cross-border marriage, incurred by immigration-policy changes and proliferation of matching services, also affect the welfare of Taiwanese and Vietnamese who do not participate in cross-border marriages by altering marriage rates, matching partners, and intra-household allocations.
{"title":"Matching Across Markets: An Economic Analysis of Cross-Border Marriage","authors":"So Yoon Ahn","doi":"10.1086/728359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/728359","url":null,"abstract":"Severe gender imbalances coupled with the stark income differences across countries are driving an increase in cross-border marriages in many Asian countries. This paper theoretically and empirically studies who marries whom, including how cross-border couples are selected, and how marital surplus is allocated within couples in the marriage markets of Taiwan (a wealthier side with male-biased sex ratios) and Vietnam (a poorer side with balanced sex ratios). Among the cross-border marriages that are predominantly made up of Taiwanese men and Vietnamese women, I nd that Taiwanese men are selected from the middle level of the socioeconomic status distribution, and Vietnamese women are positively selected for cross-border marriages. Moreover, I show that changes in costs of cross-border marriage, incurred by immigration-policy changes and proliferation of matching services, also affect the welfare of Taiwanese and Vietnamese who do not participate in cross-border marriages by altering marriage rates, matching partners, and intra-household allocations.","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136377193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Recession on Less Educated Women’s Human Capital: Some Projections","authors":"Mark Drozd, Robert Moffitt, Xinyu Zhao","doi":"10.1086/728431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/728431","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"21 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134909482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the impact on work absences of a large reduction in paid sick leave benefits in Spain. Our results highlight substantial decreases in frequency (number of spells) mostly offset by increases in duration (length of spells). Overall, the policy did reduce the number of days lost to sick leave. For some, however, return to work was premature, as we document large increases in both the proportion of relapses and the number of working accidents. Displacement toward this unaffected benefit scheme cancels out almost two-fifths of the gains in terms of estimated absence reductions from the sick leave benefit cut.
{"title":"Sick Leave Cuts and (Unhealthy) Returns to Work","authors":"Olivier Marie, Judit Vall Castello","doi":"10.1086/720629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720629","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the impact on work absences of a large reduction in paid sick leave benefits in Spain. Our results highlight substantial decreases in frequency (number of spells) mostly offset by increases in duration (length of spells). Overall, the policy did reduce the number of days lost to sick leave. For some, however, return to work was premature, as we document large increases in both the proportion of relapses and the number of working accidents. Displacement toward this unaffected benefit scheme cancels out almost two-fifths of the gains in terms of estimated absence reductions from the sick leave benefit cut.","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135790550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous articleNext article FreeJacob Mincer AwardPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreThe Society of Labor Economists (SOLE) awards the 2023 Jacob Mincer Award for lifetime contributions to labor economics to Joseph Altonji.Joe Altonji is the Thomas DeWitt Cuyler Professor of Economics at Yale University and has taught there since 2002. He previously held faculty positions at Columbia University and Northwestern University. Joe earned his undergraduate degree from Yale University in 1975 and his PhD in economics from Princeton University in 1981. He is a SOLE fellow (elected in 2006), a past president of SOLE (2018–19), the 2018 recipient of the IZA Prize in Labor Economics, a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), and a fellow of the Econometric Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.Altonji has been an influential and insightful leader in labor economics for four decades with pioneering research contributions spanning most core areas of the field, including labor supply, labor market cyclical fluctuations, economics of the family, wage determination, economics of education and estimation of returns to different educational investments, earnings dynamics, labor market discrimination, race and gender disparities in the labor market, and applied econometric methods. His work is notable in developing and implementing more rigorous empirical tests of economic theories to better understand the operation of labor markets, educational choices, and household decisions concerning labor supply and consumption. Along the way he has illuminated many policy-relevant issues and made fundamental and practical contributions to empirical methodology.Altonji’s early empirical research (Review of Economic Studies 1982) challenged a core tenet of real business cycle models that cyclical fluctuations in employment reflected optimizing labor supply responses to expected real wages. He then provided more convincing micro panel data evidence on individual-level intertemporal labor supply behavior (Journal of Political Economy 1986). His prominent series of papers (with Fumio Hayashi and Laurence Kotlikoff) assessed the extent to which the extended family represents the appropriate unit of economic decision-making, including a clever and compelling test of whether parents and their adult children act as a single unified economic unit by examining the extent to which the distribution of consumption of parents and children systematically depends on the distribution of their incomes (American Economic Review 1992). Altonji also has done important work improving the econometric modeling of earnings dynamics (Econometrica 2009 with Anthony Smith and Ivan Vidangos) and providing new approaches to distinguishing labor market returns to job seniority versus general labor market experience (e.g., Review of Economic Studi
{"title":"Jacob Mincer Award","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/727517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727517","url":null,"abstract":"Previous articleNext article FreeJacob Mincer AwardPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreThe Society of Labor Economists (SOLE) awards the 2023 Jacob Mincer Award for lifetime contributions to labor economics to Joseph Altonji.Joe Altonji is the Thomas DeWitt Cuyler Professor of Economics at Yale University and has taught there since 2002. He previously held faculty positions at Columbia University and Northwestern University. Joe earned his undergraduate degree from Yale University in 1975 and his PhD in economics from Princeton University in 1981. He is a SOLE fellow (elected in 2006), a past president of SOLE (2018–19), the 2018 recipient of the IZA Prize in Labor Economics, a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), and a fellow of the Econometric Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.Altonji has been an influential and insightful leader in labor economics for four decades with pioneering research contributions spanning most core areas of the field, including labor supply, labor market cyclical fluctuations, economics of the family, wage determination, economics of education and estimation of returns to different educational investments, earnings dynamics, labor market discrimination, race and gender disparities in the labor market, and applied econometric methods. His work is notable in developing and implementing more rigorous empirical tests of economic theories to better understand the operation of labor markets, educational choices, and household decisions concerning labor supply and consumption. Along the way he has illuminated many policy-relevant issues and made fundamental and practical contributions to empirical methodology.Altonji’s early empirical research (Review of Economic Studies 1982) challenged a core tenet of real business cycle models that cyclical fluctuations in employment reflected optimizing labor supply responses to expected real wages. He then provided more convincing micro panel data evidence on individual-level intertemporal labor supply behavior (Journal of Political Economy 1986). His prominent series of papers (with Fumio Hayashi and Laurence Kotlikoff) assessed the extent to which the extended family represents the appropriate unit of economic decision-making, including a clever and compelling test of whether parents and their adult children act as a single unified economic unit by examining the extent to which the distribution of consumption of parents and children systematically depends on the distribution of their incomes (American Economic Review 1992). Altonji also has done important work improving the econometric modeling of earnings dynamics (Econometrica 2009 with Anthony Smith and Ivan Vidangos) and providing new approaches to distinguishing labor market returns to job seniority versus general labor market experience (e.g., Review of Economic Studi","PeriodicalId":48308,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Labor Economics","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135900490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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