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Teaching expectancy improves video‐based learning: Evidence from eye‐movement synchronization 教学期望能改善视频学习:眼动同步的证据
IF 6.6 1区 教育学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1111/bjet.13496
Zheng Liang, Riman Ga, Han Bai, Qingbai Zhao, Guixian Wang, Qing Lai, Shi Chen, Quanlei Yu, Zhijin Zhou
Video‐based learning (VBL) is popular, yet students tend to learn video material passively. Instilling teaching expectancy is a strategy to promote active processing by learners, but it is unclear how effective it will be in improving VBL. This study examined the role of teaching expectancy on VBL by comparing the learning outcomes and metacognitive monitoring of 94 learners with different expectancies (teaching, test or no expectancy). Results showed that the teaching expectancy group had better learning outcomes and no significant difference in the metacognitive monitoring of three groups. We further explored the visual behaviour patterns of learners with different expectancies by using the indicator of eye‐movement synchronization. It was found that synchronization was significantly lower in both the teaching and test expectancy groups than in the no expectancy group, and the test expectancy group was significantly lower than the teaching expectancy group. This result suggests that both teaching and test expectancy enhance the active processing of VBL. However, by sliding window analysis, we found that the teaching expectancy group used a flexible and planned attention allocation. Our findings confirmed the effectiveness of teaching expectancy in VBL. Also, this study provided evidence for the applicability of eye‐tracking techniques to assess VBL.What is already known about this topicVideo‐based learning has become a popular way, yet students tend to learn video material passively.When students learn with teaching expectancy, they are more likely to engage in deep processing, which has been proven in static multimedia learning.Individuals show high eye‐movement synchronization when watching the same video, and this synchronization may be reduced when they engage in top‐down processing.What this paper addsTeaching expectancy improves learning performance in Video‐based learning.Teaching expectancy enhances active cognitive processing in Video‐based learning.During the video viewing, learners with teaching expectancy not only followed the instructor's explanations but also engaged in active top‐down processing, demonstrating flexible and planned attention allocation.Implications for practice and/or policyUtilizing teaching as an intention can serve as an effective learning strategy for Video‐based learning.The use of eye‐movement intersubject correlation to analyse visual behaviour patterns provides a new way to explore how people learn from dynamic multimedia materials.
基于视频的学习(VBL)很受欢迎,但学生往往被动地学习视频材料。灌输教学期望是一种促进学习者主动学习的策略,但它在改善视频学习方面的效果如何还不清楚。本研究通过比较不同期望(教学、测试或无期望)的 94 名学习者的学习成果和元认知监控,研究了教学期望对 VBL 的作用。结果显示,教学期望组的学习效果更好,而三组的元认知监控没有显著差异。我们还利用眼动同步这一指标进一步探讨了不同期待学习者的视觉行为模式。结果发现,教学期望组和考试期望组的同步率都明显低于无期望组,而考试期望组明显低于教学期望组。这一结果表明,教学和测试期望都能增强 VBL 的主动加工。然而,通过滑动窗口分析,我们发现教学期望组采用了灵活而有计划的注意力分配。我们的研究结果证实了教学期望在 VBL 中的有效性。当学生在教学期望下学习时,他们更有可能进行深度加工,这在静态多媒体学习中已经得到了证实。当个体在观看同一视频时,眼动的同步性很高,而当他们进行自上而下的加工时,这种同步性可能会降低。在观看视频的过程中,有教学期望的学习者不仅会跟随教师的讲解,而且还会进行积极的自上而下的加工,表现出灵活而有计划的注意力分配。对实践和/或政策的影响将教学作为一种意图,可作为视频学习的一种有效学习策略。
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引用次数: 0
Preservice teachers' learning by design through space construction in the metaverse 职前教师通过元宇宙中的空间建构进行设计学习
IF 6.6 1区 教育学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1111/bjet.13493
Sangmin-Michelle Lee, Sung‐Yeon Kim
Teachers who know what, how and why to teach are essential for successful student learning. However, many preservice teachers (PSTs) lack teaching experience and the ability to integrate theory and practice. To help bridge this gap, this study employed a learning‐by‐design project approach in which 22 Korean PSTs developed lesson plans for middle school English classes, constructed virtual classrooms in the metaverse based on their English lesson plans, and conducted microteaching in the virtual classrooms. The study used a qualitative research method and focused on an emic perspective with multiple data sets, including the PSTs' reflection papers and post‐interviews as primary data, and their lesson plans, virtual classrooms and recordings of microteaching as secondary data. The results showed that the project supported learning by design, and that it also helped PSTs understand learners and learning, redefine the teacher's role as a designer and facilitator, connect theories to practice and improve their teaching skills. The findings can be used as a reference for future teacher training.What is already known about this topicTeachers' content, pedagogical and technological knowledge and skills are essential attributes for effective performance.Preservice teachers (PSTs) have difficulty transferring their knowledge to real classrooms because their knowledge often focuses on the ‘know‐what’ of teaching, but not on the ‘know‐how’.Microteaching in virtual environments helps PSTs connect knowledge and practice and prepare for real classroom situations.What this paper addsThe study applied a learning‐by‐design approach to preservice teachers' microteaching to help them connect their pedagogical knowledge to classroom practice.The study focused on describing how the PSTs' virtual classroom design influenced the way they planned and implemented their microteaching.Implications for practice and/or policyTeacher educators can incorporate the design‐based approach into their teacher training modules to help teachers understand learner needs when planning and implementing English lessons.Teachers can develop technological literacy and positive attitudes about using technology in their classrooms.
知道 "教什么"、"怎么教 "和 "为什么教 "的教师对学生的成功学习至关重要。然而,许多职前教师(PSTs)缺乏教学经验和理论与实践相结合的能力。为了缩小这一差距,本研究采用了 "设计学习 "项目方法,让 22 名韩国职前教师为初中英语课程制定教案,根据他们的英语教案在元世界中构建虚拟教室,并在虚拟教室中开展微课教学。研究采用了定性研究方法,侧重于情感视角,并使用了多种数据集,包括作为主要数据的 PSTs 反思论文和后访谈,以及作为次要数据的他们的教案、虚拟教室和微课教学录音。研究结果表明,该项目支持 "设计学习",同时也帮助专业教师理解学习者和学习,重新定义教师作为设计者和促进者的角色,将理论与实践联系起来,并提高他们的教学技能。本主题的已知内容教师的教学内容、教学法和技术知识与技能是有效教学的基本要素。职前教师(PSTs)很难将他们的知识迁移到真实的课堂中,因为他们的知识往往集中在教学的 "知道什么 "上,而不是 "知道如何做 "上。对实践和/或政策的启示:教师教育工作者可以将基于设计的方法纳入教师培训模块,帮助教师在规划和实施英语课程时了解学习者的需求,培养教师的技术素养和在课堂上使用技术的积极态度。
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引用次数: 0
Developing students' creative problem‐solving strategies in the context of blended sports education 在混合式体育教育中培养学生创造性解决问题的策略
IF 6.6 1区 教育学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1111/bjet.13495
Yen-Nan Lin, Lu-Ho Hsia, Gwo‐Jen Hwang
To win in sports competitions, in addition to excellent sports skills, coping strategies in the face of various competition situations are also critical for success. Therefore, cultivating students' diverse, creative and flexible tactical application abilities is an important educational goal in sports training. However, in the online component of blended training in sports, conventional instructional approaches are teacher‐centred and hardly ever adopt the consolidated approaches to creative problem solving used in other fields. This results in limited opportunities for students to discover the problems and apply their creative thinking tendencies for problem solving. Hence, the present study proposed applying a consolidated creative problem‐solving approach in the online phase of blended training initiatives in order to cultivate students' higher‐order thinking skills. To verify the effectiveness of this approach, a convenience grouping‐based quasi‐experiment design was adopted. A 10‐week teaching experiment was conducted in a billiards training course. A total of 79 students were recruited in this study; they were divided into one CPS‐BL group with 41 students and one conventional blended learning (C‐BL) group with 38 students. The results showed that the CPS‐BL approach could significantly enhance students' billiards striking strategies, creative thinking tendencies and problem‐solving skills.In many sports, like billiards, physical skills are generally not enough; higher‐order thinking skills are also needed to succeed.Blended learning in these sports generally entails teacher‐centred approaches in the online component and practice in the f2f component. This provides students with limited opportunities to develop their creative problem‐solving skills.There are consolidated methods to develop students' strategic skills though creative problem solving, but these are seldom applied in sports.The application of a creative problem‐solving approach to physical education is proposed.An experiment was conducted in a university billiards course to evaluate the impacts of the proposed approach.The approach enhanced students' billiards striking strategies, problem‐solving skills and creative thinking. Implications for practice and/or policy of creative problem‐solving‐based blended learning has great potential for promoting students' problem‐solving skills and creative thinking.Creative problem solving‐based blended learning has great potential for promoting students' problem‐solving skills and creative thinking.The findings of this study provide a reference for future endeavours in designing blended physical learning.
要想在体育比赛中获胜,除了过硬的运动技能外,面对各种比赛情况的应对策略也是成功的关键。因此,培养学生多样化、创造性和灵活的战术应用能力是体育训练的重要教学目标。然而,在体育混合式培训的网络部分,传统的教学方法是以教师为中心,几乎没有采用其他领域所使用的创造性解决问题的综合方法。这导致学生发现问题和运用创造性思维解决问题的机会有限。因此,本研究建议在混合式培训的在线阶段采用综合的创造性问题解决方法,以培养学生的高阶思维能力。为了验证这种方法的有效性,本研究采用了基于便利分组的准实验设计。在一门台球培训课程中进行了为期 10 周的教学实验。本研究共招募了 79 名学生,将他们分为一个有 41 名学生的 CPS-BL 组和一个有 38 名学生的传统混合式学习(C-BL)组。结果表明,CPS-BL 方法能显著提高学生的台球击球策略、创造性思维倾向和解决问题的能力。在许多运动项目中,如台球,仅有身体技能通常是不够的,还需要高阶思维技能才能取得成功。在大学台球课程中进行了一项实验,以评估所建议的方法的影响。该方法提高了学生的台球击球策略、解决问题的技能和创造性思维。对实践和/或政策的启示 基于创造性问题解决的混合式学习在促进学生的问题解决能力和创造性思维方面具有巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Towards automated transcribing and coding of embodied teamwork communication through multimodal learning analytics 通过多模态学习分析实现体现式团队合作交流的自动转录和编码
IF 6.6 1区 教育学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1111/bjet.13476
Linxuan Zhao, Dragan Gašević, Zachari Swiecki, Yuheng Li, Jionghao Lin, Lele Sha, Lixiang Yan, Riordan Alfredo, Xinyu Li, Roberto Martinez-Maldonado

Effective collaboration and teamwork skills are critical in high-risk sectors, as deficiencies in these areas can result in injuries and risk of death. To foster the growth of these vital skills, immersive learning spaces have been created to simulate real-world scenarios, enabling students to safely improve their teamwork abilities. In such learning environments, multiple dialogue segments can occur concurrently as students independently organise themselves to tackle tasks in parallel across diverse spatial locations. This complex situation creates challenges for educators in assessing teamwork and for students in reflecting on their performance, especially considering the importance of effective communication in embodied teamwork. To address this, we propose an automated approach for generating teamwork analytics based on spatial and speech data. We illustrate this approach within a dynamic, immersive healthcare learning environment centred on embodied teamwork. Moreover, we evaluated whether the automated approach can produce transcriptions and epistemic networks of spatially distributed dialogue segments with a quality comparable to those generated manually for research objectives. This paper makes two key contributions: (1) it proposes an approach that integrates automated speech recognition and natural language processing techniques to automate the transcription and coding of team communication and generate analytics; and (2) it provides analyses of the errors in outputs generated by those techniques, offering insights for researchers and practitioners involved in the design of similar systems.

在高风险行业,有效的协作和团队合作技能至关重要,因为这些方面的缺陷可能导致伤害和死亡风险。为了促进这些重要技能的发展,人们创建了沉浸式学习空间来模拟真实世界的场景,使学生能够安全地提高团队协作能力。在这样的学习环境中,学生们可以同时进行多个对话环节,在不同的空间位置独立组织起来并行处理任务。这种复杂的情况给教育者评估团队合作和学生反思自己的表现带来了挑战,特别是考虑到有效沟通在体现团队合作中的重要性。为此,我们提出了一种基于空间和语音数据生成团队合作分析的自动化方法。我们在以体现式团队合作为中心的动态、沉浸式医疗保健学习环境中演示了这种方法。此外,我们还评估了该自动方法能否生成空间分布对话片段的转录和认识论网络,其质量是否可与人工生成的质量相媲美,以实现研究目标。本文有两大贡献:(1) 本文提出了一种方法,该方法整合了自动语音识别和自然语言处理技术,可自动转录和编码团队交流并生成分析结果;(2) 本文对这些技术生成的输出结果中的错误进行了分析,为参与类似系统设计的研究人员和从业人员提供了启示。在这些环境中,学生可以同时进行多个对话,同时在不同的物理位置共同完成任务。这些互动的动态性质使得教师很难评估团队合作和交流,学生也很难反思自己的表现。本文的贡献 我们提出了一种采用多模态学习分析的方法,用于自动生成对学生对话内容的团队合作相关见解。这种数据处理方法可以自动转录和编码在沉浸式学习环境中团队合作的学生所产生的空间分布对话片段,并进行下游分析。这种方法使用了空间分析、自然语言处理和自动语音识别技术。对从业人员的启示 对团队成员之间的对话片段进行自动编码,有助于创建分析工具,协助评估和反思团队工作。通过分析空间和语音数据,可以应用先进的学习分析技术,为快节奏的物理学习空间中的教学提供支持,让学生可以自由地相互交流。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring students' learning performance in computer‐supported collaborative learning environment during and after pandemic: Cognition and interaction 探索大流行期间和之后学生在计算机支持的协作学习环境中的学习表现:认知与互动
IF 6.6 1区 教育学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1111/bjet.13492
Daner Sun, Chee‐Kit Looi, Yuqin Yang, Fenglin Jia
Universities, significantly impacted by the shift to online learning during pandemic, must critically evaluate their teaching methods and outcomes to enhance performance in the post‐pandemic era. However, there has been a limited examination of whether students achieved comparable levels in cognition and social interaction during the pandemic compared to traditional face‐to‐face learning. Addressing this gap, this exploratory study utilized a quasi‐experimental design to analyse and compare the learning performance and outcomes of two cohorts of students (totalling 45) in a 12‐week university course delivered through the computer‐supported collaborative learning (CSCL) approach, both during and after the pandemic. Employing quantitative analysis and lag sequential analysis, the study examined students' behaviours, similarities and differences in performance within CSCL environments under two distinct social situations. Results indicated that students engaged in complete online learning with CSCL and those in face‐to‐face teaching with CSCL achieved similar levels of conceptual understanding. Additionally, a comparable distribution pattern of learning behaviours was observed. However, significant differences in behaviour sequences emerged between the two implementations, with students exhibiting a higher level of engagement in CSCL activities during the post‐pandemic period. These findings inform the design of CSCL environments should integrate student‐centred activities and include guiding scripts, prompts and scaffoldings in navigating learning endeavours effectively.Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic The CSCL environment could facilitate teacher‐student and student–student interaction in learning activities. Studies have been conducted on the impact of scripts and prompts on students' cognition and social interaction in CSCL environment. There is a crucial need for conducting more in‐depth data analysis to comprehensively explore the CSCL process within university settings. What this paper adds A well‐designed CSCL environment, coupled with effective instructional strategies, exhibits resilience, sustaining its beneficial effects on students' academic performance and interaction. Both cohorts demonstrated a proclivity for engaging in repetitive behaviours, particularly focused on reviewing and reading activities. The latter cohort displayed a preference for individual tasks over collaborative efforts, showcasing a relatively higher frequency of individual work as opposed to group activities. Notably absent in both groups were crucial
大流行病期间向在线学习的转变对大学产生了重大影响,大学必须对其教学方法和成果进行批判性评估,以提高后大流行病时代的绩效。然而,与传统的面对面学习相比,大流行期间学生在认知和社交互动方面是否达到了相当的水平,这方面的研究还很有限。为了弥补这一不足,本探索性研究采用了准实验设计,分析并比较了两批学生(共 45 人)在大流行期间和之后通过计算机支持的协作学习(CSCL)方法进行的为期 12 周的大学课程的学习表现和成果。该研究采用定量分析和滞后序列分析方法,考察了学生在两种不同的社会环境下,在 CSCL 环境中的行为表现及其异同。结果表明,使用 CSCL 进行完全在线学习的学生和使用 CSCL 进行面对面教学的学生对概念的理解达到了相似的水平。此外,还观察到了相似的学习行为分布模式。然而,两种实施方式在行为序列上出现了明显的差异,在大流行后阶段,学生参与 CSCL 活动的程度更高。这些研究结果表明,CSCL 环境的设计应整合以学生为中心的活动,并包括指导脚本、提示和支架,以便有效地引导学习努力。关于脚本和提示对 CSCL 环境中学生认知和社交互动的影响,已有研究。我们亟需进行更深入的数据分析,以全面探索大学环境中的 CSCL 过程。本文的贡献 设计良好的 CSCL 环境,再加上有效的教学策略,会表现出弹性,持续对学生的学业成绩和互动产生有益的影响。两组学生都表现出了参与重复性行为的倾向,尤其集中在复习和阅读活动上。后一组学生更倾向于个人任务,而不是合作努力,个人作业的频率相对高于小组活动。值得注意的是,两组学生都没有关键的行为序列,即 VR-IA 和 VC-IA,这凸显了改进 CSCL 的潜在领域。对实践和/或政策的启示 在 CSCL 环境中,应以学生为中心的教学法(即自我调节学习、探究式学习和同伴反馈)为基础的各种活动应无缝整合。建议为学生提供脚本、提示和支架,帮助他们在 CSCL 环境中进行协作和独立学习。鼓励学生将新学到的知识与已有的理解联系起来,以提高参与度和加深理解。
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引用次数: 0
Online discussion or authentic dialogue? How design affects discussions in two alternative types of online forums 在线讨论还是真实对话?设计如何影响两种不同类型在线论坛的讨论
IF 6.6 1区 教育学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1111/bjet.13491
Glenn G. Smith, Michael B. Sherry
Authentic dialogue demands that we respond, interpret and sometimes disagree with others' ideas—a key component of participation in a democratic society. Yet the sharing and uptake of different ideas can be hampered by traditional online platforms which divide students into isolated threads. To tackle this issue, we introduce two novel online forums designed to foster engagement and idea exchange: a linear chat, akin to SMS, and a collaborative writing forum we call CREW. Seventy‐three graduate students, divided into 18 small groups, tested these forums. We used discourse analysis to measure idea uptake and other dialogic features. From this analysis, seven discussions emerged as particularly interactive and engaging, exhibiting a high uptake‐to‐turn ratio. We noticed linear chat encouraged a high proportion of uptake, but also produced ‘tangles’—breaks in related post chains. CREW discussions sparked similar engagement but resolved most tangles since they required a collaborative written response. This study offers fresh insights in both research and teaching for improving online discussions.Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic A vital practice for scholarly dialogue and democratic discourse is uptake: building on what others have written or said. Instead of encouraging uptake of others' words and ideas, typical online discussions in Learning Management Systems (LMSs) can inadvertently isolate students in separate threads. What this paper adds We introduce and analyse two new, innovative types of online discussions that may encourage more uptake of others' words and ideas. To eliminate isolation and encourage uptake, a linear chat forum makes all posts visible, but may produce interruptions, or ‘tangles’. A forum that includes collaborative responsive writing requires participants to converge on a collective response, encouraging dialogue and overcoming tangles. Implications for practice/policy Teachers and other stakeholders might consider how discussion forum designs in LMSs can support or limit authentic dialogue. Practitioners might consider how to incorporate deliberation about a shared focus into online discussions. Instructors might avoid tangles by aligning assignment purposes with dialogic principles: posing authentic questions that invite multiple interpretations and require uptake of others' responses.
真正的对话要求我们对他人的观点做出回应、解释,有时甚至提出异议--这是参与民主社会的关键组成部分。然而,传统的在线平台将学生分割成一个个孤立的线程,从而阻碍了不同观点的分享和吸收。为了解决这个问题,我们引入了两个旨在促进参与和思想交流的新型在线论坛:一个类似于短信的线性聊天工具,以及一个我们称之为 CREW 的协作写作论坛。73 名研究生分成 18 个小组对这些论坛进行了测试。我们使用话语分析来衡量观点吸收和其他对话特征。通过分析,我们发现有七个讨论特别具有互动性和参与性,表现出较高的吸收率和转发率。我们注意到线性聊天鼓励了高比例的吸收,但也产生了 "纠结"--相关帖子链的断裂。CREW 讨论也引发了类似的参与,但由于需要协作性的书面回应,因此解决了大部分纠结。这项研究为改进在线讨论的研究和教学提供了新的见解。 实践者注释关于本主题的已知内容 学术对话和民主讨论的一个重要实践是吸收:以他人的文章或言论为基础。学习管理系统(LMS)中的典型在线讨论非但不鼓励吸收他人的言论和观点,反而会无意中将学生隔离在不同的线程中。本文的补充 我们介绍并分析了两种新颖的在线讨论类型,它们可以鼓励学生更多地吸收他人的言论和观点。为了消除孤立并鼓励吸收,线性聊天论坛使所有帖子可见,但可能会产生中断或 "纠结"。包括协作式回应写作的论坛则要求参与者汇聚在一个集体回应上,鼓励对话并克服纠结。对实践/政策的影响 教师和其他利益相关者可以考虑学习管理系统中的论坛设计如何支持或限制真实对话。实践者可以考虑如何将关于共同焦点的讨论纳入在线讨论。教师可以通过使作业目的与对话原则保持一致来避免纠结:提出真实的问题,邀请多种解释,并要求采纳他人的回应。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing computational thinking and spatial reasoning skills in gamification programming learning: A comparative study of tangible, block and paper‐and‐pencil tools 在游戏化编程学习中提高计算思维和空间推理能力:有形工具、积木工具和纸笔工具的比较研究
IF 6.6 1区 教育学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-25 DOI: 10.1111/bjet.13482
Xin Gong, Weiqi Xu, Shufan Yu, Jingjing Ma, Ailing Qiao
Tangible programming tools have become a mainstream teaching aid in gamification programming learning (GPL) due to their interactivity and ability to enhance novice learners' computational thinking and spatial reasoning skills. However, comparing the relative efficacy of different programming tools that simultaneously support these skills was not adequately explored. This study designed and evaluated three programming tools: the tangible programming tool (TPG), which uses real touchable objects; the block programming tool (BPG), which employs virtual programming blocks and 3D game scenarios; and the paper‐and‐pencil programming tool (PPG), which uses paper and pen to draw. The study involved 112 seventh‐grade students from three natural classes: Class A (TPG, n1=37), Class B (BPG, n2=38), and Class C (PPG, n3=37). These students completed four gamification programming tasks and CT skills, spatial reasoning skills, enjoyment, cognitive load and GPL task list measurements. The results indicated that the tangible programming tool led to lower cognitive load, significant improvement in spatial reasoning skills and better abstraction and problem decomposition skills. The block programming tool provided a more enjoyable experience and facilitated students' algorithm design and efficiency. The paper‐and‐pencil programming tool was found to be less effective in improving spatial reasoning skills. This study's findings can help programming educators cultivate students' thinking skills and improve their learning experience by effectively selecting the most appropriate programming tools.
有形编程工具因其互动性和增强新手学习者计算思维和空间推理能力的能力,已成为游戏化编程学习(GPL)的主流教学辅助工具。然而,对同时支持这些技能的不同编程工具的相对功效进行比较的研究并不充分。本研究设计并评估了三种编程工具:使用真实可触摸物体的有形编程工具(TPG);使用虚拟编程块和三维游戏场景的积木编程工具(BPG);以及使用纸和笔作画的纸笔编程工具(PPG)。研究涉及三个自然班的 112 名七年级学生:A班(TPG,n1=37)、B班(BPG,n2=38)和C班(PPG,n3=37)。这些学生完成了四项游戏化编程任务,并进行了CT技能、空间推理技能、乐趣、认知负荷和GPL任务清单测量。结果表明,有形编程工具降低了认知负荷,显著提高了空间推理能力以及抽象和问题分解能力。积木式编程工具提供了更愉快的体验,促进了学生的算法设计和效率。纸笔编程工具在提高空间推理能力方面的效果较差。本研究的结果有助于编程教育工作者通过有效选择最合适的编程工具,培养学生的思维能力,改善他们的学习体验。
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引用次数: 0
Implementing equitable and intersectionality-aware ML in education: A practical guide 在教育中实施公平和具有跨学科意识的多语言教学:实用指南
IF 6.7 1区 教育学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1111/bjet.13484
Mudit Mangal, Zachary A. Pardos

The greater the proliferation of AI in educational contexts, the more important it becomes to ensure that AI adheres to the equity and inclusion values of an educational system or institution. Given that modern AI is based on historic datasets, mitigating historic biases with respect to protected classes (ie, fairness) is an important component of this value alignment. Although extensive research has been done on AI fairness in education, there has been a lack of guidance for practitioners, which could enhance the practical uptake of these methods. In this work, we present a practitioner-oriented, step-by-step framework, based on findings from the field, to implement AI fairness techniques. We also present an empirical case study that applies this framework in the context of a grade prediction task using data from a large public university. Our novel findings from the case study and extended analyses underscore the importance of incorporating intersectionality (such as race and gender) as central equity and inclusion institution values. Moreover, our research demonstrates the effectiveness of bias mitigation techniques, like adversarial learning, in enhancing fairness, particularly for intersectional categories like race–gender and race–income.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

  • AI-powered Educational Decision Support Systems (EDSS) are increasingly used in various educational contexts, such as course selection, admissions, scholarship allocation and identifying at-risk students.
  • There are known challenges with AI in education, particularly around the reinforcement of existing biases, leading to unfair outcomes.
  • The machine learning community has developed metrics and methods to measure and mitigate biases, which have been effectively applied to education as seen in the AI in education literature.

What this paper adds

  • Introduces a comprehensive technical framework for equity and inclusion, specifically for machine learning practitioners in AI education systems.
  • Presents a novel modification to the ABROCA fairness metric to better represent disparities among multiple subgroups within a protected class.
  • Empirical analysis of the effectiveness of bias-mitigating techniqu
人工智能在教育领域的普及程度越高,确保人工智能符合教育系统或机构的公平和包容价值观就越重要。鉴于现代人工智能是以历史数据集为基础的,减少受保护群体的历史偏见(即公平性)是这种价值一致性的重要组成部分。虽然对人工智能在教育领域的公平性进行了广泛研究,但一直缺乏对从业人员的指导,而这种指导可以加强这些方法的实际应用。在这项工作中,我们基于实地研究成果,提出了一个以实践者为导向、循序渐进的框架,以实施人工智能公平技术。我们还介绍了一个实证案例研究,在使用一所大型公立大学数据的成绩预测任务中应用了这一框架。我们从案例研究和扩展分析中得出的新发现强调了将交叉性(如种族和性别)作为公平和包容机构的核心价值的重要性。此外,我们的研究还证明了减轻偏见技术(如对抗性学习)在提高公平性方面的有效性,特别是在种族-性别和种族-收入等交叉类别方面。关于本主题的已知信息 人工智能驱动的教育决策支持系统(EDSS)越来越多地应用于各种教育环境,如选课、招生、奖学金分配和识别问题学生。众所周知,人工智能在教育领域存在一些挑战,特别是在强化现有偏见方面,从而导致不公平的结果。机器学习界已经开发出衡量和减轻偏见的指标和方法,这些指标和方法已有效地应用于教育领域,正如人工智能在教育领域的文献所显示的那样。本文的补充内容专门为人工智能教育系统中的机器学习从业人员介绍了一个全面的公平性和包容性技术框架。对 ABROCA 公平性指标进行了新颖的修改,以更好地体现受保护类别中多个子群体之间的差异。对减轻偏见技术(如对抗学习)在减少交叉类别(如种族-性别、种族-收入)偏见方面的有效性进行了实证分析。以模型卡的形式进行模型报告,可促进开发人员、用户和利益相关者之间的透明交流。对实践和/或政策的影响公平性框架可作为从业人员的系统指南,帮助他们设计公平、包容的人工智能电子数据系统。公平性框架可作为从业人员的系统指南,帮助他们更容易地遵守新兴的人工智能法规。利益相关者可更多地参与调整公平性和公正性模型的过程,使之符合他们的价值观。
{"title":"Implementing equitable and intersectionality-aware ML in education: A practical guide","authors":"Mudit Mangal,&nbsp;Zachary A. Pardos","doi":"10.1111/bjet.13484","DOIUrl":"10.1111/bjet.13484","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <p>The greater the proliferation of AI in educational contexts, the more important it becomes to ensure that AI adheres to the equity and inclusion values of an educational system or institution. Given that modern AI is based on historic datasets, mitigating historic biases with respect to protected classes (ie, fairness) is an important component of this value alignment. Although extensive research has been done on AI fairness in education, there has been a lack of guidance for practitioners, which could enhance the practical uptake of these methods. In this work, we present a practitioner-oriented, step-by-step framework, based on findings from the field, to implement AI fairness techniques. We also present an empirical case study that applies this framework in the context of a grade prediction task using data from a large public university. Our novel findings from the case study and extended analyses underscore the importance of incorporating intersectionality (such as race and gender) as central equity and inclusion institution values. Moreover, our research demonstrates the effectiveness of bias mitigation techniques, like adversarial learning, in enhancing fairness, particularly for intersectional categories like race–gender and race–income.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 \u0000 <div>\u0000 \u0000 <h3>Practitioner notes</h3>\u0000 <p>What is already known about this topic\u0000\u0000 </p><ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>AI-powered Educational Decision Support Systems (EDSS) are increasingly used in various educational contexts, such as course selection, admissions, scholarship allocation and identifying at-risk students.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>There are known challenges with AI in education, particularly around the reinforcement of existing biases, leading to unfair outcomes.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>The machine learning community has developed metrics and methods to measure and mitigate biases, which have been effectively applied to education as seen in the AI in education literature.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 <p>What this paper adds\u0000\u0000 </p><ul>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Introduces a comprehensive technical framework for equity and inclusion, specifically for machine learning practitioners in AI education systems.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Presents a novel modification to the ABROCA fairness metric to better represent disparities among multiple subgroups within a protected class.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Empirical analysis of the effectiveness of bias-mitigating techniqu","PeriodicalId":48315,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Educational Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bjet.13484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141105237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multimodal and immersive systems for skills development and education 用于技能开发和教育的多模态和沉浸式系统
IF 6.6 1区 教育学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1111/bjet.13483
Daniele Di Mitri, Bibeg Limbu, Jan Schneider, Deniz Iren, Michail Giannakos, Roland Klemke
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引用次数: 0
Comparing quality and engagement in face‐to‐face and online teacher professional development 比较面对面和在线教师专业发展的质量和参与度
IF 6.6 1区 教育学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1111/bjet.13480
Nina Mulaimović, Eric Richter, Rebecca Lazarides, Dirk Richter
In order for teachers to successfully gain new knowledge during professional development (PD), courses must be of high quality and stimulate active involvement from participants. More and more PD courses are taking place online, without clear evidence of whether face‐to‐face and online courses differ in terms of their quality or level of participants' engagement. The present study investigates differences between face‐to‐face and online PD with respect to certain quality characteristics: clarity and structure, cognitive activation, collaboration and practical relevance, as well as participants' behavioural, cognitive and affective engagement. The study is based on 2210 teachers from Germany who participated in 1 of 137 face‐to‐face or 54 online PD courses. Although participants rated face‐to‐face and online courses very positively regarding all quality characteristics and engagement dimensions, they evaluated online courses slightly less favourably compared to face‐to‐face courses. Implications for practice and research are derived to help ensure high‐quality PD offerings in the future.Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Face‐to‐face and online PD have the potential to be similarly effective. PD quality and participants' engagement can be assumed to be predictors of PD effectiveness. PD quality contains clarity and structure, cognitive activation, collaboration and practical relevance. Engagement is a three‐dimensional construct composed of behavioural, cognitive and affective components. What this paper adds PD quality was rated very positively for online and face‐to‐face courses. Participants rated the quality of online PD lower compared to face‐to‐face PD. Participants rated their engagement in online PD lower compared to face‐to‐face PD. Implications for practice and/or policy PD format should always be chosen with which a higher benefit can be achieved. Quality assurance should take place before PD is conducted.
为了让教师在专业发展(PD)过程中成功地获得新知识,课程必须是高质量的, 并能激发参与者的积极参与。越来越多的教师专业发展课程在网上进行,但没有明确的证据表明面对面课程和网上课程在质量或参与者参与程度方面是否存在差异。本研究调查了面授课程和在线课程在某些质量特征方面的差异:清晰度和结构、认知激活、协作和实际相关性,以及参与者的行为、认知和情感参与度。这项研究的对象是德国的 2210 名教师,他们分别参加了 137 门面授课程或 54 门在线培 训课程中的一门。尽管参与者对面授课程和在线课程的所有质量特征和参与度都给予了非常积极的评价,但与面授课程相比,他们对在线课程的评价略低。本专题的已知信息 面对面和在线教学有可能具有类似的效果。可以认为,PD 的质量和参与者的参与度是 PD 效果的预测因素。课程质量包括清晰度和结构、认知激活、协作和实际相关性。参与度是一个由行为、认知和情感组成的三维结构。本文的补充内容 在线和面对面课程的教学质量都得到了非常积极的评价。与面对面教学相比,学员对在线教学质量的评价较低。与面对面授课相比,学员对在线授课的参与度评价较低。对实践和/或政策的启示 应始终选择能实现更高收益的培优形式。在进行实践指导之前,应确保质量。
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引用次数: 0
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British Journal of Educational Technology
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