Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1177/08912432251406279
Eiko Strader, Sonny Nordmarken
Globally, lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations are more vulnerable to poverty than heterosexual people. Prior studies suggest that differences in human capital, intrahousehold dynamics, and discrimination based on sexual orientation likely contribute to their collective disadvantage. Few studies, however, disentangle the distinct effects of sexual orientation and gender nonconformity in appearance and behavior on economic well-being. Drawing on the first large-scale survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals, which inquired about gendered appearance and experiences of gender behavior policing, we examine the relationship between gender nonconformity and income position, controlling for individual- and country-level factors. Results from multilevel ordered logistic regression models show that gender-nonconforming appearances and experiences of gender behavior policing are correlated with lower income positions among LGB populations, with the nature of these associations differing between sexual minority women and men. Our findings suggest that while masculinity is generally privileged, societal expectations to express gender normatively through appearance and behavior are key factors shaping the economic well-being of sexual minorities. We term this pattern the gender nonconformity economic penalty—a distinct factor, separate from gender identity and sexual orientation, that helps maintain gendered and sexual oppression.
{"title":"The Economic Penalty of Gender Nonconformity Among Sexual Minorities","authors":"Eiko Strader, Sonny Nordmarken","doi":"10.1177/08912432251406279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432251406279","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations are more vulnerable to poverty than heterosexual people. Prior studies suggest that differences in human capital, intrahousehold dynamics, and discrimination based on sexual orientation likely contribute to their collective disadvantage. Few studies, however, disentangle the distinct effects of sexual orientation and gender nonconformity in appearance and behavior on economic well-being. Drawing on the first large-scale survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals, which inquired about gendered appearance and experiences of gender behavior policing, we examine the relationship between gender nonconformity and income position, controlling for individual- and country-level factors. Results from multilevel ordered logistic regression models show that gender-nonconforming appearances and experiences of gender behavior policing are correlated with lower income positions among LGB populations, with the nature of these associations differing between sexual minority women and men. Our findings suggest that while masculinity is generally privileged, societal expectations to express gender normatively through appearance and behavior are key factors shaping the economic well-being of sexual minorities. We term this pattern the gender nonconformity economic penalty—a distinct factor, separate from gender identity and sexual orientation, that helps maintain gendered and sexual oppression.","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1177/08912432251409336
Lauren Diamond-Brown
{"title":"Book Review: Birth Behind Bars: The Carceral Control of Pregnant Women in Prison By Rebecca M. Rodriguez Carey Birth Behind Bars: The Carceral Control of Pregnant Women in Prison. By Rodriguez CareyRebecca M.New York: New York University Press, 2025, 264 pp., $30 (paper; e-book), $89.00 (cloth).","authors":"Lauren Diamond-Brown","doi":"10.1177/08912432251409336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432251409336","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1177/08912432251409338
Charlene Y. Senn
{"title":"Book Review: Everyday Coercion: Men’s Routine Use of Sexual Coercion toward Women By Mardi Wilson Everyday Coercion: Men’s Routine Use of Sexual Coercion toward Women. By WilsonMardiLondon: Bloomsbury, 2025, 216 pp., $115.00 (cloth); $39.95 (paper); $103.50; (e-book).","authors":"Charlene Y. Senn","doi":"10.1177/08912432251409338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432251409338","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1177/08912432251405870
Krista M. Brumley
{"title":"Book Review: What’s on Her Mind: The Mental Workload of Family Life , By Allison Daminger What’s on Her Mind: The Mental Workload of Family Life. By DamingerAllison. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2025, 248 pp., $29.95 (hardcover); $20.97 (EPUB and PDF).","authors":"Krista M. Brumley","doi":"10.1177/08912432251405870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432251405870","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145765151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1177/08912432251405862
Shauna A. Morimoto
{"title":"Book Review: Disparate Measures: The Intersectional Economics of Women in STEM Work , By Mary A. Armstrong and Susan L. Averett Disparate Measures: The Intersectional Economics of Women in STEM Work. By ArmstrongMary A.AverettSusan L.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2024, 376 pp., $60 (cloth); $36.99 (e-book).","authors":"Shauna A. Morimoto","doi":"10.1177/08912432251405862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432251405862","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145711203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1177/08912432251403073
Meghan A. Watts
{"title":"Book Review: Queering Families: Reproductive Justice in Precarious Times , By Tamara Lea Spira and Doing Gender Justice: Queering Reproduction, Kin, and Care , By Shui-Yin Sharon Yam and Natalie Fixmer-Oraiz Queering Families: Reproductive Justice in Precarious Times. By SpiraTamara Lea. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2025, 368 pp., $95.00 (hardcover); $27.95 (paper; e-book).Doing Gender Justice: Queering Reproduction, Kin, and Care. By YamShui-Yin SharonFixmer-OraizNatalie. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2025, 211 pp., $39.95 (paper; e-book).","authors":"Meghan A. Watts","doi":"10.1177/08912432251403073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432251403073","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145711204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1177/08912432251387101
Aparna Rayaprol
{"title":"Book Review: A Woman’s Job: Making Middle Lives in New India , By Asiya Islam A Woman’s Job: Making Middle Lives in New India. By IslamAsiya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2025, 194 pp., $44.99 (paper).","authors":"Aparna Rayaprol","doi":"10.1177/08912432251387101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432251387101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145485678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1177/08912432251392586
Martina Yopo Díaz, Loreto Watkins
The feminization of contraception remains one of the most persistent gender inequalities, while the role of men in birth control and family planning continues to be largely overlooked both in policy and research. This article advances knowledge on the gender politics of contraception by exploring the vasectomy experiences of childless men in Santiago, Chile. Through 20 semi-structured qualitative interviews, we analyze how men refuse, reproduce, and reinforce gender privilege in opting for voluntary sterilization. Through vasectomy, men challenge precepts of hegemonic masculinity that conflate being a man with procreation and parenthood while they also take on more reproductive responsibility to ostensibly subvert gender inequalities underlying the female contraceptive culture. However, through vasectomy men also reinforce traditional features of masculinity such as their entitlement to sexual pleasure and control over conception while they also enjoy the benefits of their structurally advantaged gender position, such as less questioning over sterilization, praise for their reproductive responsibility, and increasing social capital as contraceptive pioneers. By revealing how men navigate gender privilege through vasectomy, we stress the ambivalent implications of voluntary male sterilization for gender equality in contraception and unveil the making of hybrid masculinities that retain privilege even in their attempts toward gender equality.
{"title":"Gender Privilege and Vasectomy Experiences of Childless Men in Chile","authors":"Martina Yopo Díaz, Loreto Watkins","doi":"10.1177/08912432251392586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432251392586","url":null,"abstract":"The feminization of contraception remains one of the most persistent gender inequalities, while the role of men in birth control and family planning continues to be largely overlooked both in policy and research. This article advances knowledge on the gender politics of contraception by exploring the vasectomy experiences of childless men in Santiago, Chile. Through 20 semi-structured qualitative interviews, we analyze how men refuse, reproduce, and reinforce gender privilege in opting for voluntary sterilization. Through vasectomy, men challenge precepts of hegemonic masculinity that conflate being a man with procreation and parenthood while they also take on more reproductive responsibility to ostensibly subvert gender inequalities underlying the female contraceptive culture. However, through vasectomy men also reinforce traditional features of masculinity such as their entitlement to sexual pleasure and control over conception while they also enjoy the benefits of their structurally advantaged gender position, such as less questioning over sterilization, praise for their reproductive responsibility, and increasing social capital as contraceptive pioneers. By revealing how men navigate gender privilege through vasectomy, we stress the ambivalent implications of voluntary male sterilization for gender equality in contraception and unveil the making of hybrid masculinities that retain privilege even in their attempts toward gender equality.","PeriodicalId":48351,"journal":{"name":"Gender & Society","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145485679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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