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“The roughest form of social work:” How court officials justify bail decisions “最粗暴的社会工作形式:”法院官员如何为保释决定辩护
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-09-17 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12350
Alix S. Winter, Matthew Clair

Growing research has analyzed quantitative patterns of bail decisions and outcomes, but we know far less about how court officials justify their bail decisions. To enhance understanding of how bail decisions—and their resulting pretrial outcomes—are generated, we interviewed 104 judges, prosecutors, and public defenders in a northeastern state. Court officials in our study reported three primary justifications at bail: ensuring defendants return to court, preventing crime, and lessening harm. The first two justifications have been suggested in the literature, but the latter is novel and encompasses two secondary justifications: lessening criminal legal system harm and lessening societal harm. We show how these justifications and the decisions they enable blend risk management with rehabilitation and emerge from court officials’ shared assumption of defendants’ social marginality but varied beliefs about what to do about such marginality pretrial. Each justification allows for distinct, but at times overlapping, bail decisions. We discuss the implications of our findings for theories of court official decision-making, research on racial and socioeconomic inequality, and bail reform policy.

越来越多的研究分析了保释决定和结果的定量模式,但我们对法院官员如何证明他们的保释决定的合理性知之甚少。为了加深对保释决定及其审前结果是如何产生的理解,我们采访了东北部一个州的104名法官、检察官和公设辩护人。在我们的研究中,法院官员报告了保释的三个主要理由:确保被告返回法庭,防止犯罪,减少伤害。前两种理由已经在文献中提出,但后者是新颖的,包含两个次要理由:减轻刑事法律制度危害和减轻社会危害。我们展示了这些理由和决定是如何将风险管理与康复相结合的,并从法院官员对被告的社会边缘性的共同假设中产生,但在审前如何处理这种边缘性的不同信念。每种理由都允许不同的,但有时重叠的保释决定。我们讨论了我们的研究结果对法院官员决策理论、种族和社会经济不平等研究以及保释改革政策的影响。
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引用次数: 0
“Even though we're married, I'm single”: The meaning of jail incarceration in romantic relationships “虽然我们结婚了,但我还是单身”:恋爱关系中被监禁的意义
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-08-16 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12349
Kristin Turney, Katelyn Rose Malae, MacKenzie A. Christensen, Sarah Halpern-Meekin

Jail incarceration substantially transforms romantic relationships, and incarceration may alter the commitment between partners, thereby undermining or strengthening relationships. In this article, we use in-depth interviews with 85 women connected to incarcerated men (as current or former romantic partners) to explore how women articulate relationship changes that stem from their partner's jail incarceration, a common but understudied form of contact with the criminal legal system. We identify three interrelated and mutually reinforcing processes, which are shaped by and shape a partner's commitment to the relationship. First, incarceration produces liminality in the status of the relationship. Second, incarceration fosters women's sense of independence from their incarcerated partners. Third, incarceration creates space for partners to reevaluate how they prioritize the relationship in their lives. Jail incarceration intervenes in romantic relationships at different points during each relationship, and accordingly, women experience heterogeneity in processes of liminality, independence, and reprioritization. These processes contribute to differential relationship experiences, with some relationships deteriorating during incarceration, others strengthening, and others neither deteriorating nor strengthening. By systematically uncovering these processes linking jail incarceration to romantic relationships, we advance an understanding of how the criminal legal system can shape relationship commitment processes and inequalities among families.

监狱的监禁会极大地改变恋爱关系,监禁可能会改变伴侣之间的承诺,从而破坏或加强关系。在这篇文章中,我们对85位与被监禁的男性有关系的女性(无论是现任还是前任)进行了深度访谈,以探讨女性如何表达因伴侣入狱而导致的关系变化,这是一种与刑事法律体系接触的常见但尚未得到充分研究的形式。我们确定了三个相互关联且相互加强的过程,这些过程由伴侣对关系的承诺所塑造。首先,监禁在关系状态中产生了阈限。第二,监禁培养了女性独立于被监禁的伴侣的意识。第三,监禁为伴侣创造了重新评估他们在生活中如何优先考虑这段关系的空间。在每段恋爱关系的不同阶段,监狱监禁会对恋爱关系产生影响,因此,女性在阈限、独立和重新确定优先级的过程中会经历异质性。这些过程导致了不同的关系体验,一些关系在监禁期间恶化,另一些关系加强,还有一些既不恶化也不加强。通过系统地揭示将监狱监禁与恋爱关系联系起来的这些过程,我们进一步了解刑事法律制度如何影响家庭之间的关系承诺过程和不平等。
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引用次数: 0
Labeling effects of initial juvenile justice system processing decision on youth interpersonal ties* 少年司法系统初始处理决策对青少年人际关系的标签效应*
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12348
Zachary R. Rowan, Adam Fine, Laurence Steinberg, Paul J. Frick, Elizabeth Cauffman

The juvenile justice system can process youth in myriad ways. Youth who are formally processed, relative to being informally processed, may experience more public and harsh sanctions that label youth more negatively as “deviant.” Drawing on labeling theory, the current study evaluates the relative effect of formal justice system processing on the interpersonal dynamics of youth peer networks. Using data from the Crossroads Study, a multisite longitudinal sample of first-time adolescent offenders, the current study applies augmented inverse probability weighting and generalized mixed-effects models to estimate the effects of formal processing on friendship selection processes of homophily and withdrawal and considers whether these effects vary by race and ethnicity. Consistent with expectations of homophily, formally processed youth acquire more new deviant peers and fewer nondeviant peers during the 3 years after their initial processing decision compared with informally processed youth. The findings suggest no differences exist across processing types in withdrawal from friends. These effects were consistent across racial and ethnic groups. Ultimately, this study explores the dynamic interpersonal mechanisms associated with labeling theory and offers additional insight into the negative effects of formal processing.

少年司法系统可以用无数种方式处理青少年。接受正式处理的青少年,相对于接受非正式处理的青少年,可能会受到更多公开和严厉的制裁,这些制裁给青少年贴上了“离经叛道”的负面标签。基于标签理论,本研究评估了正规司法系统处理对青少年同伴网络人际动态的相对影响。利用十字路口研究(Crossroads Study)的数据,本研究采用增强逆概率加权和广义混合效应模型来估计正式处理对同质性和戒断性友谊选择过程的影响,并考虑这些影响是否因种族和民族而异。与同质性预期一致,与非正式加工青年相比,正式加工青年在最初加工决策后的3年内获得了更多新的越轨同伴,而较少的非越轨同伴。研究结果表明,在与朋友疏远的过程中,不同的处理类型没有差异。这些影响在种族和民族群体中是一致的。最后,本研究探讨了与标签理论相关的动态人际机制,并为形式加工的负面影响提供了额外的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Criminal record stigma, race, and neighborhood inequality 犯罪记录、耻辱、种族和邻里不平等
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-07-15 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12347
Laura M. DeMarco

Justice-involved people experience high levels of housing instability and residential mobility, making the housing search a recurrent part of life. Little is known, however, regarding how criminal record stigma functions in the rental housing market. This article examines how housing providers use criminal records to screen tenants in the rental housing market and whether it varies by type of neighborhood. I conduct an online correspondence audit to test discriminatory behaviors and find an adverse criminal record effect on housing opportunities. Many housing providers disqualify all tenants with a criminal record, even without information about the severity or timing of offenses. The criminal record effect is significantly stronger in gentrifying neighborhoods and in neighborhoods where the proportion of Black residents is dwindling. Tenant screening emerges as a central obstacle faced by the justice-involved population, vital to understanding the web of disadvantages that traps so many in the wake of the carceral state.

涉及司法的人经历了高度的住房不稳定性和住房流动性,使得寻找住房成为生活中反复出现的一部分。然而,关于犯罪记录污名如何在租赁住房市场发挥作用,人们知之甚少。本文研究了住房供应商如何使用犯罪记录来筛选租赁住房市场中的租户,以及它是否因社区类型而异。我进行了一项在线通信审计,以测试歧视行为,并发现不利的犯罪记录对住房机会的影响。许多住房供应商取消了所有有犯罪记录的租户的资格,甚至没有提供犯罪严重程度或时间的信息。在中产阶级化的社区和黑人居民比例减少的社区,犯罪记录效应明显更强。租户筛选成为涉及司法的人群面临的主要障碍,对于理解在carceral状态之后困住这么多人的不利网络至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Correctional officers and the use of force as an organizational behavior 惩教人员与使用武力作为一种组织行为
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12346
William J. Schultz

During the past 30 years, bureaucratic managerialism has reshaped how prison staff maintain order. Policies and graduated disciplinary models have replaced coercive methods, reducing disciplinary use of force by prison staff against incarcerated people. Managerialism, however, disguises deep problems in the interpretation and enforcement of use-of-force policies. Drawing on 131 semistructured interviews with Canadian correctional officers (COs), I show how managers and prison staff interpret and negotiate policies to justify using force to maintain order. Although COs frame policies and management supervision as significant checks on their actions, they also suggest that inconsistencies in policy interpretation and implementation facilitate certain kinds of use-of-force decisions, which I define as “construction” and “outsourcing.” I conclude by discussing the broader organizational implications of these findings.

在过去的30年里,官僚管理主义重塑了监狱工作人员维持秩序的方式。政策和分级纪律模式已经取代了强制方法,减少了监狱工作人员对被监禁者使用武力的纪律处分。然而,管理主义掩盖了解释和执行武力使用政策的深层次问题。根据对加拿大惩教人员的131次半结构化采访,我展示了管理人员和监狱工作人员如何解释和谈判政策,以证明使用武力维持秩序是合理的。尽管COs将政策和管理监督视为对其行动的重要检查,但它们也表明,政策解释和执行的不一致有助于某些类型的武力使用决策,我将其定义为“建设”和“外包”。最后,我讨论了这些发现对组织的更广泛影响。
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引用次数: 0
System management and compensatory parenting: Educational involvement after maternal incarceration 系统管理与补偿性育儿:母亲监禁后的教育参与
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12339
Amelia R. Branigan, Rachel Ellis, Wade C. Jacobsen, Anna R. Haskins

Research has demonstrated that paternal incarceration is associated with lower levels of educational involvement among fathers and primary caregivers, but little is known regarding caregiver educational involvement when mothers have been incarcerated. In this study, we present the first analysis of variation in school- and home-based educational involvement by maternal incarceration history, pairing survey and interview data to connect macro-level group differences with micro-level narratives of mothers’ involvement in their children's education. Our survey data demonstrate that children of ever-incarcerated mothers experience increased school-based educational involvement by their primary caregivers, regardless of whether the caregiver is the mother herself. Our interview data point to compensatory parenting as a key motivating factor in educational involvement, wherein a caregiver endeavors to “make up for” the child's history of maternal incarceration. Findings add to the literature demonstrating maternal incarceration as a distinct experience from both paternal incarceration and material disadvantage alone, and they suggest the need to explore the role of schools as potential points of productive institutional involvement for mothers with an incarceration history.

研究表明,父亲被监禁与父亲和主要照顾者的教育参与程度较低有关,但对母亲被监禁时照顾者的参与程度知之甚少。在这项研究中,我们首次通过母亲监禁史、配对调查和访谈数据分析了学校和家庭教育参与的变化,以将宏观层面的群体差异与母亲参与子女教育的微观层面叙事联系起来。我们的调查数据表明,无论被监禁母亲的孩子是否是母亲本人,他们的主要照顾者都会增加对学校教育的参与。我们的访谈数据表明,补偿性育儿是参与教育的一个关键激励因素,其中照顾者努力“弥补”孩子的母亲监禁史。研究结果补充了文献,证明母亲被监禁是一种不同于父亲被监禁和物质劣势的经历,并表明有必要探索学校作为有监禁史的母亲参与生产性机构的潜在点的作用。
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引用次数: 0
How to overcome the cost of a criminal record for getting hired 如何克服被雇佣的犯罪记录成本
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-06-27 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12345
Mateus R. Santos, Chae M. Jaynes, Danielle M. Thomas

Many theories emphasize how employment is protective against criminal recidivism, yet a criminal record is a major barrier for getting hired. We asked 591 managers to make hypothetical hiring decisions between two applicants whose key difference was the presence or absence of a criminal conviction. In addition, we randomly manipulated the education, references, wage, or experience of the applicant with the criminal record to identify which manipulations can offset the cost of the record on an applicant's probability of being selected. We found that, when credentials were the same, the applicant with a criminal record was unlikely to be hired. That applicant, however, could become likely to be hired (i.e., the likelihood crossed 50 percent) by having at least 1 year of relevant experience, a GED or a college degree, or references from a former employer or a professor. Incomplete degrees, references from criminal justice professionals, or wage discounts did not make the applicant with the record likely to be hired. Findings confirm that a criminal record carries a high employability cost but also indicate that this cost can be superseded by specific credentials that signal an applicant's reliability, which can be provided by existing programs and institutions.

许多理论强调就业是如何防止犯罪累犯的,但犯罪记录是被雇佣的主要障碍。我们要求591名经理在两名申请人之间做出假设的招聘决定,这两名申请人的关键区别是是否有刑事定罪。此外,我们随机操纵有犯罪记录的申请人的教育、推荐信、工资或经验,以确定哪些操纵可以抵消申请人被选中概率的记录成本。我们发现,当资质相同时,有犯罪记录的申请人不太可能被雇佣。然而,该申请人可能会通过至少1年的相关经验、GED或大学学位,或前雇主或教授的推荐信而被录用(即可能性超过50%)。不完整的学位、刑事司法专业人员的推荐信或工资折扣都不会使有记录的申请人有可能被聘用。调查结果证实,犯罪记录会带来很高的就业成本,但也表明,这一成本可以被现有项目和机构提供的表明申请人可靠性的特定证书所取代。
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引用次数: 2
Racial and ethnic differences in the consequences of school suspension for arrest 因逮捕而停课后果中的种族和族裔差异
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12344
Benjamin W. Fisher, Alex O. Widdowson

A growing body of literature has demonstrated that when schools suspend students, the suspension acts not as a deterrent but as an amplifier of future punishment. Labeling theory has emerged as the predominant explanation for this phenomenon, suggesting that the symbolic label conferred along with a suspension shapes how other people perceive and respond to labeled students. Few studies, however, have attended to racial/ethnic differences in this process even though critical race theory suggests the consequences of suspension likely differ across racial/ethnic groups due to prevailing racial/ethnic stereotypes. This study uses six waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 (N = 8,634) to examine how the relationship between suspension and subsequent arrest differs for White, Black, and Hispanic students. Using a series of within-person analyses that control for time-stable personal characteristics, this study finds that suspension amplifies Black and Hispanic students’ risk of arrest relative to that of White students. White students’ risk of arrest was not amplified by suspension and, in some models, was diminished. This study's findings underscore the importance of understanding the labeling process as different by race/ethnicity and indicate that suspension is particularly harmful for Black and Hispanic relative to White students.

越来越多的文献表明,当学校停课时,停课并不是一种威慑,而是未来惩罚的放大器。标签理论已经成为对这一现象的主要解释,表明象征性标签与悬浮物一起塑造了其他人对被标签学生的感知和反应。然而,很少有研究关注这一过程中的种族/民族差异,尽管批判性种族理论表明,由于普遍存在的种族/族裔刻板印象,不同种族/族裔群体的停职后果可能不同。这项研究使用了1997年全国青年纵向研究的六波数据(N=8634)来研究白人、黑人和西班牙裔学生的停学和随后被捕之间的关系有何不同。通过一系列控制时间稳定的个人特征的人内分析,本研究发现,与白人学生相比,停课会增加黑人和西班牙裔学生被捕的风险。白人学生被捕的风险并没有因为停课而增加,在某些模型中,被捕的风险有所降低。这项研究的发现强调了理解不同种族/民族的标签过程的重要性,并表明相对于白人学生,停课对黑人和西班牙裔学生尤其有害。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting the relationship between age, employment, and recidivism 重新审视年龄、就业和累犯之间的关系
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12338
Holly Nguyen, Kyle J. Thomas, Jennifer J. Tostlebe

Employment theoretically serves as a source of informal social control that can promote desistance from crime (Sampson & Laub, 1993). Findings from studies assessing the effects of employment, however, have been mixed. In a seminal study, Uggen (2000) reanalyzed data from the National Supported Work (NSW) Demonstration Project and found that employment significantly reduced the rate of recidivism among individuals aged 27 and older but had no impact on younger individuals. We reproduce and replicate Uggen's (2000) findings with data from four distinct employment programs: The National Supported Work Program (1975–1979), the Transitional Aid Research Project (1976–1977), the Employment Services for Ex-Offenders (1981–1984), and the Enhanced Services for the Hard-to-Employ Center for Employment Opportunities (2004–2008). We closely reproduced Uggen's original findings in the NSW but found evidence that the statistically significant interaction between age and employment in the NSW was only present at the year 3 follow-up and the observed effect is highly sensitive to minor threats to internal validity. Furthermore, a significant age–employment interaction was not observed in the three other data sources. These findings should encourage scholars to continue to investigate the age-graded nature of employment and crime, especially through a sociohistorical lens.

从理论上讲,就业是非正式社会控制的来源,可以促进对犯罪的抑制(Sampson&;Laub,1993)。然而,评估就业影响的研究结果喜忧参半。在一项开创性的研究中,Uggen(2000)重新分析了国家支持工作(NSW)示范项目的数据,发现就业显著降低了27岁及以上个人的再犯率,但对年轻人没有影响。我们用四个不同就业项目的数据复制和复制了Uggen(2000)的研究结果:国家支持工作计划(1975–1979)、过渡援助研究项目(1976–1977)、前科犯就业服务(1981–1984)和难以就业中心就业机会强化服务(2004–2008)。我们仔细复制了Uggen在新南威尔士州的原始发现,但发现有证据表明,新南威尔士州年龄和就业之间的统计显著交互作用仅在第3年的随访中出现,观察到的影响对内部有效性的轻微威胁高度敏感。此外,在其他三个数据来源中没有观察到显著的年龄-就业互动。这些发现应该鼓励学者继续调查就业和犯罪的年龄分级性质,特别是从社会历史的角度。
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引用次数: 0
Settling institutional uncertainty: Policing Chicago and New York, 1877–1923 解决制度不确定性:芝加哥和纽约的治安管理,1877-1923
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12337
Johann Koehler, Tony Cheng

We show how both the Chicago Police Department and the New York Police Department sought to settle uncertainty about their propriety and purpose during a period when abrupt transformations destabilized urban order and called the police mandate into question. By comparing annual reports that the Chicago Police Department and the New York Police Department published from 1877 to 1923, we observe two techniques in how the police enacted that settlement: identification of the problems that the police believed themselves uniquely well equipped to manage and authorization of the powers necessary to do so. Comparison of identification and authorization yields insights into the role that these police departments played in convergent and divergent constructions of disorder and, in turn, into Progressivism's varying effects in early urban policing.

我们展示了芝加哥警察局和纽约警察局是如何在突然的转变破坏了城市秩序并使警察授权受到质疑的时期,解决其适当性和目的的不确定性的。通过比较芝加哥警察局和纽约警察局在1877年至1923年发布的年度报告,我们观察到警方如何制定解决方案的两种技巧:识别警方认为自己具备管理能力的问题,以及授权这样做所需的权力。通过对身份和授权的比较,我们可以深入了解这些警察部门在趋同和分化的混乱结构中所扮演的角色,进而了解进步主义在早期城市警务中的不同影响。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Criminology
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