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The “STICKINESS” of stigma: Guilt by association after a friend's arrest 污名的“粘性”:朋友被捕后的联想内疚
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12333
Erin Tinney
Prior research has examined the consequences of one’s police contact, but the consequences of vicarious police contact are not as well known. This study expands on labeling theory and the concept of “stickiness” by assessing whether a friend’s arrest increases the likelihood of one’s police contact. Using a sample of rural youth (N = 13,170), I find that a friend’s arrest is associated with an increase in the likelihood of one’s first arrest the next year after accounting for other predictors of police contact. Based on my theoretical framework, I interpret this finding as “guilt by association.” In addition, ending relationships with friends who have been arrested does not significantly impact this relationship. This study concludes that police contact may be harmful for a youth’s social network and builds on the concept of stickiness by suggesting that stigma not only sticks from one individual to another but may also stay despite efforts to end one’s association with the arrested individual. The study expands on preexisting research on the consequences of adolescent police contact by introducing a friend’s police contact as a way
先前的研究已经调查了一个人与警察接触的后果,但替代警察接触的结果并不为人所知。这项研究通过评估朋友被捕是否会增加与警察接触的可能性,扩展了标签理论和“粘性”的概念。使用一个农村青年样本(N=13170),我发现,在考虑了警察接触的其他预测因素后,朋友的被捕与第二年第一次被捕的可能性增加有关。根据我的理论框架,我将这一发现解释为“联想内疚”。此外,结束与被捕朋友的关系并不会对这种关系产生重大影响。这项研究得出结论,警察的接触可能对青少年的社交网络有害,并建立在粘性概念的基础上,表明污名不仅在一个人与另一个人之间持续存在,而且可能会持续存在,尽管人们努力结束与被捕者的联系。这项研究扩展了先前关于青少年与警察接触后果的研究,引入了朋友与警察的接触,使个人更有可能参与司法系统。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of racial misclassification in police data on estimates of racial disparities 警察数据中种族错误分类对种族差异估计的影响
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12329
Ayobami Laniyonu, Samuel T. Donahue

Research on race and policing increasingly draws upon data collected by police officers to estimate racial disparities in police contact. Many of these data sets, however, rely on officer perception of a stopped person's race, which may be inconsistent with how those individuals self-identify. Furthermore, researchers frequently benchmark contact data where race is perceived by police officers against census and survey data where race is self-identified. We argue that discordance between how individuals self-identify and how they are classified by officers can bias estimates of racial disparities. Using a unique data set, which allows us to compare officers’ racial classification of stopped persons with those same persons’ racial self-identification, we characterize rates of racial misclassification in administrative police records. We find evidence of racial misclassification in police records, especially among Hispanic and Asians/Pacific Islanders. We find that officer classification of Hispanics as (non-Hispanic) White is the most common form of racial misclassification in our sample and that its substantive consequences are significant. Specifically, we find that officer classification of Hispanics as White may lead analysts to incorrectly conclude that Hispanics are no more likely than Whites to be cited by police.

关于种族和治安的研究越来越多地利用警察收集的数据来估计警察接触中的种族差异。然而,其中许多数据集依赖于官员对被拦下的人的种族的感知,这可能与这些人的自我认同方式不一致。此外,研究人员经常将警察感知种族的接触数据与自我识别种族的人口普查和调查数据进行比较。我们认为,个人的自我认同方式和官员对他们的分类方式之间的不一致可能会使对种族差异的估计产生偏差。使用一个独特的数据集,我们可以将警察对被拦人员的种族分类与这些人的种族自我认同进行比较,我们描述了行政警察记录中种族错误分类的比率。我们在警方记录中发现了种族错误分类的证据,尤其是在西班牙裔和亚裔/太平洋岛民中。我们发现,在我们的样本中,官员将西班牙裔归类为(非西班牙牙裔)白人是最常见的种族错误分类形式,其实质性后果是显著的。具体而言,我们发现,警察将西班牙裔归类为白人可能会导致分析人士错误地得出结论,认为西班牙族被警察传讯的可能性并不比白人高。
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引用次数: 5
The future of crime data 犯罪数据的未来
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12330
Janet L. Lauritsen

Criminology lacks sufficient data for many types of crime that are of great concern to society. This lack of data poses significant problems for determining whether resources are adequate for responding to these crimes or whether programmatic, legislative, or target-hardening efforts to prevent or reduce their occurrence are effective. Inadequate data about crime also produces a selective and incomplete narrative about crime that makes it easier for political and vested interests to exploit public concerns about crime for their own ends. In this address, I discuss what is needed to resolve these gaps and the ways in which criminologists can support a significant expansion of the crime data infrastructure. Such work is necessary to help ensure the future relevance of criminological research.

犯罪学对社会高度关注的许多犯罪类型缺乏足够的数据。这种数据的缺乏给确定资源是否足以应对这些犯罪,或者预防或减少这些犯罪发生的方案、立法或强化目标的努力是否有效带来了重大问题。关于犯罪的数据不足也产生了关于犯罪的选择性和不完整的叙述,这使得政治和既得利益者更容易利用公众对犯罪的担忧来达到自己的目的。在本次演讲中,我讨论了解决这些差距所需的措施,以及犯罪学家支持大幅扩展犯罪数据基础设施的方式。这样的工作对于确保犯罪学研究的未来相关性是必要的。
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引用次数: 0
Unpredictable and monetized contact with the police: Race, avoidance behaviors, and modified activity spaces 与警察的不可预测和货币化接触:种族、回避行为和修改的活动空间
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-02-12 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12328
Andrea Giuffre, Beth M. Huebner

Exponential growth in order maintenance policing and associated misdemeanor sanctions have led to disproportionate consequences for people of color. Using data from qualitative interviews with individuals in the metropolitan St. Louis, Missouri, region, the current study documents the racialized and monetized nature of police contact. This work extends extant scholarship by considering how minor contact with the police shapes individual avoidance behaviors and activity spaces, places where people work and live. We consider how the combination of monetary sanctions, warrants, incarceration, and overpolicing in the region affects avoidance behaviors, particularly for people of color. Our findings suggest that the frequently unpredictable nature of police contacts and the parochial and often profit-focused structure of policing organizations in the region leads individuals to modify the ways in which they move through the region and, for some, to isolate. Narratives reflect the need for constant calibration of behaviors and decisions, as well as the legacy that police contact and monetary sanctions can have on everyday routines.

治安维持和相关轻罪制裁呈指数级增长,给有色人种带来了不成比例的后果。目前的研究使用了对密苏里州圣路易斯大都市地区个人的定性采访数据,记录了警察接触的种族化和货币化性质。这项工作通过考虑与警察的轻微接触如何塑造个人的回避行为和活动空间,即人们工作和生活的地方,扩展了现有的学术。我们考虑了该地区货币制裁、逮捕令、监禁和过度监管的结合如何影响回避行为,尤其是有色人种的回避行为。我们的研究结果表明,警察接触的不可预测性以及该地区警务组织的狭隘和往往以利润为中心的结构,导致个人改变了他们在该地区的行动方式,对一些人来说,导致了孤立。叙述反映了不断调整行为和决策的必要性,以及警方接触和金钱制裁对日常生活的影响。
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引用次数: 0
“That shit doesn't fly”: Subcultural constraints on prison radicalization “那大便不会飞”:监狱激进化的亚文化制约
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12327
Sandra M. Bucerius, William Schultz, Kevin D. Haggerty

Many observers describe prison subcultures as inherently and irredeemably antisocial. Research directly ties prison subcultures to violence, gang membership, and poor reintegration. In extreme cases, research has also suggested that prison subcultures contribute to incarcerated people joining radical groups or embracing violent extremist beliefs. These claims, however, ignore key differences in the larger cultural and social context of prisons. We examine the relationship between prison subcultures and prison radicalization based on semistructured qualitative interviews with 148 incarcerated men and 131 correctional officers from four western Canadian prisons. We outline several imported features of the prison subculture that make incarcerated people resilient to radicalized and extremist messaging. These features include 1) national cultural imaginaries; 2) the racial profile of a prison, including racial sorting or a lack thereof; and 3) how radicalization allowed incarcerated men and correctional officers to act outside the otherwise agreed-to subcultural rules. Our research findings stress the importance of contemplating broader sociocultural influences when trying to understand the relationship between radicalization and prison dynamics and politics.

许多观察家将监狱亚文化描述为天生的、不可救药的反社会。研究将监狱亚文化与暴力、帮派成员和不良的重新融入直接联系起来。在极端情况下,研究还表明,监狱亚文化有助于被监禁者加入激进团体或信奉暴力极端主义信仰。然而,这些说法忽视了监狱在更大的文化和社会背景下的关键差异。基于对来自加拿大西部四所监狱的148名被监禁男子和131名管教人员的半结构定性访谈,我们研究了监狱亚文化与监狱激进化之间的关系。我们概述了监狱亚文化的几个重要特征,这些特征使被监禁的人能够抵御激进和极端主义的信息。这些特征包括:1)民族文化想象;2) 监狱的种族特征,包括种族分类或缺乏种族分类;以及3)激进化如何允许被监禁的男子和管教人员在商定的亚文化规则之外行事。我们的研究结果强调了在试图理解激进化与监狱动态和政治之间的关系时,考虑更广泛的社会文化影响的重要性。
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引用次数: 3
Value orientations, life transitions, and desistance: Assessing competing perspectives 价值取向、人生转变和放弃:评估相互竞争的观点
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-21 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12325
Kyle J. Thomas, Holly Nguyen, Erica P. Jackson

Laub and Sampson (2003) and Paternoster and Bushway (2009) offered opposing explanations of desistance from crime. Yet, extant research has failed to test the key theoretical differences that distinguish these perspectives: 1) the temporal ordering of internal changes in identity/values and life transitions and 2) the impact of values/life transitions on offending conditional on key predictors from the opposing theory (e.g., whether marriage contributes to desistance among individuals who already hold prosocial values). We assess competing claims using data from the Pathways to Desistance. We find that within-person changes in prosocial value orientations are significantly related to within-person changes in one's likelihood of entering into serious romantic relationships and becoming employed. Conversely, life transitions are unrelated to changes in one's values. The results derived from fixed-effects Poisson models indicate high or increasing prosocial value orientations help explain offending patterns among those who enter into serious romantic relationships/get employed and help explain changes in offending among those who do not experience structural “turning points.” Marriage/cohabitation is unrelated to within-person changes in offending, whereas the impact of employment has an inconsistent relationship. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.

Laub和Sampson(2003)以及Paternoster和Bushway(2009)对停止犯罪提出了相反的解释。然而现有的研究未能检验区分这些观点的关键理论差异:1)身份/价值观和生活转变的内部变化的时间顺序;2)价值观/生活转变对冒犯的影响取决于对立理论的关键预测因素(例如,婚姻是否有助于那些已经持有亲社会价值观的人的意愿)。我们使用“放弃途径”中的数据来评估相互竞争的索赔。我们发现,亲社会价值取向的人内变化与一个人进入严肃浪漫关系和就业可能性的人内改变显著相关。相反,人生的转变与个人价值观的变化无关。固定效应泊松模型得出的结果表明,高或不断增加的亲社会价值取向有助于解释那些进入严重恋爱关系/就业的人的冒犯模式,也有助于说明那些没有经历结构性“转折点”的人的侵犯变化。婚姻/同居与人内侵犯的变化无关,而就业的影响具有不一致的关系。讨论了理论和政策含义。
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引用次数: 3
Comparing deep-end confinement in England & Wales and Norway 英格兰、威尔士和挪威的深端禁闭比较
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12326
Ben Crewe, Julie Laursen, Kristian Mjåland

Extreme forms of custody represent the boundary points of state power. The configuration of the most restrictive corners of prison systems, and what goes on within them, is highly instructive in exposing the objectives, limits, and implications of state coercion at its most severe. Based on data collected in England & Wales and Norway, this article has two main aims. The first is to explore the degree to which “deep-end” confinement differs between jurisdictions with different penal philosophies. The second is to understand how the most extreme form of confinement in each jurisdiction differs from the more typical carceral experiences within each system and its overall penal ethos. Empirically, then, the article seeks to shine light into the deepest dominions of both prison systems, illuminating the experiential texture of extreme forms of imprisonment. It concludes by asking what can be inferred about Nordic exceptionalism, and about deep-end confinement more generally, by analyzing these domains.

极端形式的羁押代表了国家权力的边界点。监狱系统中最具限制性的角落的配置,以及其中发生的事情,在揭露最严重的国家胁迫的目标、限制和影响方面具有很强的指导意义。基于在英格兰收集的数据&;威尔士和挪威,本文有两个主要目的。首先是探讨不同刑法哲学的司法管辖区之间“深层次”监禁的不同程度。第二是了解每个司法管辖区最极端的监禁形式与每个系统内更典型的死刑经历及其整体刑罚精神有何不同。因此,从经验上讲,这篇文章试图揭示这两种监狱系统最深层的统治,揭示极端监禁形式的经验结构。最后,通过分析这些领域,它询问了北欧例外论以及更普遍的深层次限制可以推断出什么。
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引用次数: 1
Situational factors and police use of force across micro-time intervals: A video systematic social observation and panel regression analysis 情境因素与警察在微观时间间隔内的武力使用:视频系统社会观察和面板回归分析
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-29 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12323
Eric L. Piza, Nathan T. Connealy, Victoria A. Sytsma, Vijay F. Chillar

The current study analyzes police use of force as a series of time-bound transactions between officers, civilians, and bystanders. The research begins with a systematic social observation of use-of-force events recorded on police body-worn cameras in Newark, New Jersey. Researchers measure the occurrence and time stamps for numerous participant physical and verbal behaviors. Data are converted into a longitudinal panel format measuring all observed behaviors in 5-second intervals. Panel logistic regression models estimate the effect of each behavior on use of force in immediate and subsequent temporal periods. Findings indicate certain variables influence use of force at a distinct point in time, whereas others exert influence on use of force across multiple time periods. The most influential variables relate to authority maintenance theoretical constructs. This finding supports prior perspectives arguing that police use of force largely results from officer attempts to maintain constant authority over civilians during face-to-face encounters. Nonetheless, a range of additional variables reflecting procedural justice, civilian resistance, and bystander presence significantly affect when police use force during civilian encounters. Results provide nuance to theoretical frameworks considering use of force as resulting from the interplay between officer and civilian actions and reactions.

目前的研究将警察使用武力分析为警察、平民和旁观者之间的一系列有时限的交易。这项研究首先对新泽西州纽瓦克市警方随身携带的摄像头记录的使用武力事件进行了系统的社会观察。研究人员测量了许多参与者的身体和言语行为的发生和时间戳。数据被转换为纵向面板格式,以5秒的间隔测量所有观察到的行为。面板逻辑回归模型估计了每种行为在即时和随后的时间段内对武力使用的影响。研究结果表明,某些变量会在不同的时间点影响武力的使用,而其他变量则会在多个时间段内影响武力使用。最具影响力的变量与权力维护理论结构有关。这一发现支持了先前的观点,即警察使用武力在很大程度上是由于警察在面对面交锋中试图保持对平民的持续权威。尽管如此,反映程序正义、平民抵抗和旁观者存在的一系列额外变量对警察在平民遭遇中使用武力的情况产生了重大影响。研究结果为将武力使用视为军官和平民行动和反应之间相互作用的结果的理论框架提供了细微差别。
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引用次数: 0
When men fight with women (versus other men): Limited offending during disputes 当男人与女人(与其他男人)打架时:在纠纷中的有限冒犯
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-27 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12324
Richard B. Felson, Mark T. Berg, Ethan M. Rogers, Andrew T. Krajewski

What transpires in a dispute, even a violent dispute, is affected by the tendency for adversaries to engage in “limited offending.” We focus on one restraint: the tendency of men to limit their aggression in their disputes with women. Analyses are based on an incident-level survey about interpersonal disputes administered to 503 men who are incarcerated and 220 men who had never been incarcerated. Using multinomial and logistic regression models, we examined the extent to which an adversary's gender predicted dispute-related behaviors. The evidence suggests that the chivalry norm has pervasive effects on the behavior of men during their disputes with women. Men are more likely to engage in remedial actions (e.g., apologies) when their adversary is a woman, as opposed to another man. In addition, men are less likely to make violent threats and engage in physical attacks when their adversary is a woman, even after they have themselves been physically attacked. When men are violent, they are less likely to injure a woman than a man. However, the chivalry norm does not inhibit verbal aggression in these disputes: men are just as likely to engage in verbal attacks and nonviolent threats when the adversary is a woman.

纠纷,甚至是暴力纠纷,都会受到对手“有限冒犯”的倾向的影响。我们关注一个约束:男性在与女性的纠纷中限制侵略性的倾向。分析基于对503名被监禁男子和220名从未被监禁过的男子进行的事件级人际纠纷调查。使用多项和逻辑回归模型,我们检验了对手的性别对争议相关行为的预测程度。证据表明,侠义规范对男性在与女性发生争执时的行为有着普遍的影响。与另一名男性相比,当对手是女性时,男性更有可能采取补救行动(例如道歉)。此外,当对手为女性时,即使在自己遭到人身攻击后,男性也不太可能进行暴力威胁和人身攻击。当男性施暴时,他们伤害女性的可能性比男性低。然而,骑士准则并不能抑制这些纠纷中的言语攻击:当对手是女性时,男性同样可能进行言语攻击和非暴力威胁。
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引用次数: 1
Changing contexts: A quasi-experiment examining adolescent delinquency and the transition to high school 不断变化的背景:一项研究青少年犯罪和向高中过渡的准实验
IF 5.8 1区 社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-17 DOI: 10.1111/1745-9125.12320
Brittany N. Freelin, Cassie McMillan, Diane Felmlee, D. Wayne Osgood

In a quasi-experiment, we examine whether changing schools during the transition from 8th to 9th grade influences adolescent delinquency, using a sample of more than 14,000 students in 26 public school districts (PROSPER study). The dataset follows students for eight waves from 6th through 12th grade and facilitates a unique, direct comparison of students who change schools with those who remain in the same school during this period. Results show that students who transition between schools report significantly less delinquency after the shift than those who do not, and that this difference persists through 10th grade. This decline is most pronounced when adolescents from multiple middle schools move to a single high school (i.e., multifeeder transitions). Students who transition between schools have fewer delinquent friends and participate in less unstructured socializing following the change in school environment, which partially mediates their reduced delinquency. Results provide some support for theories of differential association and routine activities. Our findings highlight the role of a crucial, yet understudied, life transition in shaping adolescent delinquency. The results from this quasi-experiment underscore the potential of alterations in social context to significantly dampen juvenile delinquency throughout high school.

在一项准实验中,我们对26个公立学区的14000多名学生进行了抽样调查(PROSPER研究),研究了从8年级到9年级过渡期间换校是否会影响青少年犯罪。该数据集跟踪了从6年级到12年级的八组学生,有助于对这段时间内换校的学生和留在同一所学校的学生进行独特、直接的比较。结果表明,在不同学校之间转学的学生在转学后报告的违法行为明显少于不转学的,这种差异一直持续到10年级。这种下降在多所中学的青少年转到一所高中时最为明显(即多针过渡)。随着学校环境的变化,在学校之间过渡的学生犯罪朋友减少,参与的无组织社交活动减少,这在一定程度上调节了他们犯罪的减少。研究结果为微分联想理论和日常活动理论提供了一定的支持。我们的研究结果强调了一个关键但研究不足的生活转变在塑造青少年犯罪中的作用。这项准实验的结果强调了社会环境的改变有可能在整个高中期间显著抑制青少年犯罪。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Criminology
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