IET Electrical Systems in Transportation最新文献

This article presents a comprehensive review on the reliability assessment and charging methodologies of electric vehicles (EVs) connected to the grid. In the transportation industry, EVs are acknowledged as effective ideas for reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases. The article presents a critical survey of the various types of EVs and their performance, generally depend on the proper interface between power electronics converters and energy storage devices. Bi-directional converters are utilised to enhance efficiency and prolong battery life. This article explores an in-depth analysis of the grid connected converter topologies for distribution networks, charging infrastructures and standards, battery charging technologies (merits/demerits), and most advanced off-board and on-board EV chargers. Evaluating the reliability of grid-integrated EVs system is thus an important area of research. Then, the current research approaches vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) are demonstrated to describe travel behaviour, reliability parameters, and battery capacity associated with reliability and to assess the stability of the distribution system by incorporating EV discharging thresholds of both distribution networks and EVs. Finally, this article illustrates the positive as well as negative impacts of grid integration, issues related to EV converters, and specific suggestions for developing EV charging stations (CS) in the future.

This article describes the collaborative efforts between Tecnam, Rolls-Royce, and Rotax to equip a 4-seat Tecnam P2010 aircraft with a parallel hybrid-electric powertrain, the first of its kind ever developed for general aviation, to help reduce fuel consumption while maintaining, and even extending, the aircraft range. The High Power, High Scalability Hybrid Powertrain project set out to design, build, ground-test and demonstrate in a flight campaign such a propulsion system. Creating a parallel hybrid-electric drive system, which brings together the electric and combustion engine worlds, creates a completely new set of challenges in the design, assembly, operation, and safety assurance of aircraft which must be addressed for a successful business proposition. The article reflects on some of the challenges faced as this innovative and scalable powertrain was developed on the road to minimise emissions in the aviation industry.

Public and political pressures for environmental improvements are driving a wave of current interest in all-electric and hybrid-electric aircraft. These emerging new aircraft propulsion systems bring with them the promise of net-zero emissions and greatly reduced noise profiles. The main application focus is currently around smaller aircraft including general aviation, drones, urban air mobility, commuter, and electrical vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. In the slightly longer term, business and regional aircraft operators are also keen to adopt these novel propulsion systems and exploit their benefits.

The aim of this special issue of the IET Electrical Systems in Transportation journal is to showcase original research on enabling technologies for all-electric and hybrid-electric flight. For this publication, there was also a desire to feature case studies, which express the ambitions of the customer base and detail the key technical hurdles to be addressed by the supply chain. Many propulsion system demonstrations are in development, whether in a lab environment or progressing to flight trials, and submissions on original research addressing the key technical challenges were also encouraged. Technology improvements in electrical machines, power electronics, energy storage, thermal management systems, and electrical system integration (including advanced control and protection) are required to make the vision for a more electric aviation fleet a reality. Papers which detail specific relevant technical advancements or review a range of these technological contributions are also included in this special issue.

Despite the many aerospace industry projects underway with the intention of realising the potential of all-electric and hybrid-electric flight, there appears to be a shortfall in underpinning research to support these projects. It is hoped that this special issue will inspire researchers and encourage innovations that will help to meet the many challenges that lie ahead in developing a sustainable and environmentally friendly air travel ecosystem.

The papers selected for this special issue have been peer reviewed by the Guest Editors and specialist reviewers. They include case studies on industrial flight trials for all-electric and hybrid-electric propulsion systems, evaluations against other modes of transport, innovative propulsion system architectures, and novel power electronics converter solutions. The selected papers are summarised in the following sections.

This paper reviews the numerous engineering challenges faced by the ACCEL consortium comprising Rolls-Royce, Electroflight, and YASA in designing, developing, and flying an all-electric aircraft. Three world records were set by the project team for top speed over 3 and 15 km distances and for the fastest 3000 m climb as officially verified by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. During its record-breaking runs, the aircraft also c

In order to calculate the dynamic distribution of rail potential and stray current accurately, a multi-state unified calculation model of rail potential and stray current is proposed, and the characteristics of different protection devices and reflux system in multi-state DC railway systems are analysed. In the proposed model, the multi-state characteristics of the traction substation, train, protection devices and reflux system are uniformly simulated by unified node models. The mixed simulation parameters of the catenary and reflux system are unified to lumped parameter networks, and the multi-node voltage equations are established based on the simulation model. Then, the power flow of DC railway systems is calculated using an iterative solution, and the dynamic distribution of rail potential and stray current are solved by differential equations. The multi-state unified calculation model is built and the distribution of rail potential and stray current in different conditions are simulated based on the parameters of Wuxi Subway Line 2. In order to verify the multi-state unified calculation model proposed, field tests and simulations are carried out. Results show that the multi-state unified calculation model can unify the complex states of DC railway systems and calculate the distribution of rail potential and stray current accurately.

A vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is derived from a mobile ad-hoc network that is a part of less infrastructure network design. Vehicular communication in VANET can be achieved using vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. A vehicle communicates with other vehicles through onboard units while communicating with roadside units in an infrastructure mode. Secure clustering is required for the communication between nodes in the whole network. The fundamental problem with the VANET is the instability of the network that occurs due to vehicles' mobile nature, which decreases the network's efficiency. This research proposes an enhanced cluster-based lifetime protocol ECBLTR that focuses on maximising the network's stability of routing and average throughput. The Sugeno model fuzzy inference system is used for assessing the cluster head (CH) that takes residual energy, local distance, node degree, concentration, and distance from the base station as input parameters. Our enhanced routing protocol shows that the proper channel model with an efficient routing protocol enhances the link throughput of the VANET for fixed network size. Our results show an efficient selection method of CH through the fuzzy system and a 10% increase in network lifetime. Furthermore, performance evaluation also demonstrates the impact of network sizes and routing protocols on packet delivery ratio and packet loss, average end-to-end delay, and overhead transmission.

With the increasing demand for electric energy, more and more cities are constructing cable tunnels. In order to prevent the cable in the tunnel from being damaged, regular inspection of the cable tunnel is very important. However, due to the large scale of cable tunnel construction, the traditional manual inspection is difficult to meet the maintenance requirements. With the development of intelligent technology, the intelligent patrol mode of UAV has gradually replaced the traditional manual patrol mode and become the main patrol mode of cable tunnel. Therefore, the positioning and navigation method of cable tunnel UAV is studied in this paper. By using UWB localization algorithm and depth camera fusion, the positioning and navigation methods of UAVs are determined and compared with the positioning algorithm based on optical flow. Experimental comparison results show that the maximum and minimum yaw angles of UAV positioning based on the proposed algorithm are 2.41° and 0.16°, while the maximum and minimum yaw angles of UAV positioning based on the comparison algorithm are 3.11° and 1.51°. It can be seen that the integration of UWB and depth camera is of great significance for the research of positioning and navigation methods of cable tunnel UAVs.

This paper evaluates various modes of transport against the dual requirements of Net-Zero carbon emissions and user convenience, in particular, speed of travel and cost of transportation. Results show that when operated across a whole country, battery-powered ePlanes have the lowest energy use as measured by well-to-wing efficiency of other high-speed transport systems such as the UKs HS2 and conventional diesel rail systems. This condition may not hold for extremely high passenger numbers per hour as seen in metropolitan areas with high density populations. Various proposed disruptive technologies lower cost of ownership when combined with changes in the transport paradigm that has rarely been explored in other papers.

In the urban society of Thailand, most people use motorcycles for travelling because they can meet the manoeuvrability of travelling in short distances and save energy compared to using a car. Many people are switching to electric motorcycles (EMCs), which install EMC chargers in their residential buildings. EMC chargers are power electronic devices that may produce electrical and electromagnetic interference; therefore, it is critical to evaluate the potential influence of an EMC charger on a household electrical system and other electrical equipment before installing one. Therefore, this study examined the effects of an EMC charger on residential electrical systems with and without a photovoltaic system connection as well as on individual load types in terms of power quality. The investigation revealed that EMC charging has a direct impact on the grid system's reactive power, power factor, and current harmonics. However, when the electrical load in the system has sufficient power, it is possible to reduce the reactive power and current harmonics of the grid. The cost of electricity when an EMC is connected to a residential electrical system was also analysed to determine the metre type and charging interval suitable for Thailand.

In this paper, an H-type electric/hybrid electric aircraft propulsion architecture is proposed to address the issues associated with the radial electric propulsion architecture. In a radial architecture, a fault on the main bus or failure of the generator leads to shut down of all the propulsion motors in that channel, thus increasing the burden on the remaining motors to maintain the power required by the aeroplane. As a result, it is necessary to oversize the motors for the purpose of compensating for the loss of other motors. To mitigate these issues, a new H-type architecture is introduced to isolate the particular faulty section while still maintaining power flow to the remaining healthy motors. The proposed architecture minimises the oversizing of various components in the system as compared to radial propulsion architecture. The sizing of components and the amount of overall mass reduction is discussed by using the proposed architecture. Typhoon Hardware in the Loop platform is used to validate the performance of both the architectures for faults at different locations, and the results are presented.