The impact of pretreatment methods on the fermentation quality and nutritional profile of bamboo silage was assessed to determine the optimal ensiling strategy. Tender bamboo underwent microwave, ultrasound, alkali, and irradiation pretreatments. Subsequently, a four-factor, three-level L9 (34) orthogonal experiment was employed, utilizing pretreated bamboo as the substrate. The experiment evaluated the effects of silage time (30, 45, 60 days), moisture content (55%, 60%, 65%), cellulase addition [2, 4, and 6 mg/g FM (Fresh weight)], and silage inoculant addition (0.5, 5, 50 mg/g FM). Results indicated that γ-ray irradiation pretreatment effectively reduced lignin and cellulose content while increasing reducing sugars levels approximately fourfold compared to the control group. Six out of the nine treatment groups exhibited superior comprehensive fermentation quality scores, with silage time demonstrating the most significant influence on the fermentation quality of tender bamboo silage. The order of influence was silage time > silage inoculant level > moisture content > cellulase, with a silage time of 30 days, a silage inoculant level of 0.5 mg/g FM, a moisture content of 65%, and a cellulase level of 2 mg/g FM, all contributing to enhanced fermentation quality. Regarding nutritional composition, silage time significantly impacted crude protein and soluble sugar levels, with optimal levels observed at 30 and 60 days, respectively. Moisture content primarily affected soluble sugar levels, followed by neutral detergent fiber, with an optimal level of 55%. Other factors showed minimal effects. Based on fermentation quality and nutritional component analysis, and prioritizing fermentation quality while considering cost-effectiveness, the optimal ensiling conditions for bamboo were determined to be a silage time of 30 days, a moisture content of 65%, an addition of 2 mg/g FM of cellulase, and an addition of 0.5 mg/g FM of silage inoculant.
{"title":"Effects of Different Conditions on Fermentation Quality and Nutrient Composition of Tender Bamboo Silage After Irradiation","authors":"Jinjiao Chen, Meiqun Li, Baiquan Zeng, Tianqi Wu, Yong Meng, Tengmian Zhou","doi":"10.3390/agriculture16050531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16050531","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of pretreatment methods on the fermentation quality and nutritional profile of bamboo silage was assessed to determine the optimal ensiling strategy. Tender bamboo underwent microwave, ultrasound, alkali, and irradiation pretreatments. Subsequently, a four-factor, three-level L9 (34) orthogonal experiment was employed, utilizing pretreated bamboo as the substrate. The experiment evaluated the effects of silage time (30, 45, 60 days), moisture content (55%, 60%, 65%), cellulase addition [2, 4, and 6 mg/g FM (Fresh weight)], and silage inoculant addition (0.5, 5, 50 mg/g FM). Results indicated that γ-ray irradiation pretreatment effectively reduced lignin and cellulose content while increasing reducing sugars levels approximately fourfold compared to the control group. Six out of the nine treatment groups exhibited superior comprehensive fermentation quality scores, with silage time demonstrating the most significant influence on the fermentation quality of tender bamboo silage. The order of influence was silage time > silage inoculant level > moisture content > cellulase, with a silage time of 30 days, a silage inoculant level of 0.5 mg/g FM, a moisture content of 65%, and a cellulase level of 2 mg/g FM, all contributing to enhanced fermentation quality. Regarding nutritional composition, silage time significantly impacted crude protein and soluble sugar levels, with optimal levels observed at 30 and 60 days, respectively. Moisture content primarily affected soluble sugar levels, followed by neutral detergent fiber, with an optimal level of 55%. Other factors showed minimal effects. Based on fermentation quality and nutritional component analysis, and prioritizing fermentation quality while considering cost-effectiveness, the optimal ensiling conditions for bamboo were determined to be a silage time of 30 days, a moisture content of 65%, an addition of 2 mg/g FM of cellulase, and an addition of 0.5 mg/g FM of silage inoculant.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"16 5","pages":"531-531"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/16/5/531/pdf?version=1772199789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147381934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accurate, nondestructive assessment of fresh tea leaf quality is important for breeding and field management, yet most spectral work still targets processed or low-moisture products. Here, a mechanistically guided hyperspectral method was developed to estimate free amino acids (AA) and total polyphenols (TP) in fresh leaves. Spectral experiments on purified AA and TP powders and their water mixtures identified a key spectral window at 1660 nm. Fractional-order derivatives were applied to leaf reflectance spectra from 102 spring samples (53 varieties), and full-spectrum Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) models were used as comparison and validated on an independent set of 40 summer samples. PLSR achieved decent cross-validation coefficient of determination accuracy for AA (Rcv2=0.867) and TP (Rcv2=0.755) and good external prediction coefficient of determination accuracy (RP2=0.793 and 0.776, respectively). Guided by the powder and leaf-level analysis, two-band NDSI indices were derived: the AA index of 1735/1626 nm (R2ₚ = 0.687, RPDₚ = 1.788) and the TP index of 1673/1660 nm (R2ₚ = 0.785, RPDₚ = 2.157) approached the PLSR, indicating that much of the useful information for AA and TP is concentrated in this narrow window and can be captured by simple, interpretable indices potentially suitable for in-field sensing, pending validation across multiple sites, seasons, and management conditions.
{"title":"Extraction of Sensitive Spectral Bands and Construction of Spectral Indices for Quality Assessment of Fresh Tea Leaves","authors":"Shirui Li, Rui Sun, Yong He, Xiaofeng Li, Yang Li, Liang Zhao, Xinyu Huang, Yufei Xu","doi":"10.3390/agriculture16030360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16030360","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate, nondestructive assessment of fresh tea leaf quality is important for breeding and field management, yet most spectral work still targets processed or low-moisture products. Here, a mechanistically guided hyperspectral method was developed to estimate free amino acids (AA) and total polyphenols (TP) in fresh leaves. Spectral experiments on purified AA and TP powders and their water mixtures identified a key spectral window at 1660 nm. Fractional-order derivatives were applied to leaf reflectance spectra from 102 spring samples (53 varieties), and full-spectrum Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) models were used as comparison and validated on an independent set of 40 summer samples. PLSR achieved decent cross-validation coefficient of determination accuracy for AA (Rcv2=0.867) and TP (Rcv2=0.755) and good external prediction coefficient of determination accuracy (RP2=0.793 and 0.776, respectively). Guided by the powder and leaf-level analysis, two-band NDSI indices were derived: the AA index of 1735/1626 nm (R2ₚ = 0.687, RPDₚ = 1.788) and the TP index of 1673/1660 nm (R2ₚ = 0.785, RPDₚ = 2.157) approached the PLSR, indicating that much of the useful information for AA and TP is concentrated in this narrow window and can be captured by simple, interpretable indices potentially suitable for in-field sensing, pending validation across multiple sites, seasons, and management conditions.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"16 3","pages":"360-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147381953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced mastitis poses a significant threat to animal husbandry. This condition triggers sustained mammary inflammation, oxidative stress, and disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, ultimately impairing mammary gland function and milk yield. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a long-chain fatty acid found in meat and dairy products derived from ruminants. It exhibits multiple biological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative stress-alleviating effects. Thus, this study sought to determine whether CLA alleviates S. aureus-induced mastitis in Hu sheep through the PPARG-UCP2 axis. Fifteen lactating Hu sheep were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 5): control group, model group, and CLA group. The CLA group received 1 mg/mammary gland of CLA via intramammary infusion for seven days, followed by S. aureus challenge (5 × 107 cells/mL, 2 mL/mammary gland) in the model and CLA groups, while the control group received saline. Venous blood and mammary tissue samples were collected at two days post-infection. The results demonstrated that S. aureus infection significantly upregulated the expression of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB) in the mammary tissue of Hu sheep, p < 0.01. Relative to the control, the model group showed increased ROS and MDA levels, a diminished NAD+/NADH ratio, and downregulated expression of the antioxidant factors SOD, Nrf2, HO-1, and SIRT3, p < 0.01. Furthermore, the expression of p-AMPK and mitophagy-related factors (PARKIN, PINK1, and LC3b) showed a statistically significant increase in the model group than in the control group, p < 0.01. S. aureus infection also suppressed the expression of PPARG and UCP2, p < 0.01. In contrast, the CLA group showed lower levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB), ROS and MDA, while the NAD+/NADH ratio and the expression of antioxidant factors (SOD, p-Nrf2, HO-1, and SIRT3) were elevated compared with the model group, p < 0.01. Moreover, the expression of p-AMPK and mitophagy-related factors (PARKIN, PINK1, and LC3b) was reduced in the CLA group relative to the model group, p < 0.05. Concurrently, the expression of PPARG and UCP2 was higher in the CLA group than in the model group, p < 0.001. These findings demonstrated that S. aureus infection induced mastitis in Hu sheep mammary tissue, whereas CLA alleviated the infection by upregulating the PPARG-UCP2 pathway, thereby reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitophagy levels. This study offers a novel perspective on mammary tissue repair during mastitis and expands the understanding of UCP2’s biological role.
{"title":"Conjugated Linoleic Acid Ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitophagy via the PPARG-UCP2 Pathway in Hu Sheep Mastitis","authors":"Yuzhi Jin, Hui Zhang, Xiaochang Xie, Nana Ma, Xiangzhen Shen","doi":"10.3390/agriculture16010099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16010099","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced mastitis poses a significant threat to animal husbandry. This condition triggers sustained mammary inflammation, oxidative stress, and disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, ultimately impairing mammary gland function and milk yield. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a long-chain fatty acid found in meat and dairy products derived from ruminants. It exhibits multiple biological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative stress-alleviating effects. Thus, this study sought to determine whether CLA alleviates S. aureus-induced mastitis in Hu sheep through the PPARG-UCP2 axis. Fifteen lactating Hu sheep were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 5): control group, model group, and CLA group. The CLA group received 1 mg/mammary gland of CLA via intramammary infusion for seven days, followed by S. aureus challenge (5 × 107 cells/mL, 2 mL/mammary gland) in the model and CLA groups, while the control group received saline. Venous blood and mammary tissue samples were collected at two days post-infection. The results demonstrated that S. aureus infection significantly upregulated the expression of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB) in the mammary tissue of Hu sheep, p < 0.01. Relative to the control, the model group showed increased ROS and MDA levels, a diminished NAD+/NADH ratio, and downregulated expression of the antioxidant factors SOD, Nrf2, HO-1, and SIRT3, p < 0.01. Furthermore, the expression of p-AMPK and mitophagy-related factors (PARKIN, PINK1, and LC3b) showed a statistically significant increase in the model group than in the control group, p < 0.01. S. aureus infection also suppressed the expression of PPARG and UCP2, p < 0.01. In contrast, the CLA group showed lower levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-κB), ROS and MDA, while the NAD+/NADH ratio and the expression of antioxidant factors (SOD, p-Nrf2, HO-1, and SIRT3) were elevated compared with the model group, p < 0.01. Moreover, the expression of p-AMPK and mitophagy-related factors (PARKIN, PINK1, and LC3b) was reduced in the CLA group relative to the model group, p < 0.05. Concurrently, the expression of PPARG and UCP2 was higher in the CLA group than in the model group, p < 0.001. These findings demonstrated that S. aureus infection induced mastitis in Hu sheep mammary tissue, whereas CLA alleviated the infection by upregulating the PPARG-UCP2 pathway, thereby reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitophagy levels. This study offers a novel perspective on mammary tissue repair during mastitis and expands the understanding of UCP2’s biological role.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"16 1","pages":"99-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.3390/agriculture15242556
Shengqin Liu, Zhanglun Sun, Liangliang Lv, Xinyu Huang, Haiyan Fan, Mengya Li, B. A. Shi, Ya Gao, Hao Ai, Dachao Xu, Tingting Feng, Xianzhong Huang, Xianzhong Huang, Xianzhong Huang
This study aims to compare the transcriptional responses of japonica and indica rice genotypes with contrasting submergence tolerance and to functionally validate the role of OsEXPB3. Flooding is a major abiotic stress limiting stable rice production, and different genotypes show substantial variation in submergence tolerance. However, the transcriptional and molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying subspecies-specific responses remain poorly understood. Here, RNA-seq analysis of japonica and indica accessions with contrasting tolerance levels was performed to construct molecular response networks and identify key tolerance-related genes. Comparative analysis revealed that both subspecies activate biological processes such as stimulus response, redox homeostasis, carbon metabolism, and hormone signaling under submergence. In the analyzed japonica genotypes, plants relied more on integrated hormone-regulated signaling, whereas in the analyzed indica genotypes, metabolic homeostasis was more prominent. Among the identified genes, OsEXPB3, a β-expansin gene, was consistently upregulated in tolerant accessions, whereas osexpb3 mutants displayed suppressed coleoptile and seedling elongation and reduced tolerance. Hormone profiling revealed a 0.1–0.3-fold increase in ethylene (ETH) and a 50–70% reduction in gibberellin (GA) in mutants after submergence. Defense-related hormones, including jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), were initially higher but declined markedly under stress conditions. Given that the OsEXPB3 promoter contains multiple ETH-, GA-, ABA-, JA- and SA-responsive cis-elements, we propose that OsEXPB3 may coordinate the balance between growth- and defense-related hormones to mediate adaptive responses to flooding. This study reveals conserved and divergent molecular responses between subspecies and suggests that OsEXPB3 may contribute to submergence tolerance in rice, although its regulatory role requires further validation.
{"title":"Transcriptome Analysis of Submergence Stress in Rice Provides Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of Rice Response to Flooding and the Roles of OsEXPB3 Under Submergence","authors":"Shengqin Liu, Zhanglun Sun, Liangliang Lv, Xinyu Huang, Haiyan Fan, Mengya Li, B. A. Shi, Ya Gao, Hao Ai, Dachao Xu, Tingting Feng, Xianzhong Huang, Xianzhong Huang, Xianzhong Huang","doi":"10.3390/agriculture15242556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15242556","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to compare the transcriptional responses of japonica and indica rice genotypes with contrasting submergence tolerance and to functionally validate the role of OsEXPB3. Flooding is a major abiotic stress limiting stable rice production, and different genotypes show substantial variation in submergence tolerance. However, the transcriptional and molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying subspecies-specific responses remain poorly understood. Here, RNA-seq analysis of japonica and indica accessions with contrasting tolerance levels was performed to construct molecular response networks and identify key tolerance-related genes. Comparative analysis revealed that both subspecies activate biological processes such as stimulus response, redox homeostasis, carbon metabolism, and hormone signaling under submergence. In the analyzed japonica genotypes, plants relied more on integrated hormone-regulated signaling, whereas in the analyzed indica genotypes, metabolic homeostasis was more prominent. Among the identified genes, OsEXPB3, a β-expansin gene, was consistently upregulated in tolerant accessions, whereas osexpb3 mutants displayed suppressed coleoptile and seedling elongation and reduced tolerance. Hormone profiling revealed a 0.1–0.3-fold increase in ethylene (ETH) and a 50–70% reduction in gibberellin (GA) in mutants after submergence. Defense-related hormones, including jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), were initially higher but declined markedly under stress conditions. Given that the OsEXPB3 promoter contains multiple ETH-, GA-, ABA-, JA- and SA-responsive cis-elements, we propose that OsEXPB3 may coordinate the balance between growth- and defense-related hormones to mediate adaptive responses to flooding. This study reveals conserved and divergent molecular responses between subspecies and suggests that OsEXPB3 may contribute to submergence tolerance in rice, although its regulatory role requires further validation.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"15 24","pages":"2556-2556"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/24/2556/pdf?version=1765377225","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.3390/agriculture15232451
Dengke Shao, Qian Xu, Xiaolong Lv, Chaoran Li, Lei Luo, Jin Xu, Yadong Zhang, Chunfang Zhao, Chen Chen
Plant endophytic fungi, which colonize plant tissues and form symbiotic relationships with their hosts, are known for their high diversity and wide distribution. These fungi often influence plant growth and development through the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), whose effects can extend beyond host plants to non-host species. In this study, we isolated two endophytic fungi, Trametes hirsuta RR1 and Talaromyces pinophilus RR2 from healthy rice roots. The VOCs mixtures produced by strains RR1 and RR2 were both able to promote rice growth when these strains were co-cultured with rice seedlings. Specifically, strain RR1 and RR2 increased rice shoot fresh weight by 44.22% and 26.69%, root fresh weight by 58.24% and 41.76%, shoot length by 30.35% and 25.07%, and root length by 29.11% and 4.23%, respectively. They significantly enhanced the contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids, which increased by 18.61% and 17.04%, and by 18.73% and 31.55%, respectively. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to analyze the VOCs emitted by the two strains. The analysis successfully identified a total of 13 major compounds. Among them, at appropriate concentrations, 1-pentanol, methyl DL-2-methylbutyrate, ethylbenzene, 2-ethyl-p-xylene, ethyl benzoate and dimethyl phthalate, can promote rice growth and alter the contents of photosynthetic pigments and hydrogen peroxide to varying degrees. This study provides an important basis for the in-depth research and development of biofumigants for promoting crop growth.
{"title":"Growth-Promoting Effects of VOCs Produced by Trametes hirsuta and Talaromyces pinophilus on Rice","authors":"Dengke Shao, Qian Xu, Xiaolong Lv, Chaoran Li, Lei Luo, Jin Xu, Yadong Zhang, Chunfang Zhao, Chen Chen","doi":"10.3390/agriculture15232451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15232451","url":null,"abstract":"Plant endophytic fungi, which colonize plant tissues and form symbiotic relationships with their hosts, are known for their high diversity and wide distribution. These fungi often influence plant growth and development through the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), whose effects can extend beyond host plants to non-host species. In this study, we isolated two endophytic fungi, Trametes hirsuta RR1 and Talaromyces pinophilus RR2 from healthy rice roots. The VOCs mixtures produced by strains RR1 and RR2 were both able to promote rice growth when these strains were co-cultured with rice seedlings. Specifically, strain RR1 and RR2 increased rice shoot fresh weight by 44.22% and 26.69%, root fresh weight by 58.24% and 41.76%, shoot length by 30.35% and 25.07%, and root length by 29.11% and 4.23%, respectively. They significantly enhanced the contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoids, which increased by 18.61% and 17.04%, and by 18.73% and 31.55%, respectively. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to analyze the VOCs emitted by the two strains. The analysis successfully identified a total of 13 major compounds. Among them, at appropriate concentrations, 1-pentanol, methyl DL-2-methylbutyrate, ethylbenzene, 2-ethyl-p-xylene, ethyl benzoate and dimethyl phthalate, can promote rice growth and alter the contents of photosynthetic pigments and hydrogen peroxide to varying degrees. This study provides an important basis for the in-depth research and development of biofumigants for promoting crop growth.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"15 23","pages":"2451-2451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/23/2451/pdf?version=1764172654","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-10DOI: 10.3390/agriculture15202109
Shuyuan Xue, Jianfeng Wang, Jing Yang, Yunjie Li, Jian He, Jang H. Han, Hongyan Xu, Xun Zhu, Nasi Ai
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are critical indicators of the metabolic status of whole-plant maize silage (WPMS). However, the impact of inoculating various strains of fermentation agents on VOC changes has not been systematically explored. This study aimed to determine how inoculation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lentilactobacillus buchneri modulates the VOC profile and odor of WPMS after 90 days. VOCs were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Key VOCs were screened using the variable importance in projection (VIP) and substantiated by relative odor activity values (rOAV) and odor descriptions. A total of 82 compounds were identified, including 22 esters, 19 alcohols, 3 acids, 9 aldehydes, 2 ethers, 6 hydrocarbons, 4 ketones, 10 phenols, and 8 terpenoids. L. plantarum enhanced green/fruity odors while strain L. buchneri significantly reduced undesirable phenolic and aldehydic compounds. Six key VOCs influencing the odor of WPMS were selected: 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol and benzaldehyde, which contribute smoky, bacon, and bitter almond aromas, and (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, benzyl alcohol, (E, E)-2,4-heptadienal and methyl salicylate, which impart green, fruity, and nutty aromas. These findings highlight the effects and contributions of various strain additives on VOCs in WPMS, providing new theoretical insights for regulating the flavor profile of WPMS.
{"title":"Differential Modulation of Maize Silage Odor: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum vs. Lactiplantibacillus buchneri Drive Volatile Compound Change via Strain-Specific Fermentation","authors":"Shuyuan Xue, Jianfeng Wang, Jing Yang, Yunjie Li, Jian He, Jang H. Han, Hongyan Xu, Xun Zhu, Nasi Ai","doi":"10.3390/agriculture15202109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15202109","url":null,"abstract":"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are critical indicators of the metabolic status of whole-plant maize silage (WPMS). However, the impact of inoculating various strains of fermentation agents on VOC changes has not been systematically explored. This study aimed to determine how inoculation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lentilactobacillus buchneri modulates the VOC profile and odor of WPMS after 90 days. VOCs were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Key VOCs were screened using the variable importance in projection (VIP) and substantiated by relative odor activity values (rOAV) and odor descriptions. A total of 82 compounds were identified, including 22 esters, 19 alcohols, 3 acids, 9 aldehydes, 2 ethers, 6 hydrocarbons, 4 ketones, 10 phenols, and 8 terpenoids. L. plantarum enhanced green/fruity odors while strain L. buchneri significantly reduced undesirable phenolic and aldehydic compounds. Six key VOCs influencing the odor of WPMS were selected: 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol and benzaldehyde, which contribute smoky, bacon, and bitter almond aromas, and (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, benzyl alcohol, (E, E)-2,4-heptadienal and methyl salicylate, which impart green, fruity, and nutty aromas. These findings highlight the effects and contributions of various strain additives on VOCs in WPMS, providing new theoretical insights for regulating the flavor profile of WPMS.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"15 20","pages":"2109-2109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyploidy in plants can enhance stress resistance and secondary metabolite production, offering potential benefits for Clausena lansium (L.) Skeel, a medicinally valuable species. However, systematic studies of polyploidy-induced morphological, anatomical, and metabolic changes in this species are lacking. This study aimed to induce and characterize polyploid C. lansium lines, assess ploidy-dependent variations, and evaluate their impact on bioactive metabolite accumulation. Three cultivars were hybridized, treated with colchicine, and bred, yielding 13 stable polyploid lines confirmed by flow cytometry and chromosome counting. The polyploids exhibited distinct traits, including larger pollen grains, altered leaf margins, increased leaflet numbers, enlarged guard cells with reduced stomatal density, and thicker leaf tissues. Metabolomic analysis revealed that tetraploids accumulated significantly higher levels of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids compared to diploids, while triploids showed moderate increases. These findings demonstrate that polyploidization, particularly tetraploidy, enhances C. lansium’s medicinal potential by boosting pharmacologically active compounds. The study expands germplasm resources and supports the development of high-quality cultivars for pharmaceutical applications.
{"title":"Polyploid Induction Enhances Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Clausena lansium: Morphological and Metabolomic Insights","authors":"Yu Ding, Liangfang Wu, Hengxi Wei, Zhichun Zhang, Jietang Zhao, Guibing Hu, Yonghua Qin, Zhike Zhang, Zhike Zhang, Zhike Zhang","doi":"10.3390/agriculture15141566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15141566","url":null,"abstract":"Polyploidy in plants can enhance stress resistance and secondary metabolite production, offering potential benefits for Clausena lansium (L.) Skeel, a medicinally valuable species. However, systematic studies of polyploidy-induced morphological, anatomical, and metabolic changes in this species are lacking. This study aimed to induce and characterize polyploid C. lansium lines, assess ploidy-dependent variations, and evaluate their impact on bioactive metabolite accumulation. Three cultivars were hybridized, treated with colchicine, and bred, yielding 13 stable polyploid lines confirmed by flow cytometry and chromosome counting. The polyploids exhibited distinct traits, including larger pollen grains, altered leaf margins, increased leaflet numbers, enlarged guard cells with reduced stomatal density, and thicker leaf tissues. Metabolomic analysis revealed that tetraploids accumulated significantly higher levels of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids compared to diploids, while triploids showed moderate increases. These findings demonstrate that polyploidization, particularly tetraploidy, enhances C. lansium’s medicinal potential by boosting pharmacologically active compounds. The study expands germplasm resources and supports the development of high-quality cultivars for pharmaceutical applications.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"15 14","pages":"1566-1566"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/14/1566/pdf?version=1753112230","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-14DOI: 10.3390/agriculture15141514
Ying Chen, Ya Zhang, Hanqing Li, Shiqiang Wei
Soil aggregates play critical roles in regulating the behavior of heavy metal in soils. To understand the distribution of cadmium (Cd) in aggregates of different soil types, as well as their roles in regulating the Cd bioavailability of bulk soils, four major arable soils, including acidic, neutral, and calcareous purple soils and calcareous yellow soil (APS, NPS, CPS, and CYS), were sampled from Chongqing, China, for aggregate separation and determination of the total Cd(T-Cd) distribution, fractionation, and extractability in various-sized aggregates. A pot experiment with ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was conducted to evaluate the Cd bioavailability in bulk soils as influenced by aggregates. The results show that the composition of soil aggregates varies a lot among soils: lower soil pH tends to increase the proportion of macroaggregates while decreasing that of smaller aggregates. The Cd distribution, HCl-extractability, and active fraction (AF, T-Cd/HCl-Cd) in aggregates are all soil type-dependent, with pH and particle size being the main determining factors; the distribution pattern of Cd concentrated in smaller aggregates is only found for CPS and CYS (pH > 7.5) upon exogenous Cd addition, though the finest aggregates (silt–clay, <0.053 mm) consistently exhibited the highest Cd enrichment for all tested soils. The Cd extractability and AF values in all aggregates show a sequence of APS > NPS > CPS > CYS, indicating the fundamental influence of soil pH on Cd availability. Higher AF values over bulk soils, either in silt–clay aggregates or in microaggregates (0.053–0.25 mm), whereas lower AF in macroaggregates (1–2 mm) are found for APS and NPS, which correspond to the relative portions of Ex-Cd and Fe/Mn oxide-bound Cd (Fe/Mn-Cd) in these aggregates. In contrast, less variation of AF values among aggregates is observed for CPS and CYS and for APS/NPS upon Cd addition. Pot experiments demonstrated strong positive correlations between ryegrass Cd uptake and HCl-Cd in silt–clay aggregates and T-Cd in microaggregates, while a negative correlation was observed with T-Cd in macroaggregates. These findings supply new insight into the mechanisms of aggregates in controlling Cd bioavailability in bulk soils and shed light on the development of new strategies for remediating Cd-polluted soils.
{"title":"Distribution Characteristics of Cadmium in Soil Aggregates and Their Regulating Effects on Cd Bioavailability","authors":"Ying Chen, Ya Zhang, Hanqing Li, Shiqiang Wei","doi":"10.3390/agriculture15141514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15141514","url":null,"abstract":"Soil aggregates play critical roles in regulating the behavior of heavy metal in soils. To understand the distribution of cadmium (Cd) in aggregates of different soil types, as well as their roles in regulating the Cd bioavailability of bulk soils, four major arable soils, including acidic, neutral, and calcareous purple soils and calcareous yellow soil (APS, NPS, CPS, and CYS), were sampled from Chongqing, China, for aggregate separation and determination of the total Cd(T-Cd) distribution, fractionation, and extractability in various-sized aggregates. A pot experiment with ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was conducted to evaluate the Cd bioavailability in bulk soils as influenced by aggregates. The results show that the composition of soil aggregates varies a lot among soils: lower soil pH tends to increase the proportion of macroaggregates while decreasing that of smaller aggregates. The Cd distribution, HCl-extractability, and active fraction (AF, T-Cd/HCl-Cd) in aggregates are all soil type-dependent, with pH and particle size being the main determining factors; the distribution pattern of Cd concentrated in smaller aggregates is only found for CPS and CYS (pH > 7.5) upon exogenous Cd addition, though the finest aggregates (silt–clay, <0.053 mm) consistently exhibited the highest Cd enrichment for all tested soils. The Cd extractability and AF values in all aggregates show a sequence of APS > NPS > CPS > CYS, indicating the fundamental influence of soil pH on Cd availability. Higher AF values over bulk soils, either in silt–clay aggregates or in microaggregates (0.053–0.25 mm), whereas lower AF in macroaggregates (1–2 mm) are found for APS and NPS, which correspond to the relative portions of Ex-Cd and Fe/Mn oxide-bound Cd (Fe/Mn-Cd) in these aggregates. In contrast, less variation of AF values among aggregates is observed for CPS and CYS and for APS/NPS upon Cd addition. Pot experiments demonstrated strong positive correlations between ryegrass Cd uptake and HCl-Cd in silt–clay aggregates and T-Cd in microaggregates, while a negative correlation was observed with T-Cd in macroaggregates. These findings supply new insight into the mechanisms of aggregates in controlling Cd bioavailability in bulk soils and shed light on the development of new strategies for remediating Cd-polluted soils.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"15 14","pages":"1514-1514"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/14/1514/pdf?version=1752474544","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-01Epub Date: 2025-05-08DOI: 10.3390/agriculture15101017
Yongping Yuan, Xiuying Wang, Verel Benson, Limei Ran
Excessive nutrients transported from agricultural fields into the environment are causing environmental and ecological problems. This study uses an integrated multi-media modeling system version 1 (IMMMS 1.0) linking air, land surface, and watershed processes to assess corn grain yield and nitrogen (N) losses resulting from changing fertilization conditions across the contiguous United States. Two fertilizer management scenarios (FMSs) were compared and evaluated: 2006 FMS, developed based on the 2006 fertilizer sales data; and 2011 FMS, developed based on 2011 fertilizer sales and manure. Corn grain yields captured historical reported values with average percent errors of 4.8% and 0.7% for the 2006 FMS and 2011 FMS, respectively. Increased nitrogen (N) application of 21.2% resulted in a slightly increased corn grain yield of 5% in the 2011 FMS, but the simulated total N loss (through denitrification, volatilization, water, and sediment) increased to 49.3%. A better correlation was identified between crop N uptake and N application in the 2006 FMS (R2 = 0.60) than the 2011 FMS (R2 = 0.51), indicating that applied N was better utilized by crops in the 2006 FMS. Animal manure could create nutrient surpluses and lead to greater N loss, as identified in the regions of the Pacific and Southern Plains in the 2011 FMS. Manure nutrient management is important and urgently needed to protect our air and water quality. The IMMMS 1.0 is responsive to different FMSs and can be utilized to address alternative management scenarios to determine their impact when addressing the sustainability of food production and environmental issues.
{"title":"An Integrated Multi-Media Modeling System for Regional- to National-Scale Nitrogen and Crop Productivity Assessments.","authors":"Yongping Yuan, Xiuying Wang, Verel Benson, Limei Ran","doi":"10.3390/agriculture15101017","DOIUrl":"10.3390/agriculture15101017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Excessive nutrients transported from agricultural fields into the environment are causing environmental and ecological problems. This study uses an integrated multi-media modeling system version 1 (IMMMS 1.0) linking air, land surface, and watershed processes to assess corn grain yield and nitrogen (N) losses resulting from changing fertilization conditions across the contiguous United States. Two fertilizer management scenarios (FMSs) were compared and evaluated: 2006 FMS, developed based on the 2006 fertilizer sales data; and 2011 FMS, developed based on 2011 fertilizer sales and manure. Corn grain yields captured historical reported values with average percent errors of 4.8% and 0.7% for the 2006 FMS and 2011 FMS, respectively. Increased nitrogen (N) application of 21.2% resulted in a slightly increased corn grain yield of 5% in the 2011 FMS, but the simulated total N loss (through denitrification, volatilization, water, and sediment) increased to 49.3%. A better correlation was identified between crop N uptake and N application in the 2006 FMS (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.60) than the 2011 FMS (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.51), indicating that applied N was better utilized by crops in the 2006 FMS. Animal manure could create nutrient surpluses and lead to greater N loss, as identified in the regions of the Pacific and Southern Plains in the 2011 FMS. Manure nutrient management is important and urgently needed to protect our air and water quality. The IMMMS 1.0 is responsive to different FMSs and can be utilized to address alternative management scenarios to determine their impact when addressing the sustainability of food production and environmental issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"15 10","pages":"1017"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12338305/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144822883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-05DOI: 10.3390/agriculture15070785
H. L. Dai, Zhuangzhuang Liu, Jinping Yu, Xiaoming Teng, Lei Liu, Mingyun Jia, Jianhui Xue
Amending saline–alkali soils to improve agricultural productivity is critical for addressing global food security challenges. Biochar is a promising soil amendment, and its modified composites offer significant potential for soil remediation. In this study, we developed a novel phosphoric acid–mineral-comodified biochar composite for saline–alkali soil improvement. SEM and XRD analyses indicate that chemical interactions between phosphoric acid, minerals, and biochar result in the formation of distinct mineral phases on the composite surface. Furthermore, FTIR analysis reveals that these interactions give rise to functional groups such as Si-O-Si, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrates that the modified biochar composite exhibited enhanced stability. Compared with raw biochar, the modified biochar composites exhibited significant decreases in pH, EC, and base cation content (especially Na+), with maximum reductions of 7.26 pH units, 639.5 μS/cm, and 3.69 g/kg, respectively. In contrast, the contents of P, Si, and Ca increased significantly, with maximum increases of 140.04 g/kg, 90.32 g/kg, and 114.27 g/kg, respectively. In addition, the specific surface area and pore volume of the modified biochar composite increased by up to 5.2 and 15 times, respectively. Principal component analysis indicates that mineral type was the primary factor influencing the properties of the composites: hydroxyapatite enhanced porosity and phosphorus levels, whereas kaolinite and montmorillonite increased silicon content. Pot experiments show that the modified biochar composite increased alfalfa plant height by 17.36–20.27% and shoot biomass by 107.32–125.80% in saline–alkali soils. Overall, the newly developed phosphoric acid–mineral–biochar composites were evaluated to have high application potential for saline–alkali soil amendment.
{"title":"Assessment of the Characters of a Novel Phosphoric Acid and Mineral-Comodified Biochar Composite and Its Potential Application in Saline–Alkali Soil Improvement","authors":"H. L. Dai, Zhuangzhuang Liu, Jinping Yu, Xiaoming Teng, Lei Liu, Mingyun Jia, Jianhui Xue","doi":"10.3390/agriculture15070785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070785","url":null,"abstract":"Amending saline–alkali soils to improve agricultural productivity is critical for addressing global food security challenges. Biochar is a promising soil amendment, and its modified composites offer significant potential for soil remediation. In this study, we developed a novel phosphoric acid–mineral-comodified biochar composite for saline–alkali soil improvement. SEM and XRD analyses indicate that chemical interactions between phosphoric acid, minerals, and biochar result in the formation of distinct mineral phases on the composite surface. Furthermore, FTIR analysis reveals that these interactions give rise to functional groups such as Si-O-Si, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrates that the modified biochar composite exhibited enhanced stability. Compared with raw biochar, the modified biochar composites exhibited significant decreases in pH, EC, and base cation content (especially Na+), with maximum reductions of 7.26 pH units, 639.5 μS/cm, and 3.69 g/kg, respectively. In contrast, the contents of P, Si, and Ca increased significantly, with maximum increases of 140.04 g/kg, 90.32 g/kg, and 114.27 g/kg, respectively. In addition, the specific surface area and pore volume of the modified biochar composite increased by up to 5.2 and 15 times, respectively. Principal component analysis indicates that mineral type was the primary factor influencing the properties of the composites: hydroxyapatite enhanced porosity and phosphorus levels, whereas kaolinite and montmorillonite increased silicon content. Pot experiments show that the modified biochar composite increased alfalfa plant height by 17.36–20.27% and shoot biomass by 107.32–125.80% in saline–alkali soils. Overall, the newly developed phosphoric acid–mineral–biochar composites were evaluated to have high application potential for saline–alkali soil amendment.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"15 7","pages":"785-785"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/7/785/pdf?version=1744017717","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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