Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091757
Guangjie Lv, Caixia Song, Pengmin Xu, Zhiguo Qi, Heyu Song, Yi Liu
In recent years, with the frequent crises of trust in the food industry, food safety issues have become an issue of particular concern to consumers. The traditional agricultural food logistics and transportation model can no longer guarantee the traceability of food safety information, and it is particularly important to establish an effective traceability system. Therefore, a traceability system is applied as a tool to assist in the assurance of food safety and quality, as well as to achieve consumer confidence. Blockchain is a new decentralized infrastructure and distributed computing paradigm that has gradually emerged. Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, immutable information and trustworthiness. When blockchain is applied to the traceability system of agricultural products, the quality of agricultural products will be well guaranteed. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent research efforts on traceability in agricultural products based on blockchain technology. First, the method of content analysis used in this article to sort out the papers is introduced. Second, the background concepts of blockchain and the key technologies are presented. Thirdly, the traceability applications based on blockchain technology for agricultural products are described in detail. Finally, we expand on the current trends and provide new perspectives pertaining to this exciting application of this field.
{"title":"Blockchain-Based Traceability for Agricultural Products: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"Guangjie Lv, Caixia Song, Pengmin Xu, Zhiguo Qi, Heyu Song, Yi Liu","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091757","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, with the frequent crises of trust in the food industry, food safety issues have become an issue of particular concern to consumers. The traditional agricultural food logistics and transportation model can no longer guarantee the traceability of food safety information, and it is particularly important to establish an effective traceability system. Therefore, a traceability system is applied as a tool to assist in the assurance of food safety and quality, as well as to achieve consumer confidence. Blockchain is a new decentralized infrastructure and distributed computing paradigm that has gradually emerged. Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, immutable information and trustworthiness. When blockchain is applied to the traceability system of agricultural products, the quality of agricultural products will be well guaranteed. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent research efforts on traceability in agricultural products based on blockchain technology. First, the method of content analysis used in this article to sort out the papers is introduced. Second, the background concepts of blockchain and the key technologies are presented. Thirdly, the traceability applications based on blockchain technology for agricultural products are described in detail. Finally, we expand on the current trends and provide new perspectives pertaining to this exciting application of this field.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83807209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091755
Amira M. I. Mourad, Andreas Börner, S. Esmail
Wheat stripe rust (WSR) caused by Puccinia striiformis F. tritici Erikss. (Pst) is one of the serious diseases that affect wheat planting areas around the world. Many efforts have been made to control such a serious disease including using fungicides and breeding highly resistant genotypes. However, due to Pst’s ability to produce new races that overcome these fungicides and break the resistance in the highly resistant genotypes, looking for other effective ways to restrict this disease is urgently required. One of the highly effective ways of controlling crop diseases is using biological control. In this study, the efficiency of three different Trichoderma species (Trichoderma asperellum T34, Trichoderma harzianum (TH), and Trichoderma verdinium (TV)) was tested in a set of 34 wheat genotypes at the seedling stage. The evaluation was conducted in two experiments with two different temperature regimes. In each experiment, four treatments were applied, namely, control, T34, TV, and TH. High genetic variation was found among all genotypes in each experiment and under each Trichoderma treatment. Notably, the symptoms of WSR were affected by temperature under all treatments except T34, which had a stable performance in the two experiments. The 34 studied genotypes were highly diverse, related to ten different countries, and consisted of durum and bread wheat. Out of the three studied Trichoderma species, T34 was able to improve WSR resistance in all the studied genotypes suggesting its effectiveness in inducing the resistance and producing a priming response in different wheat genetic backgrounds. The results of this study provided very useful information on the effectiveness of Trichoderma spp. in controlling WSR.
{"title":"Alleviation of Stripe Rust Disease in Wheat Seedlings Using Three Different Species of Trichoderma spp.","authors":"Amira M. I. Mourad, Andreas Börner, S. Esmail","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091755","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat stripe rust (WSR) caused by Puccinia striiformis F. tritici Erikss. (Pst) is one of the serious diseases that affect wheat planting areas around the world. Many efforts have been made to control such a serious disease including using fungicides and breeding highly resistant genotypes. However, due to Pst’s ability to produce new races that overcome these fungicides and break the resistance in the highly resistant genotypes, looking for other effective ways to restrict this disease is urgently required. One of the highly effective ways of controlling crop diseases is using biological control. In this study, the efficiency of three different Trichoderma species (Trichoderma asperellum T34, Trichoderma harzianum (TH), and Trichoderma verdinium (TV)) was tested in a set of 34 wheat genotypes at the seedling stage. The evaluation was conducted in two experiments with two different temperature regimes. In each experiment, four treatments were applied, namely, control, T34, TV, and TH. High genetic variation was found among all genotypes in each experiment and under each Trichoderma treatment. Notably, the symptoms of WSR were affected by temperature under all treatments except T34, which had a stable performance in the two experiments. The 34 studied genotypes were highly diverse, related to ten different countries, and consisted of durum and bread wheat. Out of the three studied Trichoderma species, T34 was able to improve WSR resistance in all the studied genotypes suggesting its effectiveness in inducing the resistance and producing a priming response in different wheat genetic backgrounds. The results of this study provided very useful information on the effectiveness of Trichoderma spp. in controlling WSR.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81111431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091753
Tesfakiros Semere, Y. Tsehaye, Lijalem Tareke, O. Westengen, S. Fjellheim
Sorghum is one of the staple food crops in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Despite this, limited research attention was given to the nutritional and antinutritional profiling of sorghum. Thus, this research was initiated to profile and evaluate the variabilities in protein, starch, minerals, flavonoid, tannin, and antioxidant activities among sorghum landraces of Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Protein and starch were analyzed using an infrared spectrophotometer, whereas mineral elements were estimated using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and phosphomolybdenum assays. The result revealed significant variation among the landraces for all the evaluated parameters. Protein and starch contents ranged from 6.21 to 18% and 33.42 to 78.30%, respectively. Wider variations were observed for Fe (32–101), Zn (16.9–42.98), Cu (1.48–5.25), Mn (9.21–20.23), and Cr (0–1.5) as measured in mg/100 g. The variabilities were high for total flavonoid (0–665 mg CE/g) and tannin (0.18–7.5 mgCE/100 g). DPPH (EC50 = 29.09–818.37 µg/mL), ferric reducing antioxidant power (17.85–334.81 mgAAE/g), and total antioxidant activity (1.71–63.88 mgBHTE/g) were also highly variable among the samples. The relationship between seed color and phenolics, as well as antioxidant activities, are discussed. Multivariate analysis revealed that the landraces were clustered into four distinct groups. The rich genetic diversity in the nutritional and antinutritional attributes may be an opportunity for breeding for grain quality improvements of sorghum that, in turn, helps in addressing malnutrition.
{"title":"Nutritional and Antinutritional Potentials of Sorghum: A Comparative Study among Different Sorghum Landraces of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia","authors":"Tesfakiros Semere, Y. Tsehaye, Lijalem Tareke, O. Westengen, S. Fjellheim","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091753","url":null,"abstract":"Sorghum is one of the staple food crops in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Despite this, limited research attention was given to the nutritional and antinutritional profiling of sorghum. Thus, this research was initiated to profile and evaluate the variabilities in protein, starch, minerals, flavonoid, tannin, and antioxidant activities among sorghum landraces of Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Protein and starch were analyzed using an infrared spectrophotometer, whereas mineral elements were estimated using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and phosphomolybdenum assays. The result revealed significant variation among the landraces for all the evaluated parameters. Protein and starch contents ranged from 6.21 to 18% and 33.42 to 78.30%, respectively. Wider variations were observed for Fe (32–101), Zn (16.9–42.98), Cu (1.48–5.25), Mn (9.21–20.23), and Cr (0–1.5) as measured in mg/100 g. The variabilities were high for total flavonoid (0–665 mg CE/g) and tannin (0.18–7.5 mgCE/100 g). DPPH (EC50 = 29.09–818.37 µg/mL), ferric reducing antioxidant power (17.85–334.81 mgAAE/g), and total antioxidant activity (1.71–63.88 mgBHTE/g) were also highly variable among the samples. The relationship between seed color and phenolics, as well as antioxidant activities, are discussed. Multivariate analysis revealed that the landraces were clustered into four distinct groups. The rich genetic diversity in the nutritional and antinutritional attributes may be an opportunity for breeding for grain quality improvements of sorghum that, in turn, helps in addressing malnutrition.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"1998 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88201240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091754
Habtamu Chekol, Yimegnu Bezuayehu, B. Warkineh, T. Shimber, A. Mierek‐Adamska, Grażyna B. Dąbrowska, Asfaw Degu
The coffee plant is highly susceptible to drought, and different genotypes exhibit varying degrees of tolerance to low soil moisture. The goal of this work was to explore the interrelation between seed traits and germination events, growth patterns, and physiological responses of coffee genotypes, aiming to identify significant associations that may facilitate the selection of coffee genotypes exhibiting enhanced drought tolerance and yield potential. Two consecutive experiments were conducted to examine the impact of these factors. In the first experiment, germination performance was examined for three groups of coffee genotypes: relatively tolerant (Ca74140, Ca74112, and Ca74110), moderately sensitive (Ca74158, Ca74165, and CaJ-21), and sensitive (Ca754, CaJ-19, and CaGeisha). The subsequent experiment focused on the growth and physiological responses of two relatively tolerant (Ca74110 and Ca74112) and two sensitive (CaJ-19 and Ca754) genotypes under drought stress condition. The relatively tolerant genotypes showed quicker and more complete germination compared to other groups. This was associated with higher moisture content, higher seed surface area to volume ratio, and higher coefficient of velocity of germination, coefficient of variation of germination time, and germination index. Additionally, the relatively tolerant genotypes showed higher seedling vigor. The results of the second experiment demonstrated superior growth performance in relative tolerant genotypes compared to the sensitive groups. Young coffee plants belonging to relatively tolerant genotypes exhibited higher growth performance than the sensitive genotypes, with a net assimilation rate strongly correlated to relative water content, leaf number, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll-a. In addition, a strong correlation was exhibited between the growth of young coffee plants and the surface area to volume ratio of the seeds, as well as the germination percentage. The seedling vigor index showed a strong correlation with net assimilation rate, chlorophyll content, seedling growth, and cell membrane stability. Furthermore, principal component analysis illustrated distinct clustering of genotypes based on their germination and growth-physiological performance. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that seed traits, germination, and post-germination events are integral factors in determining drought tolerance and sensitivity, as well as the growth and physiological responses of adult coffee plants.
{"title":"Unraveling Drought Tolerance and Sensitivity in Coffee Genotypes: Insights from Seed Traits, Germination, and Growth-Physiological Responses","authors":"Habtamu Chekol, Yimegnu Bezuayehu, B. Warkineh, T. Shimber, A. Mierek‐Adamska, Grażyna B. Dąbrowska, Asfaw Degu","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091754","url":null,"abstract":"The coffee plant is highly susceptible to drought, and different genotypes exhibit varying degrees of tolerance to low soil moisture. The goal of this work was to explore the interrelation between seed traits and germination events, growth patterns, and physiological responses of coffee genotypes, aiming to identify significant associations that may facilitate the selection of coffee genotypes exhibiting enhanced drought tolerance and yield potential. Two consecutive experiments were conducted to examine the impact of these factors. In the first experiment, germination performance was examined for three groups of coffee genotypes: relatively tolerant (Ca74140, Ca74112, and Ca74110), moderately sensitive (Ca74158, Ca74165, and CaJ-21), and sensitive (Ca754, CaJ-19, and CaGeisha). The subsequent experiment focused on the growth and physiological responses of two relatively tolerant (Ca74110 and Ca74112) and two sensitive (CaJ-19 and Ca754) genotypes under drought stress condition. The relatively tolerant genotypes showed quicker and more complete germination compared to other groups. This was associated with higher moisture content, higher seed surface area to volume ratio, and higher coefficient of velocity of germination, coefficient of variation of germination time, and germination index. Additionally, the relatively tolerant genotypes showed higher seedling vigor. The results of the second experiment demonstrated superior growth performance in relative tolerant genotypes compared to the sensitive groups. Young coffee plants belonging to relatively tolerant genotypes exhibited higher growth performance than the sensitive genotypes, with a net assimilation rate strongly correlated to relative water content, leaf number, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll-a. In addition, a strong correlation was exhibited between the growth of young coffee plants and the surface area to volume ratio of the seeds, as well as the germination percentage. The seedling vigor index showed a strong correlation with net assimilation rate, chlorophyll content, seedling growth, and cell membrane stability. Furthermore, principal component analysis illustrated distinct clustering of genotypes based on their germination and growth-physiological performance. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that seed traits, germination, and post-germination events are integral factors in determining drought tolerance and sensitivity, as well as the growth and physiological responses of adult coffee plants.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89311250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091758
Yuhui An, Lin Wang, Xiaoting Deng, Hao Chen, Zhixiong Lu, Tao Wang
Traditional tractors can only achieve steering through mechanical structures such as steering knuckles and steering trapezoids. Among them, the mechanical structure is more complex, and various parts are easily damaged, making the tractor malfunction. The four-wheel independent drive differential steering mode differs from the traditional Ackermann steering mode, which realizes steering by controlling the inner and outer wheel torque, which can accurately steer the working state of high-end agricultural machinery equipment and improve the operating efficiency of agricultural machinery equipment. Aiming at the dynamic control problem in the steering of electric tractor four-wheel independent drive, a layered control strategy based on the sliding mode control of yaw torque at the upper level and the optimal torque distribution level based on the mean load rate of vehicle tires at the lower was proposed. By analyzing the differential steering mechanism of a four-wheel independent drive, a dynamic model of differential steering of the electric tractor is established, and a dynamic controller of a four-wheel independent drive is designed according to the layered control strategy. The upper controller tracks and controls the expected yaw speed on the basis of the sliding mode control to track the driver’s intention, and the lower controller realizes the optimal torque distribution based on the principle of the optimal average load rate of the vehicle tire to ensure the steering stability of the electric tractor. The effect of the controller was simulated and analyzed under typical conditions of double line shift, serpentine, and step. The results showed that the sliding mode controller is better than the PID controller in driver intention tracking. Compared with the average allocation strategy, the average maximum load rate of the vehicle tire under the three working conditions is reduced by 16.9%, 13.8%, and 17.3%, respectively, which proves the effectiveness of the layered control strategy. In the real car test, the sliding mode controller is better than the PID controller in the driver intention tracking. This study has important guiding significance for improving the maneuverability and stability of electric tractors.
{"title":"Research on Differential Steering Dynamics Control of Four-Wheel Independent Drive Electric Tractor","authors":"Yuhui An, Lin Wang, Xiaoting Deng, Hao Chen, Zhixiong Lu, Tao Wang","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091758","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional tractors can only achieve steering through mechanical structures such as steering knuckles and steering trapezoids. Among them, the mechanical structure is more complex, and various parts are easily damaged, making the tractor malfunction. The four-wheel independent drive differential steering mode differs from the traditional Ackermann steering mode, which realizes steering by controlling the inner and outer wheel torque, which can accurately steer the working state of high-end agricultural machinery equipment and improve the operating efficiency of agricultural machinery equipment. Aiming at the dynamic control problem in the steering of electric tractor four-wheel independent drive, a layered control strategy based on the sliding mode control of yaw torque at the upper level and the optimal torque distribution level based on the mean load rate of vehicle tires at the lower was proposed. By analyzing the differential steering mechanism of a four-wheel independent drive, a dynamic model of differential steering of the electric tractor is established, and a dynamic controller of a four-wheel independent drive is designed according to the layered control strategy. The upper controller tracks and controls the expected yaw speed on the basis of the sliding mode control to track the driver’s intention, and the lower controller realizes the optimal torque distribution based on the principle of the optimal average load rate of the vehicle tire to ensure the steering stability of the electric tractor. The effect of the controller was simulated and analyzed under typical conditions of double line shift, serpentine, and step. The results showed that the sliding mode controller is better than the PID controller in driver intention tracking. Compared with the average allocation strategy, the average maximum load rate of the vehicle tire under the three working conditions is reduced by 16.9%, 13.8%, and 17.3%, respectively, which proves the effectiveness of the layered control strategy. In the real car test, the sliding mode controller is better than the PID controller in the driver intention tracking. This study has important guiding significance for improving the maneuverability and stability of electric tractors.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74095993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-03DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091752
Lin Ru, Luyu Ding, Shuhui Deng, Qifeng Li, Wanying Zhao, Rong Wang, Jiawei Li, Yujian Lu, Chunxia Yao
Studying the distribution characteristics of bioaerosols and their interaction with the environment is crucial for dairy farms. The distribution of aerosols differs in dairy farming from farming of other livestock, and their sensitivity to environmental factors varies across sites. Field experiments were conducted in an intensive commercial dairy farm in Northern China to investigate the horizontal and vertical distribution of culturable bacterial bioaerosols. Concentration levels and particle size ranges were analyzed, and the impact of multiple environmental factors on culturable bacterial bioaerosols was assessed. Significant variations in culturable bacterial bioaerosol concentrations were observed across eight functional zones, ranging from 1.14 × 103 to 7.35 × 103 CFU/m3. Culturable bacterial bioaerosols exhibited consistent carrier distribution patterns across six different size ranges. Vertical analysis revealed significantly higher culturable bacterial bioaerosol concentrations at a 1 m height compared to 4 m (p < 0.05), while similar size distributions were observed at different heights of the same sampling location. The top three environmental factors influencing culturable bacterial bioaerosol concentrations were PM100 concentration, wind direction, and air temperature. This study provides insights into the distribution characteristics of culturable bacterial bioaerosols on dairy farms and their response to environmental factors. The findings serve as a reference for evaluating bioaerosol emissions and establishing daily disinfection management measures on dairy farms.
{"title":"Distribution Characteristics and Factors Influencing Culturable Bacterial Bioaerosols on a Dairy Farm in Northern China","authors":"Lin Ru, Luyu Ding, Shuhui Deng, Qifeng Li, Wanying Zhao, Rong Wang, Jiawei Li, Yujian Lu, Chunxia Yao","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091752","url":null,"abstract":"Studying the distribution characteristics of bioaerosols and their interaction with the environment is crucial for dairy farms. The distribution of aerosols differs in dairy farming from farming of other livestock, and their sensitivity to environmental factors varies across sites. Field experiments were conducted in an intensive commercial dairy farm in Northern China to investigate the horizontal and vertical distribution of culturable bacterial bioaerosols. Concentration levels and particle size ranges were analyzed, and the impact of multiple environmental factors on culturable bacterial bioaerosols was assessed. Significant variations in culturable bacterial bioaerosol concentrations were observed across eight functional zones, ranging from 1.14 × 103 to 7.35 × 103 CFU/m3. Culturable bacterial bioaerosols exhibited consistent carrier distribution patterns across six different size ranges. Vertical analysis revealed significantly higher culturable bacterial bioaerosol concentrations at a 1 m height compared to 4 m (p < 0.05), while similar size distributions were observed at different heights of the same sampling location. The top three environmental factors influencing culturable bacterial bioaerosol concentrations were PM100 concentration, wind direction, and air temperature. This study provides insights into the distribution characteristics of culturable bacterial bioaerosols on dairy farms and their response to environmental factors. The findings serve as a reference for evaluating bioaerosol emissions and establishing daily disinfection management measures on dairy farms.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80244066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-03DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091751
M. Darguza, Zinta Gaile
Crop diversification in rotations is an important part of sustainable crop production. The aim of this research was to analyse soil tillage and crop rotation influence on the yield (t ha−1) of different field crops, their energy yield (GJ ha−1) and the economical profitability (EUR ha−1) of crop rotation. The field trial was conducted in Latvia during four harvest seasons (2017–2020) in a long-term experiment that started in 2009. Three crop rotations with a different share of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were studied: 100% wheat (repeated sowings), 67% wheat (three-year rotation with winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) and two years following wheat) and 25% wheat (four-year rotation: field bean (Vicia faba)–wheat–winter oilseed rape–spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). Conventional and reduced soil tillage systems were used for rotation variants. Crop rotations “67% wheat” and “25% wheat” ensured significantly higher average wheat grain yields in comparison to “100% wheat”. Wheat and oilseed rape were the most valuable crops in terms of accumulated energy and economic value in this trial. Higher energy yields were gained from variants in the rotations “67% wheat” and “25% wheat”. Average gross profit was higher from crop rotations with diverse crops, mainly due to the positive forecrop effect on winter wheat.
作物轮作多样化是可持续作物生产的重要组成部分。本研究的目的是分析土壤耕作和轮作对不同大田作物产量(t ha - 1)、能量产量(GJ ha - 1)和轮作经济效益(EUR ha - 1)的影响。该长期试验于2009年开始，在拉脱维亚进行了四个收获季节(2017-2020年)的田间试验。研究了冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)三种不同轮作比例:100%小麦(重复播种)，67%小麦(3年轮作，冬季油菜(Brassica napus ssp)。油豆(Vicia faba) -小麦-冬油菜-春大麦(Hordeum vulgare) 4年轮作。轮作变量采用常规和减少土壤耕作系统。与“100%小麦”轮作相比，“67%小麦”和“25%小麦”轮作确保了显著高于“100%小麦”的平均小麦产量。从累积能量和经济价值来看，小麦和油菜是最有价值的作物。“67%小麦”和“25%小麦”轮作的变异获得了更高的能量产量。不同作物轮作的平均毛利较高，主要是由于冬小麦的正面预收效应。
{"title":"The Productivity of Crop Rotation Depending on the Included Plants and Soil Tillage","authors":"M. Darguza, Zinta Gaile","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091751","url":null,"abstract":"Crop diversification in rotations is an important part of sustainable crop production. The aim of this research was to analyse soil tillage and crop rotation influence on the yield (t ha−1) of different field crops, their energy yield (GJ ha−1) and the economical profitability (EUR ha−1) of crop rotation. The field trial was conducted in Latvia during four harvest seasons (2017–2020) in a long-term experiment that started in 2009. Three crop rotations with a different share of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were studied: 100% wheat (repeated sowings), 67% wheat (three-year rotation with winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) and two years following wheat) and 25% wheat (four-year rotation: field bean (Vicia faba)–wheat–winter oilseed rape–spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). Conventional and reduced soil tillage systems were used for rotation variants. Crop rotations “67% wheat” and “25% wheat” ensured significantly higher average wheat grain yields in comparison to “100% wheat”. Wheat and oilseed rape were the most valuable crops in terms of accumulated energy and economic value in this trial. Higher energy yields were gained from variants in the rotations “67% wheat” and “25% wheat”. Average gross profit was higher from crop rotations with diverse crops, mainly due to the positive forecrop effect on winter wheat.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80675440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-03DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091749
Li Zhao, Changwei Wang, Haiying Gu, Chengyan Yue
Nonstandard pesticide-application behavior leads to excessive pesticide residue and even affects the quality and safety of agricultural products and agricultural sustainability. Based on 968 valid samples randomly selected in Jiangsu Province of China, it focuses on the impact of incident shock and yield fluctuation avoidance on the pesticide-application behavior of farmers. Then, it investigated the impact of intentional factors, such as insufficient cognition and lack of knowledge, on their improper pesticide-application behavior. This study shows that, besides the pursuit of improper income, inadequate awareness and preventive actions to avoid operational risks are also important factors in farmers’ nonstandard pesticide application. In addition, the study also shows that farmers who understand the responsibility unit of agricultural product quality and safety supervision are more inclined to choose standardized application of pesticides. The higher the education level of farmers, the higher the probability of standardized application of pesticides. Therefore, farmers’ nonstandard pesticide-application behavior is largely due to the farmers’ insufficient awareness of the harm of pesticide residues or the lack of trust in the efficacy of pesticides. Moreover, the study also shows that adverse selection phenomenon exists in pesticide-application training.
{"title":"Do Chinese Farmers Misuse Pesticide Intentionally or Not?","authors":"Li Zhao, Changwei Wang, Haiying Gu, Chengyan Yue","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091749","url":null,"abstract":"Nonstandard pesticide-application behavior leads to excessive pesticide residue and even affects the quality and safety of agricultural products and agricultural sustainability. Based on 968 valid samples randomly selected in Jiangsu Province of China, it focuses on the impact of incident shock and yield fluctuation avoidance on the pesticide-application behavior of farmers. Then, it investigated the impact of intentional factors, such as insufficient cognition and lack of knowledge, on their improper pesticide-application behavior. This study shows that, besides the pursuit of improper income, inadequate awareness and preventive actions to avoid operational risks are also important factors in farmers’ nonstandard pesticide application. In addition, the study also shows that farmers who understand the responsibility unit of agricultural product quality and safety supervision are more inclined to choose standardized application of pesticides. The higher the education level of farmers, the higher the probability of standardized application of pesticides. Therefore, farmers’ nonstandard pesticide-application behavior is largely due to the farmers’ insufficient awareness of the harm of pesticide residues or the lack of trust in the efficacy of pesticides. Moreover, the study also shows that adverse selection phenomenon exists in pesticide-application training.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72961581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-03DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091750
Bettina-Cristina Buican, L. Colibaba, C. Luchian, S. Kallithraka, V. Cotea
Over the past few decades, there has been a notable paradigm shift worldwide, affecting people’s preferences and decisions regarding both food and beverage options. These factors have sparked a newfound fascination among winemakers, wine enthusiasts, and consumers alike, as they explore the notion of reconnecting with a bygone era and embracing a lifestyle reminiscent of the past. “Orange” wine, a product derived from white grapes, encapsulates the intriguing allure of ancient winemaking methods that trace their roots back to Georgia. The method enables an elevated presence of phenolic compounds, which can have a favorable influence on the sensory characteristics of the wines or their behavior during oxidative processes. Given the scarcity of widespread knowledge, this overview aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the historical evolution of winemaking and its various transformations over the years. It delves into the intricacies of winemaking technology, particularly focusing on the unique utilization of qvevri vessels. In addition to traditional sources, this review examines the influence of winemaking technology and the utilization of special vessels on the characteristics of “orange” wines. It explores the unique traits that develop in these wines as a result of prolonged maceration. By considering the impact of these factors, the review offers insights into the distinct qualities and attributes that emerge in “orange” wines during the winemaking process.
{"title":"“Orange” Wine—The Resurgence of an Ancient Winemaking Technique: A Review","authors":"Bettina-Cristina Buican, L. Colibaba, C. Luchian, S. Kallithraka, V. Cotea","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091750","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past few decades, there has been a notable paradigm shift worldwide, affecting people’s preferences and decisions regarding both food and beverage options. These factors have sparked a newfound fascination among winemakers, wine enthusiasts, and consumers alike, as they explore the notion of reconnecting with a bygone era and embracing a lifestyle reminiscent of the past. “Orange” wine, a product derived from white grapes, encapsulates the intriguing allure of ancient winemaking methods that trace their roots back to Georgia. The method enables an elevated presence of phenolic compounds, which can have a favorable influence on the sensory characteristics of the wines or their behavior during oxidative processes. Given the scarcity of widespread knowledge, this overview aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the historical evolution of winemaking and its various transformations over the years. It delves into the intricacies of winemaking technology, particularly focusing on the unique utilization of qvevri vessels. In addition to traditional sources, this review examines the influence of winemaking technology and the utilization of special vessels on the characteristics of “orange” wines. It explores the unique traits that develop in these wines as a result of prolonged maceration. By considering the impact of these factors, the review offers insights into the distinct qualities and attributes that emerge in “orange” wines during the winemaking process.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80197902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13091747
Roman Wacławowicz, Magdalena Giemza, Elżbieta Pytlarz, A. Wenda-Piesik
Under the pro-environmental principles of agricultural production, soil cultivation and organic fertilization are of particular importance as strategical elements in reducing weed infestation in the context of sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of long-term practices that are used in regenerative agriculture (reducing soil tillage, cover crop management, and mineral nitrogen fertilization) on canopy weed infestation and the elements of spring barley architecture. Understanding the impact of the studied factors influences decision-making regarding weed infestation control, and thus may contribute to a reduction in herbicide use. A two-factor field experiment was conducted using the split-plot method. The main factors were four cultivation methods: 1. conventional tillage without a cover crop, 2. conventional tillage + cover crop, 3. reduced tillage + cover crop, and 4. no tillage + cover crop. The subplot factor was differentiated via nitrogen fertilization, at 40, 80, or 120 kg N∙ha−1. The research covered canopy weed infestation and the parameters of spring barley canopy architecture. The species composition; the number and weight of weeds; and, for barley, the leaf area index (LAI), density, length, and tillers were determined. The test results were statistically analyzed (ANOVA) in a series of experiments while using Tukey’s test for a significance level of p = 0.05. Additionally, simple linear regression analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and data clustering (CA) were utilized. The study showed that simplified tillage contributed to reducing the number of weeds in the barley tillering stage, while also contributing to an increase in weed infestation during grain harvest. Plowing in the cover crop did not reduce the presence of undesirable plants in the canopy, while increasing doses of nitrogen fertilization contributed to a reduction in the number of weeds without affecting their mass. Weed infestation was also affected by meteorological conditions. Increased rainfall in the early stages of barley development benefits the number of weeds, especially in terms of traditional cultivation. Simplified tillage resulted in a reduction in barley density, height, and LAI, as well as an increase in the branching of the tested cereal. A significant negative correlation was also found between the weed infestation of the barley canopy and the characteristics of the canopy architecture. The PCA showed that the highest tillering of barley was provided at the lowest intensity of weed infestation. In turn, the CA indicated that the significantly higher LAI that resulted from a higher density and length of barley was attributed to the simplified cultivation treatments and the practice of direct sowing. It is a comprehensive method that can favor barley growth and development conditions while weakening weed infestation potential.
在农业生产的亲环境原则下，土壤栽培和有机施肥作为可持续农业背景下减少杂草侵害的战略要素尤为重要。本研究的目的是确定再生农业中使用的长期做法(减少土壤耕作，覆盖作物管理和矿物氮肥)对冠层杂草侵扰和春大麦结构要素的影响。了解所研究因素的影响可以影响杂草侵染控制的决策，从而有助于减少除草剂的使用。采用裂图法进行了双因素田间试验。主要影响因素有四种栽培方法:1.栽培方法;2.不种植覆盖作物的传统耕作;常规耕作+覆盖作物;减少耕作+覆盖作物;免耕+覆盖作物。在40、80和120 kg N∙ha−1的施氮量下，亚样因子被分化。研究了春大麦冠层杂草侵染及冠层结构参数。物种组成;杂草的数量和重量;测定大麦叶面积指数(LAI)、密度、长度和分蘖数。对一系列实验的检验结果进行统计学分析(ANOVA)，采用Tukey检验，p = 0.05为显著性水平。此外，采用简单线性回归分析、主成分分析(PCA)和数据聚类分析(CA)。研究表明，简化耕作有助于减少大麦分蘖期杂草的数量，但也会增加谷物收获期杂草的侵害。在覆盖作物中耕作并没有减少冠层中不受欢迎的植物的存在，而增加氮肥的剂量有助于减少杂草的数量而不影响它们的质量。杂草的发生也受气象条件的影响。在大麦生长的早期阶段增加降雨有利于杂草的数量，特别是在传统栽培方面。简化耕作导致大麦密度、高度和叶面积指数降低，并增加了所测谷物的分枝。大麦冠层杂草侵染与冠层结构特征呈显著负相关。主成分分析表明，在杂草侵害强度最小的情况下，大麦分蘖率最高。反过来，CA表明，由于大麦密度和长度的增加，LAI显著增加，这归因于简化的栽培处理和直接播种的做法。是一种既有利于大麦生长发育，又能降低杂草侵害潜力的综合治理方法。
{"title":"The Impact of Cultivation Systems on Weed Suppression and the Canopy Architecture of Spring Barley","authors":"Roman Wacławowicz, Magdalena Giemza, Elżbieta Pytlarz, A. Wenda-Piesik","doi":"10.3390/agriculture13091747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091747","url":null,"abstract":"Under the pro-environmental principles of agricultural production, soil cultivation and organic fertilization are of particular importance as strategical elements in reducing weed infestation in the context of sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of long-term practices that are used in regenerative agriculture (reducing soil tillage, cover crop management, and mineral nitrogen fertilization) on canopy weed infestation and the elements of spring barley architecture. Understanding the impact of the studied factors influences decision-making regarding weed infestation control, and thus may contribute to a reduction in herbicide use. A two-factor field experiment was conducted using the split-plot method. The main factors were four cultivation methods: 1. conventional tillage without a cover crop, 2. conventional tillage + cover crop, 3. reduced tillage + cover crop, and 4. no tillage + cover crop. The subplot factor was differentiated via nitrogen fertilization, at 40, 80, or 120 kg N∙ha−1. The research covered canopy weed infestation and the parameters of spring barley canopy architecture. The species composition; the number and weight of weeds; and, for barley, the leaf area index (LAI), density, length, and tillers were determined. The test results were statistically analyzed (ANOVA) in a series of experiments while using Tukey’s test for a significance level of p = 0.05. Additionally, simple linear regression analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and data clustering (CA) were utilized. The study showed that simplified tillage contributed to reducing the number of weeds in the barley tillering stage, while also contributing to an increase in weed infestation during grain harvest. Plowing in the cover crop did not reduce the presence of undesirable plants in the canopy, while increasing doses of nitrogen fertilization contributed to a reduction in the number of weeds without affecting their mass. Weed infestation was also affected by meteorological conditions. Increased rainfall in the early stages of barley development benefits the number of weeds, especially in terms of traditional cultivation. Simplified tillage resulted in a reduction in barley density, height, and LAI, as well as an increase in the branching of the tested cereal. A significant negative correlation was also found between the weed infestation of the barley canopy and the characteristics of the canopy architecture. The PCA showed that the highest tillering of barley was provided at the lowest intensity of weed infestation. In turn, the CA indicated that the significantly higher LAI that resulted from a higher density and length of barley was attributed to the simplified cultivation treatments and the practice of direct sowing. It is a comprehensive method that can favor barley growth and development conditions while weakening weed infestation potential.","PeriodicalId":48587,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture-Basel","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86565358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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