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Association Between Maternal Prenatal Exposure to Household Air Pollution and Child Respiratory Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. 母亲产前暴露于家庭空气污染与儿童呼吸系统健康之间的关系:系统回顾与元分析》。
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-29 eCollection Date: 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.59249/TAVR4964
Krrishika Saxena

Maternal prenatal exposure to household air pollution (HAP) is a critical public health concern with potential long-term implications for child respiratory health. The objective of this study is to assess the level of association between prenatal household air pollution and child respiratory health, and to identify which HAP pollutants are associated with specific respiratory illnesses or symptoms and to what degree. Relevant studies were retrieved from PubMed databases up to April 27, 2010, and their reference lists were reviewed. Random effects models were applied to estimate summarized relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The analysis involved 11 studies comprising 387 767 mother-child pairs in total, assessing various respiratory health outcomes in children exposed to maternal prenatal HAP. Children with prenatal exposure to HAP pollutants exhibited a summary RR of 1.26 (95% CI=1.08-1.33) with moderate between-study heterogeneity (I²=49.22%) for developing respiratory illnesses. Specific associations were found between prenatal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) (RR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.09-1.13), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) (RR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.09-1.60), and particulate matter (PM) (RR=1.26, 95% CI: 1.2186-1.3152) and child respiratory illnesses (all had I² close to 0%, indicating no heterogeneity). Positive associations with child respiratory illnesses were also found with ultrafine particles (UFP), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and ozone (O3). However, no significant association was observed for prenatal exposure to sulfur dioxide (SO2). In summary, maternal prenatal exposure to HAP may contribute to a higher risk of child respiratory health issues, emphasizing the need for interventions to reduce this exposure during pregnancy. Targeted public health strategies such as improved ventilation, cleaner cooking technologies, and awareness campaigns should be implemented to minimize adverse respiratory effects on children.

产妇产前暴露于家庭空气污染(HAP)是一个重要的公共卫生问题,对儿童呼吸系统健康有潜在的长期影响。本研究的目的是评估产前家庭空气污染与儿童呼吸系统健康之间的关联程度,并确定哪些 HAP 污染物与特定的呼吸系统疾病或症状有关,以及关联程度如何。研究人员从 PubMed 数据库中检索了截至 2010 年 4 月 27 日的相关研究,并查阅了参考文献目录。采用随机效应模型来估算汇总的相对风险 (RR) 和 95% 置信区间 (CI)。该分析涉及 11 项研究,共有 387 767 对母婴,评估了母体产前暴露于 HAP 的儿童的各种呼吸系统健康结果。产前暴露于 HAP 污染物的儿童患呼吸系统疾病的总 RR 值为 1.26(95% CI=1.08-1.33),研究间存在中度异质性(I²=49.22%)。研究发现,产前接触一氧化碳(CO)(RR=1.11,95% CI:1.09-1.13)、氮氧化物(NOx)(RR=1.46,95% CI:1.09-1.60)和颗粒物(PM)(RR=1.26,95% CI:1.2186-1.3152)与儿童呼吸系统疾病之间存在特定关联(I²均接近 0%,表明无异质性)。超细粒子(UFP)、多环芳烃(PAH)和臭氧(O3)也与儿童呼吸道疾病呈正相关。不过,产前接触二氧化硫(SO2)与儿童呼吸道疾病没有明显关系。总之,母体产前暴露于 HAP 可能会导致儿童呼吸系统健康问题的风险升高,因此有必要采取干预措施以减少孕期的这种暴露。应实施有针对性的公共卫生战略,如改善通风、清洁烹饪技术和宣传活动,以尽量减少对儿童呼吸系统的不良影响。
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引用次数: 0
Pumps: A Possible Tool to Promote More Equitable Lactation Outcomes. 泵:促进更公平哺乳结果的可行工具。
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-29 eCollection Date: 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.59249/MWYW7163
Deanna Nardella

Pregnant individuals and infants in the US are experiencing rising morbidity and mortality rates. Breastfeeding is a cost-effective intervention associated with a lower risk of health conditions driving dyadic morbidity and mortality, including cardiometabolic disease and sudden infant death. Pregnant individuals and infants from racial/ethnic subgroups facing the highest risk of mortality also have the lowest breastfeeding rates, likely reflective of generational socioeconomic marginalization and its impact on health outcomes. Promoting breastfeeding among groups with the lowest rates could improve the health of dyads with the greatest health risk and facilitate more equitable, person-centered lactation outcomes. Multiple barriers to lactation initiation and duration exist for families who have been socioeconomically marginalized by health and public systems. These include the lack of paid parental leave, increased access to subsidized human milk substitutes, and reduced access to professional and lay breastfeeding expertise. Breast pumps have the potential to mitigate these barriers, making breastfeeding more accessible to all interested dyads. In 2012, The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) greatly expanded access to pumps through the preventative services mandate, with a single pump now available to most US families. Despite their near ubiquitous use among lactating individuals, little research has been conducted on how and when to use pumps appropriately to optimize breastfeeding outcomes. There is a timely and critical need for policy, scholarship, and education around pump use given their widespread provision and potential to promote equity for those families facing the greatest barriers to achieving their personal breastfeeding goals.

美国孕妇和婴儿的发病率和死亡率不断上升。母乳喂养是一项具有成本效益的干预措施,可降低导致夫妇发病和死亡的健康状况风险,包括心脏代谢疾病和婴儿猝死。来自死亡风险最高的种族/民族亚群的孕妇和婴儿的母乳喂养率也最低,这可能反映了世代社会经济边缘化及其对健康结果的影响。在母乳喂养率最低的群体中推广母乳喂养,可以改善健康风险最高的二人组的健康状况,促进更加公平、以人为本的哺乳结果。对于在社会经济方面被卫生和公共系统边缘化的家庭来说,在开始哺乳和哺乳期的持续时间方面存在着多重障碍。这些障碍包括缺乏带薪育儿假、获得母乳替代品补贴的机会增多,以及获得专业和非专业母乳喂养知识的机会减少。吸乳器有可能减少这些障碍,使所有有兴趣的夫妇都能更方便地进行母乳喂养。2012 年,《患者保护与平价医疗法案》(ACA)通过预防性服务授权,极大地扩展了吸乳器的使用范围,现在大多数美国家庭都可以使用一台吸乳器。尽管吸奶器在哺乳期妇女中的使用几乎无处不在,但有关如何以及何时适当使用吸奶器以优化母乳喂养效果的研究却少之又少。鉴于奶泵的广泛使用,以及对那些在实现个人母乳喂养目标方面面临最大障碍的家庭而言,促进公平的潜力,我们迫切需要围绕奶泵的使用制定政策、开展学术研究和开展教育。
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引用次数: 0
Loneliness in Pregnancy and Parenthood: Impacts, Outcomes, and Costs. 怀孕和育儿期间的孤独感:影响、结果和成本。
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-29 eCollection Date: 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.59249/NKTK3337
Rebecca Nowland, Joanna Charles, Gill Thomson

Background: Becoming a parent has been highlighted as a period associated with increased risks for loneliness, with around one-third of parents reporting feeling lonely often or always. However, as most understanding of loneliness is based on elderly or student cohorts, further insights into the costs of parental loneliness is needed. Method: We conducted a literature review of impacts of loneliness in pregnancy and parenthood and present a synthesis of the health, social, societal, and economic costs. We draw on evidence about impacts and costs of loneliness in other cohorts to help provide a wider context to understand the impacts and costs and how parental loneliness differs from other populations. Results: Similar to literature with elderly cohorts, parental loneliness has impacts on health and wellbeing, such as depression in new parents and increased general practitioner (GP) visits in pregnancy. But also has intergenerational impacts via its association with poor mental health and social competence and increased respiratory tract infections in the child. Physical health impacts widely associated with loneliness in other cohorts have yet to be examined in parents. Loneliness in parents is likely to result in social withdrawal further isolating parents and wider societal and economic costs relating to absence from employment and informal caring roles. Conclusion: Parental loneliness has the potential for negative and pervasive impacts. As parental loneliness has wide ranging and intergenerational impacts it is important that a multi-sectoral perspective is used when examining its costs.

背景:人们强调,为人父母是一个与孤独风险增加有关的时期,约有三分之一的父母表示经常或总是感到孤独。然而,由于对孤独感的了解大多基于老年人或学生群体,因此需要进一步了解父母孤独感的代价。方法:我们对孕期和为人父母时孤独感的影响进行了文献综述,并对健康、社会、社会和经济成本进行了综合分析。我们借鉴了其他人群中有关孤独的影响和成本的证据,以帮助提供一个更广泛的背景来了解孤独的影响和成本,以及父母孤独与其他人群的不同之处。研究结果与有关老年人群的文献相似,父母的孤独感会对健康和幸福产生影响,如新生儿父母的抑郁和孕期全科医生(GP)就诊率的增加。同时,孤独感还与精神健康和社交能力差以及儿童呼吸道感染增加有关,从而产生代际影响。在其他人群中,与孤独感广泛相关的身体健康影响尚未在父母身上得到研究。父母的孤独感很可能会导致社会退缩,进一步孤立父母,并造成更广泛的社会和经济损失,包括失业和非正式的照顾角色。结论父母的孤独感可能会产生普遍的负面影响。由于父母的孤独会产生广泛的、跨代的影响,因此在研究其成本时,必须采用多部门的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Cell Fate: What's Evolution Got to Do With It? 细胞命运:进化与此有关吗?
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-29 eCollection Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.59249/FBHI3484
Grant Ramsey, Pierre M Durand

Theoretical frameworks concerning cell fate typically center on proximate causes to explain how cells know what type they are meant to become. While major advances in cell fate theory have been achieved by these mechanism-focused frameworks, there are some aspects of cell decision-making that require an evolutionary interpretation. While mechanistic biologists sometimes turn to evolutionary theory to gain insights about cell fate (cancer is a good example), it is not entirely clear in cell fate theory what insights evolutionary theory can add, and why in some cases it is required for understanding cell fate. In this perspective we draw on our work on cellular mortality to illustrate how evolutionary theory provides an explanation for death being selected as one of the potential cell fates. Using our hypothesis for why some microbes in a community choose death as their fate, we suggest that some insights in cell fate theory are inaccessible to a theoretical framework that focuses solely on proximate causes.

有关细胞命运的理论框架通常以近因为中心,来解释细胞如何知道自己应该成为什么类型的细胞。虽然这些以机制为中心的框架在细胞命运理论方面取得了重大进展,但细胞决策的某些方面还需要进化论的解释。虽然机理生物学家有时会求助于进化理论来获得关于细胞命运的见解(癌症就是一个很好的例子),但在细胞命运理论中,进化理论究竟能带来哪些新的见解,以及为什么在某些情况下需要进化理论来理解细胞命运,这一点并不完全清楚。在这一视角中,我们借鉴了我们在细胞死亡方面的研究成果,来说明进化论是如何为死亡被选为潜在细胞命运之一提供解释的。通过我们对群落中一些微生物为何选择死亡作为其命运的假设,我们提出,细胞命运理论中的一些见解是只关注近因的理论框架所无法获得的。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing Our Understanding of Cell Types, Differentiation, and Disease Through Enhancers: An Interview with César Daniel Meléndez-Ramírez, MS. 通过增强剂增进我们对细胞类型、分化和疾病的了解:采访塞萨尔-丹尼尔-梅伦德斯-拉米雷斯(César Daniel Meléndez-Ramírez, MS.
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-29 eCollection Date: 2023-12-01
Reem Abu-Shamma
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引用次数: 0
Melanoma in the Breast: A Diagnostic Challenge. 乳房黑色素瘤:诊断难题。
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-29 eCollection Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.59249/WPKX7733
Marita A John, Niloufar Pourfarrokh, Jaya Ruth Asirvatham

Although rare, breast metastases can mimic primary tumors, both clinically, radiologically, and histopathologically. Melanoma is a highly metastasizing tumor, and it is known as a great mimicker of tumors. Metastatic melanoma in the breast can mimic primary breast cancer and pose a diagnostic challenge. In most cases, it is associated with disseminated disease and a poor prognosis, therefore, histologic, immunohistochemical and clinical correlation is crucial in diagnosing these cases. In this case report, we discuss a 63-year-old female who presented with clinical features of probable breast cancer, describe immunohistochemistry workup, and discuss pitfalls in interpretation.

乳腺转移瘤虽然罕见,但在临床、放射学和组织病理学上都可以模仿原发肿瘤。黑色素瘤是一种转移性很强的肿瘤,被称为肿瘤的 "模仿者"。乳房转移性黑色素瘤可与原发性乳腺癌相似,给诊断带来挑战。在大多数病例中,它伴有播散性疾病,预后较差,因此,组织学、免疫组化和临床相关性是诊断这些病例的关键。在本病例报告中,我们讨论了一名 63 岁女性疑似乳腺癌的临床特征,介绍了免疫组化工作,并讨论了解读中的误区。
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引用次数: 0
The Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Hypertrophic Scars Post-Burn Injury. 烧伤后肥厚性疤痕的分子机制
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-29 eCollection Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.59249/RHUF5686
Mugdha Pradhan, Prasad Pethe

Scar formation is a normal response to skin injuries. During the scar-remodeling phase, scar tissue is usually replaced with normal, functional tissue. However, after deep burn injuries, the scar tissue may persist and lead to contractures around joints, a condition known as hypertrophic scar tissue. Unfortunately, current treatment options for hypertrophic scars, such as surgery and pressure garments, often fail to prevent their reappearance. One of the primary challenges in treating hypertrophic scars is a lack of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation. In this review, we critically analyze studies that have attempted to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind hypertrophic scar formation after severe burn injuries, as well as clinical trials conducted to treat post-burn hypertrophic scars. We found that most clinical trials used pressure garments, laser treatments, steroids, and proliferative inhibitors for hypertrophic scars, with outcomes measured using subjective scar scales. However, fundamental research using human burn injury biopsies has shown that pathways such as Transforming Growth factor β (TGFβ), Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) could be potentially regulated to reduce scarring. Therefore, we conclude that more testing is necessary to determine the efficacy of these molecular targets in reducing hypertrophic scarring. Specifically, double-blinded clinical trials are needed, where the outcomes can be measured with more robust quantitative molecular parameters.

疤痕形成是皮肤损伤的正常反应。在疤痕重塑阶段,疤痕组织通常会被正常的功能性组织取代。然而,在深度烧伤后,疤痕组织可能会持续存在,并导致关节周围挛缩,这种情况被称为增生性疤痕组织。遗憾的是,目前治疗增生性疤痕的方法,如手术和压力衣,往往无法防止疤痕的再次出现。治疗增生性疤痕的主要挑战之一是对其形成的分子机制缺乏了解。在这篇综述中,我们认真分析了试图揭示严重烧伤后增生性疤痕形成背后的分子机制的研究,以及治疗烧伤后增生性疤痕的临床试验。我们发现,大多数临床试验都使用压力衣、激光治疗、类固醇和增殖抑制剂来治疗增生性疤痕,并使用主观疤痕量表来测量结果。然而,利用人体烧伤活组织进行的基础研究表明,转化生长因子β(TGFβ)、磷酸酶和天丝蛋白同源物(PTEN)以及Toll样受体(TLRs)等通路有可能被调节以减少疤痕。因此,我们认为有必要进行更多测试,以确定这些分子靶点对减少增生性瘢痕的功效。具体来说,需要进行双盲临床试验,用更可靠的定量分子参数来衡量结果。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in Regulating Cellular Behavior Using Micropatterns. 利用微模式调控细胞行为的进展。
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-29 eCollection Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.59249/UXOH1740
Yizhou Li, Wenli Jiang, Xintong Zhou, Yicen Long, Yujia Sun, Ye Zeng, Xinghong Yao

Micropatterns, characterized as distinct physical microstructures or chemical adhesion matrices on substance surfaces, have emerged as a powerful tool for manipulating cellular activity. By creating specific extracellular matrix microenvironments, micropatterns can influence various cell behaviors, including orientation, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the use of micropatterns for cell behavior regulation. It discusses the influence of micropattern morphology and coating on cell behavior and the underlying mechanisms. It also highlights future research directions in this field, aiming to inspire new investigations in materials medicine, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. The review underscores the potential of micropatterns as a novel approach for controlling cell behavior, which could pave the way for breakthroughs in various biomedical applications.

微图案的特点是在物质表面形成独特的物理微结构或化学粘附基质,已成为操纵细胞活动的有力工具。通过创造特定的细胞外基质微环境,微图案可以影响各种细胞行为,包括定向、增殖、迁移和分化。本综述全面概述了利用微图案调控细胞行为的最新进展。它讨论了微图案形态和涂层对细胞行为的影响及其内在机制。它还强调了这一领域未来的研究方向,旨在启发材料医学、再生医学和组织工程领域的新研究。这篇综述强调了微图案作为一种控制细胞行为的新方法的潜力,它可以为各种生物医学应用的突破铺平道路。
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引用次数: 0
Early Chromatin Remodeling Events in Acutely Stimulated CD8+ T Cells. 急性刺激 CD8+ T 细胞的早期染色质重塑事件
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-29 eCollection Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.59249/AXGU7370
Bryan McDonald, Brent Y Chick, Diana C Hargreaves, Susan M Kaech

T cells undergo extensive chromatin remodeling over several days following stimulation through the T cell receptor. However, the kinetics and gene loci targeted by early remodeling events within the first 24 hours of T cell priming to orchestrate effector differentiation have not been well described. We identified that chromatin accessibility is rapidly and extensively remodeled within 1 hour of stimulation of naïve CD8+ T cells, leading to increased global chromatin accessibility at many effector T cell-associated genes that are enriched for AP-1, early growth response (EGR), and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) binding sites, but this short duration of stimulation is insufficient for commitment to clonal expansion in vivo. Sustained 24-hour stimulation led to further chromatin remodeling and was sufficient to enable clonal expansion. These data suggest that the duration of antigen receptor signaling is intimately coupled to chromatin remodeling and activation of genes involved in effector cell differentiation and highlight a potential mechanism that helps CD8+ T cells discriminate between foreign- and self-antigens.

T 细胞在受到 T 细胞受体刺激后的数天内会发生广泛的染色质重塑。然而,关于 T 细胞启动后 24 小时内早期重塑事件的动力学和目标基因位点以协调效应物分化的情况还没有很好的描述。我们发现,在刺激幼稚 CD8+ T 细胞的 1 小时内,染色质可及性被迅速、广泛地重塑,导致许多效应 T 细胞相关基因的全局染色质可及性增加,这些基因富含 AP-1、早期生长应答(EGR)和活化 T 细胞核因子(NFAT)结合位点,但这种短时间的刺激不足以导致体内克隆扩增。持续 24 小时的刺激会导致染色质进一步重塑,并足以实现克隆扩增。这些数据表明,抗原受体信号转导的持续时间与染色质重塑和效应细胞分化相关基因的激活密切相关,并强调了一种帮助 CD8+ T 细胞区分外来抗原和自身抗原的潜在机制。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence for Functional Roles of MicroRNAs in Lineage Specification During Mouse and Human Preimplantation Development. 在小鼠和人类胚胎植入前发育过程中,MicroRNA 在系谱规范中的功能作用证据。
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-29 eCollection Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.59249/FOSI4358
Savana Biondic, Sophie Petropoulos

Proper formation of the blastocyst, including the specification of the first embryonic cellular lineages, is required to ensure healthy embryo development and can significantly impact the success of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). However, the regulatory role of microRNAs in early development, particularly in the context of preimplantation lineage specification, remains largely unknown. Taking a cross-species approach, this review aims to summarize the expression dynamics and functional significance of microRNAs in the differentiation and maintenance of lineage identity in both the mouse and the human. Findings are consolidated from studies conducted using in vitro embryonic stem cell models representing the epiblast, trophectoderm, and primitive endoderm lineages (modeled by naïve embryonic stem cells, trophoblast stem cells, and extraembryonic endoderm stem cells, respectively) to provide insight on what may be occurring in the embryo. Additionally, studies directly conducted in both mouse and human embryos are discussed, emphasizing similarities to the stem cell models and the gaps in our understanding, which will hopefully lead to further investigation of these areas. By unraveling the intricate mechanisms by which microRNAs regulate the specification and maintenance of cellular lineages in the blastocyst, we can leverage this knowledge to further optimize stem cell-based models such as the blastoids, enhance embryo competence, and develop methods of non-invasive embryo selection, which can potentially increase the success rates of assisted reproductive technologies and improve the experiences of those receiving fertility treatments.

囊胚的正确形成,包括第一个胚胎细胞系的规范化,是确保胚胎健康发育的必要条件,而且会对辅助生殖技术(ART)的成功产生重大影响。然而,microRNA 在早期发育中的调控作用,尤其是在植入前细胞系规范方面的作用,在很大程度上仍不为人所知。本综述采用跨物种方法,旨在总结 microRNA 在小鼠和人类血统特征的分化和维持过程中的表达动态和功能意义。本综述综合了使用代表上胚层、滋养层和原始内胚层的体外胚胎干细胞模型(分别以幼稚胚胎干细胞、滋养层干细胞和胚外内胚层干细胞为模型)进行的研究结果,以深入了解胚胎中可能发生的情况。此外,还讨论了直接在小鼠和人类胚胎中进行的研究,强调了与干细胞模型的相似之处以及我们在认识上的差距,希望这些研究能促进对这些领域的进一步研究。通过揭示microRNA调控囊胚中细胞系的规范和维持的复杂机制,我们可以利用这些知识进一步优化囊胚等基于干细胞的模型,提高胚胎能力,开发无创胚胎选择方法,从而有可能提高辅助生殖技术的成功率,改善接受生育治疗者的体验。
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引用次数: 0
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Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
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