Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.19-31
I. V. Vostrikov
This article considers how the draft to the Athenian hoplite army was organized in the 5th–4th centuries B.C. The available historical sources do not describe the conscription system for hoplites until the 5th century B.C., so its functioning in the archaic period remains unknown. Interestingly, the conscription of hoplites was generally determined by the structure of the civilian part of Athenian society. It could have appeared with the introduction of the phalanx in Athens under Solon and finally took shape after the reforms of Cleisthenes. Over time, this original conscription system underwent major changes: at first, it was based on the conscription lists compiled by each phyle, i.e., the lists of citizens who were to be drafted for a particular campaign; later, the conscription was held by the eponyms, i.e., only citizens of certain age groups were drafted for service. The results obtained show that the new system must have been introduced between 386 and 366 B.C. The conclusion is made that the old conscription system was changed to improve the military structure of the polis.
{"title":"The Formation of the Hoplite Militia in Athens","authors":"I. V. Vostrikov","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.19-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.19-31","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers how the draft to the Athenian hoplite army was organized in the 5th–4th centuries B.C. The available historical sources do not describe the conscription system for hoplites until the 5th century B.C., so its functioning in the archaic period remains unknown. Interestingly, the conscription of hoplites was generally determined by the structure of the civilian part of Athenian society. It could have appeared with the introduction of the phalanx in Athens under Solon and finally took shape after the reforms of Cleisthenes. Over time, this original conscription system underwent major changes: at first, it was based on the conscription lists compiled by each phyle, i.e., the lists of citizens who were to be drafted for a particular campaign; later, the conscription was held by the eponyms, i.e., only citizens of certain age groups were drafted for service. The results obtained show that the new system must have been introduced between 386 and 366 B.C. The conclusion is made that the old conscription system was changed to improve the military structure of the polis.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"12 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135315467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.263-271
A. E. Busygin
Abstract This article reviews P.S. Kabytov and N.A. Fedorova’s monograph on the life and work of Professor I.M. Ionenko. Both authors were supervised by I.M. Ionenko as students and postgraduate students. They share what they know about his life experience, his development as a historian and lecturer, and his involvement in public activities. The personality of I.M. Ionenko, the esteemed teacher and true mentor who encouraged his students to take a professional approach to discover the historical truth, is considered in the context of the times in which he lived and worked. He believed that the success of teaching the younger generation of historians depends not only on how they learn to use certain tools in their research but also on how strong the bond is between the students and their teacher. The authors managed to vividly describe the natural charm of I.M. Ionenko as a person. He taught them to extract information correctly, to fit it into the system of moral coordinates, as well as to avoid attributing every historical problem to ideology and politics. I.O. Ionenko adhered to the following two principles: “a historian must first of all have a conscience” and “without the truth of history there is no truth of life.” The monograph is primarily helpful for young people who want to become professional historians.
{"title":"About the Historian’s Portrait Created by Historians [Review: Kabytov P.S., Fedorova N.A. Professor Ivan Mikhailovich Ionenko: His Personality and Time. A Monograph. Samara, Samar. Gumanit. Akad., 2023. 144 p. (In Russian)]","authors":"A. E. Busygin","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.263-271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.263-271","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article reviews P.S. Kabytov and N.A. Fedorova’s monograph on the life and work of Professor I.M. Ionenko. Both authors were supervised by I.M. Ionenko as students and postgraduate students. They share what they know about his life experience, his development as a historian and lecturer, and his involvement in public activities. The personality of I.M. Ionenko, the esteemed teacher and true mentor who encouraged his students to take a professional approach to discover the historical truth, is considered in the context of the times in which he lived and worked. He believed that the success of teaching the younger generation of historians depends not only on how they learn to use certain tools in their research but also on how strong the bond is between the students and their teacher. The authors managed to vividly describe the natural charm of I.M. Ionenko as a person. He taught them to extract information correctly, to fit it into the system of moral coordinates, as well as to avoid attributing every historical problem to ideology and politics. I.O. Ionenko adhered to the following two principles: “a historian must first of all have a conscience” and “without the truth of history there is no truth of life.” The monograph is primarily helpful for young people who want to become professional historians.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"2 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135315623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.70-84
L. F. Abzalov
This article considers the clothing hygiene of the nomads who lived in the Eurasian steppes during the 13th to 16th centuries. The analysis is based on the written sources from various epochs describing the life of the nomads in the Great Steppe, as well as on the data from archaeological surveys, ethnographic materials, and certain areas of medicine. The objective and subjective factors that determined the hygienic practices of the nomads in caring for their clothes are identified. The nomadic costume was designed to meet the needs of the nomadic life: it was practical and comfortable. Most garments were made of natural materials of animal origin and were therefore difficult to wash. For this and some other reasons, the nomads wore their clothes until they were completely worn out and cleaned them using drying, airing, shaking out, and freezing. The clothing hygiene of the noble nomads differed from that of the ordinary ones, mainly in how often they changed garments. Spiritual and ideological factors (prohibitions, superstitions, and omens) also played a certain role, but this needs to be explored in more detail. Since little is known about personal hygiene habits of the nomads, some of the conclusions made here may be controversial, which in turn will fuel further research on the traditional culture of life support among the nomads of the Eurasian steppes.
{"title":"Clothing Hygiene of the Nomads of the Great Steppe in the 13th–16th Centuries","authors":"L. F. Abzalov","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.70-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.70-84","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the clothing hygiene of the nomads who lived in the Eurasian steppes during the 13th to 16th centuries. The analysis is based on the written sources from various epochs describing the life of the nomads in the Great Steppe, as well as on the data from archaeological surveys, ethnographic materials, and certain areas of medicine. The objective and subjective factors that determined the hygienic practices of the nomads in caring for their clothes are identified. The nomadic costume was designed to meet the needs of the nomadic life: it was practical and comfortable. Most garments were made of natural materials of animal origin and were therefore difficult to wash. For this and some other reasons, the nomads wore their clothes until they were completely worn out and cleaned them using drying, airing, shaking out, and freezing. The clothing hygiene of the noble nomads differed from that of the ordinary ones, mainly in how often they changed garments. Spiritual and ideological factors (prohibitions, superstitions, and omens) also played a certain role, but this needs to be explored in more detail. Since little is known about personal hygiene habits of the nomads, some of the conclusions made here may be controversial, which in turn will fuel further research on the traditional culture of life support among the nomads of the Eurasian steppes.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"66 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135316430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.132-142
N. G. Kozina
This article discusses the teaching methods that shaped the Russian school in the 19th century. The image of an “ideal teacher” is analyzed based on the recollections of historians of that period. The dynamics of its features is explored on a historical time scale. The factors that forced its transformation and evolution are considered. The sources used include memoirs written between the 1860s and 1870s, as well as those published at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. The first group of memoirs is characterized by the juxtaposition of the “old” and “new” history teachers who differed in their preferred “teaching methods”, moral beliefs, and attitudes to teaching. In the second group of memoirs, the trend to a negative view of the “old” teachers and the effectiveness of their methods is rejected, while the “young” teachers are criticized. The obtained results show that an “ideal history teacher” was endowed by the memoirists of the 1840s and 1850s with such new personal and professional qualities as: humanity, morality, “expertise” (a high level of scientific knowledge), as well as a sincere desire to awake students’ interest in what they are being taught and to help them become self-reliant in their reasoning.
{"title":"The Image of an Ideal History Teacher from the Recollections about the Russian School in the 1840s and 1850s","authors":"N. G. Kozina","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.132-142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.132-142","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the teaching methods that shaped the Russian school in the 19th century. The image of an “ideal teacher” is analyzed based on the recollections of historians of that period. The dynamics of its features is explored on a historical time scale. The factors that forced its transformation and evolution are considered. The sources used include memoirs written between the 1860s and 1870s, as well as those published at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. The first group of memoirs is characterized by the juxtaposition of the “old” and “new” history teachers who differed in their preferred “teaching methods”, moral beliefs, and attitudes to teaching. In the second group of memoirs, the trend to a negative view of the “old” teachers and the effectiveness of their methods is rejected, while the “young” teachers are criticized. The obtained results show that an “ideal history teacher” was endowed by the memoirists of the 1840s and 1850s with such new personal and professional qualities as: humanity, morality, “expertise” (a high level of scientific knowledge), as well as a sincere desire to awake students’ interest in what they are being taught and to help them become self-reliant in their reasoning.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"38 5-6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135265905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.181-190
O. A. Khabibrakhmanova
This article examines the changes in the higher education system of Russia during the 1930s when the long-established educational system was transformed to meet the state’s demands. The Soviet state faced the problem of training and fostering highly qualified specialists to solve the problems of the country’s industrialization. For this reason, an extensive campaign was launched to create technical universities in the country. The Middle Volga region, where several technical universities were opened in a short time, played an important role in this process. Based on archival documents, the steps taken to build a new higher school are analyzed. Due to the state demand for the economy industrialization, new forms of work organization were introduced into the professional activities of professors and lecturers, in some cases either against their actual will or under pressure from the authorities. A close connection between science and production contributed to the emergence of new work formats that did not always “fit” into the academic environment. By the end of the 1930s, however, the Soviet state, which had set a clear course for the development of industrialization, defined technical specialization as a priority direction in the system of higher education.
{"title":"Restructuring of Universities in the Middle Volga Region and New Forms of Work Organization in the 1930s","authors":"O. A. Khabibrakhmanova","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.181-190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.181-190","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the changes in the higher education system of Russia during the 1930s when the long-established educational system was transformed to meet the state’s demands. The Soviet state faced the problem of training and fostering highly qualified specialists to solve the problems of the country’s industrialization. For this reason, an extensive campaign was launched to create technical universities in the country. The Middle Volga region, where several technical universities were opened in a short time, played an important role in this process. Based on archival documents, the steps taken to build a new higher school are analyzed. Due to the state demand for the economy industrialization, new forms of work organization were introduced into the professional activities of professors and lecturers, in some cases either against their actual will or under pressure from the authorities. A close connection between science and production contributed to the emergence of new work formats that did not always “fit” into the academic environment. By the end of the 1930s, however, the Soviet state, which had set a clear course for the development of industrialization, defined technical specialization as a priority direction in the system of higher education.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"37 7-8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135265917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.85-97
M. R. Belousov
This article evaluates the reliability of the data on the number of serf households in the “registers” of scriveners on the occasion of the equestrian review of military servicemen in the Moscow ranks that took place in June 1653. The analysis draws on the following official documents: the inventory of peasant and cottar households in the estates and votchinas of scriveners complied in mid-July 1653 in the Pomestny Prikaz and based on the perepisnye, otkaznye, and otdelnye books; the “registers” of military servicemen. The documents studied were deposited in the collection of the Razryadny Prikaz of the Russian State Archives of Ancient Documents (RSAAD). The results obtained show that the numbers of serf households in the “registers” of scriveners are quite credible. However, there are some discrepancies in the number of serf households between the “registers” and the inventory, which is due to the specific way they were recorded in the documentation of the Pomestny Prikaz. If the data of the Pomestny Prikaz differed from those of the handwritten “register”, the serviceman gave explanations “at the reference” – an oral “register”. Thus, in the considered historical sources, the “registers” refer both to the actual handwritten “registers” and the explanations given by scriveners “at the reference” in the Pomestny Prikaz. The findings may be useful for specialists in the history of the Sovereign’s Court, social history, history of public administration, and source studies of clerical documents.
{"title":"On the Reliability of the Data on the Number of Serf Households in the “Registers” of Military Servicemen (Based on the Materials of the “Registers” of Scriveners from June 1653 and the Inventory of Peasant and Cottar Households in the Estates and Votchinas of Scriveners from Mid-July 1653)","authors":"M. R. Belousov","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.85-97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.85-97","url":null,"abstract":"This article evaluates the reliability of the data on the number of serf households in the “registers” of scriveners on the occasion of the equestrian review of military servicemen in the Moscow ranks that took place in June 1653. The analysis draws on the following official documents: the inventory of peasant and cottar households in the estates and votchinas of scriveners complied in mid-July 1653 in the Pomestny Prikaz and based on the perepisnye, otkaznye, and otdelnye books; the “registers” of military servicemen. The documents studied were deposited in the collection of the Razryadny Prikaz of the Russian State Archives of Ancient Documents (RSAAD). The results obtained show that the numbers of serf households in the “registers” of scriveners are quite credible. However, there are some discrepancies in the number of serf households between the “registers” and the inventory, which is due to the specific way they were recorded in the documentation of the Pomestny Prikaz. If the data of the Pomestny Prikaz differed from those of the handwritten “register”, the serviceman gave explanations “at the reference” – an oral “register”. Thus, in the considered historical sources, the “registers” refer both to the actual handwritten “registers” and the explanations given by scriveners “at the reference” in the Pomestny Prikaz. The findings may be useful for specialists in the history of the Sovereign’s Court, social history, history of public administration, and source studies of clerical documents.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135266626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.98-108
D. V. Puzanov
In the ethnographic introduction of the Primary Chronicle, the Slavic tribes living around the Polans are compared to forest animals, which is often regarded by researchers as a vivid example of the construction of a “foe” image and a clear evidence of the blatant ethnocentrism of the Kievan author. This is in stark contrast to the author’s general Slavic patriotism. According to the traditional interpretation of the Book of Hosea in Old Rus’, however, the Jews of the Old Testament were in league with animals as the prophecy that the pagan peoples would be baptized. The overlaps in the texts of the Primary Chronicle and other written sources following the above tradition suggest that the long-established idea, supported by many historiographers, about the unambiguously negative and pejorative juxtaposition of the Slavic tribes with the Polans should be revised. The fragment about the customs of different peoples found in the Primary Chronicle only emphasizes the special role played by the ancestors of the Kievans in the spread of Christianity in the surrounding territories. Furthermore, it was believed that the tribes that would adopt the new faith were not only savage pagans, but also those chosen for salvation.
{"title":"“Bestial Peoples” – the Rejected or the Chosen Ones? About the Atypical “Foe” in the Old Russian Written Sources","authors":"D. V. Puzanov","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.98-108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.98-108","url":null,"abstract":"In the ethnographic introduction of the Primary Chronicle, the Slavic tribes living around the Polans are compared to forest animals, which is often regarded by researchers as a vivid example of the construction of a “foe” image and a clear evidence of the blatant ethnocentrism of the Kievan author. This is in stark contrast to the author’s general Slavic patriotism. According to the traditional interpretation of the Book of Hosea in Old Rus’, however, the Jews of the Old Testament were in league with animals as the prophecy that the pagan peoples would be baptized. The overlaps in the texts of the Primary Chronicle and other written sources following the above tradition suggest that the long-established idea, supported by many historiographers, about the unambiguously negative and pejorative juxtaposition of the Slavic tribes with the Polans should be revised. The fragment about the customs of different peoples found in the Primary Chronicle only emphasizes the special role played by the ancestors of the Kievans in the spread of Christianity in the surrounding territories. Furthermore, it was believed that the tribes that would adopt the new faith were not only savage pagans, but also those chosen for salvation.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"38 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135316288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.191-210
L. A. Sychenkova, L. V. Bakulina
This article traces the life of Faddey Vladislavovich Gregorovich, a prominent professor of the Department of Criminal Law and Procedure at the Imperial Kazan University who has almost faded from the memory of most scholars today. The documents from the State Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Kalvaryja Cemetery in Minsk are analyzed. New documents that give a picture of F.V. Gregorovich’s family circle, which influenced his choice of profession, and solve the dispute on the exact date of his death are introduced and discussed for the first time. These new documents not only fill in some gaps in F.V. Gregorovich’s biography but also reveal how the scholar developed a strong passion for the theory of criminal law throughout his life. The myth about a conflict between F.V. Gregorovich and A.A. Piontkovsky is proven to be groundless. The cause of F.V. Gregorovich’s early retirement is identified: he was diagnosed with a nervous disease, and it led to his negative image in historiography. Since F.V. Gregorovich took part in the V International Prison Congress of 1895, it means that the academic community of the period under study recognized the establishment of prison studies as a special branch of jurisprudence at the Kazan University.
{"title":"Faddey Gregorovich as the Pioneer of Penitentiary Law Doctrine at the Kazan University: His Fate and Legacy","authors":"L. A. Sychenkova, L. V. Bakulina","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.191-210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.191-210","url":null,"abstract":"This article traces the life of Faddey Vladislavovich Gregorovich, a prominent professor of the Department of Criminal Law and Procedure at the Imperial Kazan University who has almost faded from the memory of most scholars today. The documents from the State Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Kalvaryja Cemetery in Minsk are analyzed. New documents that give a picture of F.V. Gregorovich’s family circle, which influenced his choice of profession, and solve the dispute on the exact date of his death are introduced and discussed for the first time. These new documents not only fill in some gaps in F.V. Gregorovich’s biography but also reveal how the scholar developed a strong passion for the theory of criminal law throughout his life. The myth about a conflict between F.V. Gregorovich and A.A. Piontkovsky is proven to be groundless. The cause of F.V. Gregorovich’s early retirement is identified: he was diagnosed with a nervous disease, and it led to his negative image in historiography. Since F.V. Gregorovich took part in the V International Prison Congress of 1895, it means that the academic community of the period under study recognized the establishment of prison studies as a special branch of jurisprudence at the Kazan University.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"28 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135315461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.59-69
S. A. Mironova
This article is devoted to the foreign policy of England during the reign of Mary Tudor. Based on the views of modern British historians, it considers in particular the relations that established between England and the Habsburg Empire. The results obtained show that England’s foreign policy during that period was obviously defined by the marriage of the queen to Philip of Habsburg, the heir to the Spanish Empire. Traditionally, most historians, regardless of the direction of British historiography to which they belong, have assessed this marriage negatively, as it worsened the relations with France and tightened the domestic religious policy. In recent decades, however, many British historians representing different schools have argued that the union between Mary Tudor and Philip was beneficial to England. They agree that the alliance with the most powerful and richest country in Europe at that time was the only way out for England, which had fallen into a difficult economic situation. The war with France was a good way to divert attention from the religious strife in the country. Since different historical trends and approaches coexist in modern British historiography, many issues related to the study of the foreign policy pursued by Mary Tudor are still debatable and await further research and substantiation.
{"title":"The Relations of England with France and the Habsburg Empire in the Reign of Mary Tudor (As Assessed by British Historians)","authors":"S. A. Mironova","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.59-69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.59-69","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to the foreign policy of England during the reign of Mary Tudor. Based on the views of modern British historians, it considers in particular the relations that established between England and the Habsburg Empire. The results obtained show that England’s foreign policy during that period was obviously defined by the marriage of the queen to Philip of Habsburg, the heir to the Spanish Empire. Traditionally, most historians, regardless of the direction of British historiography to which they belong, have assessed this marriage negatively, as it worsened the relations with France and tightened the domestic religious policy. In recent decades, however, many British historians representing different schools have argued that the union between Mary Tudor and Philip was beneficial to England. They agree that the alliance with the most powerful and richest country in Europe at that time was the only way out for England, which had fallen into a difficult economic situation. The war with France was a good way to divert attention from the religious strife in the country. Since different historical trends and approaches coexist in modern British historiography, many issues related to the study of the foreign policy pursued by Mary Tudor are still debatable and await further research and substantiation.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"3 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135315865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.109-118
V. V. Dementyeva
This article analyzes the references to Antiquity in “The Petition of the Senators to Tsar Peter I for the Adoption of the Title of Peter the Great, the Father of His Homeland and the Emperor of All Russians” (on October 21/22, 1721) and in “The Speech Written and Delivered by Peter I at the Old Trinity Cathedral of St. Petersburg after He Had Read Out the Peace Treaty with Sweden” (on October 22, 1721), when he adopted the above titles). The Latin spellings of these titles in the texts of the 1720s were examined (based on the published version of A.F. Sigismundi’s speech on signing the Treaty of Nystad). The retrospective look of the contemporaries of the studied events at the history of Antiquity was discussed: particular attention was paid to the historical ideas about the ancient Roman state expressed by P.N. Kriokshin, an associate of Peter I, along with his views on the Slavic–Russian history. The commitment to the values of ancient societies (heroic service to the Homeland, patriotism, valor, and courage) along with the political focus on the image of the Roman state strengthened the socioideological background of the Russian statehood. In was concluded that the great figures who shaped the Russian empire in the 18th century were concerned, consciously and purposefully, with providing additional stability to the whole system and thus relied on the past experience of Antiquity.
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