Water Resources and Economics最新文献_第2页

Use of environmental equipment and personnel to manage wastewater: Insight from responses to regulatory enforcement 使用环境设备和人员来管理废水：从对监管执法的反应中获得的见解

IF 1.9 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Water Resources and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2025.100270

Zach Raff , Dietrich Earnhart

In the US, environmental protection agencies conduct monitoring and enforcement to induce compliance with environmental laws. If effective, regulated facilities respond by using various environmental management methods to achieve compliance. Our study is the first to examine the collective link from several environmental monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to two fundamental forms of environmental management: environmental treatment equipment and environmental personnel. To deliver our contributions, we exploit an original survey of Clean Water Act-regulated chemical manufacturing facilities that gathers facility-level data on the use of wastewater treatment equipment and environmental personnel. We use these data to jointly estimate a system of two equations – one for environmental equipment and another for environmental personnel – to examine the effects of various monitoring and enforcement mechanisms on environmental equipment and personnel. Our results support two important conclusions. First, we find that, of the mechanisms that significantly impact the use of environmental equipment or personnel, all increase the use of both environmental management practices. Our results, therefore, suggest that environmental equipment and environmental personnel serve as complements, rather than substitutes, for responding to increased enforcement. However, the effects on environmental equipment are much larger. Second, we find that, in general, the more severe mechanisms influence environmental management within one year, while the more cooperative and flexible mechanisms shape management only after a three-year delay. Thus, facilities’ responsiveness to monitoring and enforcement depends on the type of mechanism.

在美国，环境保护机构进行监督和执法，以促使人们遵守环境法律。如果有效，受监管的设施会通过使用各种环境管理方法来实现合规。我们的研究首次考察了从若干环境监测和执法机制到环境管理的两种基本形式：环境处理设备和环境人员之间的集体联系。为了提供我们的贡献，我们利用了清洁水法规定的化学品生产设施的原始调查，收集了废水处理设备和环境人员使用的设施级数据。我们使用这些数据来共同估计一个由两个方程组成的系统——一个用于环境设备，另一个用于环境人员——来检验各种监测和执法机制对环境设备和人员的影响。我们的研究结果支持两个重要结论。首先，我们发现，在显著影响环境设备或人员使用的机制中，所有机制都增加了环境管理实践的使用。因此，我们的研究结果表明，环境设备和环境人员是对加强执法的补充，而不是替代。然而，对环境设备的影响要大得多。其次，我们发现，一般来说，更严格的机制在一年内对环境管理产生影响，而更合作和灵活的机制在三年后才会对环境管理产生影响。因此，设施对监测和执法的反应取决于机制的类型。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainable seasonal land fallowing policy to combat groundwater overdraft in China: Insights from a choice experiment 中国应对地下水透支的可持续季节性土地休耕政策：来自选择实验的见解

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Water Resources and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2025.100261

Zhuanlin Wang , Hongbo Deng , Jinxia Wang , Alec Zuo , Baozhu Guan , Jiajia Wang

The Seasonal Land Fallowing Policy (SLFP) is conducted in the North China Plain to address severe groundwater overdrafts. Optimal compensation standards, fallow duration, and reallocating the saved labor to other employment may enhance SLFP's economic sustainability, while planting green manure crops on fallow land promotes its ecological sustainability. However, unclear farmers' preferences for these policy attributes and supporting measures hinder policymakers from implementing more sustainable SLFP schemes. Based on a choice experiment survey with 716 farmers in Hebei province, our estimation indicates that farmers prefer an SLFP scheme with higher compensation, longer fallow durations, and employment support, but are reluctant to plant green manure crops. Based on the results, the compensation level can be reduced from 500 yuan/mu/year to 460 yuan/mu/year if the current SLFP scheme continues to be implemented. More economically and ecologically sustainable SLFP schemes can be achieved with longer fallow durations and the provision of employment support. Additionally, this study explicitly explores the heterogeneity of preferences for the SLFP scheme between small-scale and large-scale farmers in China and proposes differentiated SLFP schemes for each group.

为解决华北平原地下水严重超采问题，实施了季节性土地休耕政策。最优的补偿标准、休耕时间和节省劳动力的再配置可提高农田农业的经济可持续性，而在休耕土地上种植绿肥作物可提高农田农业的生态可持续性。然而，不明确的农民对这些政策属性的偏好和支持措施阻碍了政策制定者实施更可持续的SLFP计划。基于对河北省716名农民的选择实验调查，我们的估计表明，农民更倾向于补偿更高、休耕时间更长和就业支持的SLFP方案，而不愿意种植绿肥作物。根据研究结果，如果继续实施目前的SLFP方案，补偿水平可从500元/亩/年降至460元/亩/年。通过延长休耕期和提供就业支助，可以实现经济上和生态上更可持续的SLFP计划。此外，本研究明确探讨了中国小规模和大规模农民对SLFP方案偏好的异质性，并提出了不同群体的差异化SLFP方案。

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引用次数: 0

Household perception bias on water price in China: Asymmetric impacts and policy treatment 中国家庭对水价的认知偏差：不对称影响与政策处理

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Water Resources and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2025.100262

Jun–Jun Jia , Li Luo , Maorong Jiang , Huaqing Wu

Residents tend to respond to perceived water price rather than the true water price when making household water consumption decisions. The paper estimates household perception bias on the average water price and explores its impact on the adoption of daily water-saving practices, by using the unique 5449 household survey data across 50 cities in China. The bias refers to the discrepancy between perceived price and the true average price. Results from the multi-level regression model show that households can hardly perceive the true average water price accurately. Approximately 71.5 % of households underestimate the true average price to varying degrees. On average, households underestimate the true average water price by 19.3 %, which is equivalent to 0.761 Yuan per ton. There are asymmetric impacts of household perception bias. For one thing, only the underestimation bias significantly impacts on the adoption of both technical and behavioral water-saving measures. For another, it hinders the adoption of technical measures among high water consumption households, while it impedes the adoption of behavioral measures among low water consumption households. Among a total of seven machine learning classification algorithms, the Random Forest binary classifier, based on ten easily-answered feature questions, demonstrates the best performance in identifying households with underestimation bias. It constitutes a promising policy tool to implement information treatment on households with underestimation bias. It can facilitate water conservation resulting from downward perception bias, particularly by tapping into the greater water-saving potential of technical water-saving measures and high water consumption households.

居民在进行家庭用水决策时，往往会根据感知到的水价而不是真实的水价作出反应。本文利用中国50个城市5449个家庭调查数据，估算了家庭对平均水价的感知偏差，并探讨了其对日常节水行为的影响。偏差是指感知价格与真实平均价格之间的差异。多层回归模型的结果表明，居民难以准确感知真实的平均水价。大约71.5%的家庭不同程度地低估了真实的平均价格。平均而言，家庭低估了真实平均水价19.3%，相当于每吨0.761元。家庭感知偏差的影响是不对称的。一方面，只有低估偏差对技术和行为节水措施的采用有显著影响。另一方面，它阻碍了高用水量家庭采取技术措施，同时也阻碍了低用水量家庭采取行为措施。在总共7种机器学习分类算法中，随机森林二分类器基于10个容易回答的特征问题，在识别存在低估偏差的家庭方面表现最佳。它是对存在低估偏差的家庭实施信息处理的一种有前景的政策工具。它可以促进由向下认识偏见造成的节约用水，特别是通过利用技术节水措施和高用水家庭的更大节水潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing water efficiency: Distribution efficiency and consumption synergies 提高用水效率：分配效率和消费协同效应

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Water Resources and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2025.100260

Esther Díaz-Cano , Julio Berbel , Nazaret M. Montilla-López , Alfonso Expósito

The Recast Drinking Water Directive (Dir. (EU) 2020/2184) aims to set a 15 % target limit for urban network losses. Research in this field is crucial for the advancement of EU policy directives aimed towards augmenting water efficiency and conservation in a context of increasing water scarcity. This paper examines the synergies between leakage reduction and water demand policies (water pricing vs. social awareness). In order to estimate the impact of such policies on the achieved water savings, a simple model is presented and applied to the case study of the city of Seville in southern Spain. This case represents an interesting example of continuous efforts towards reducing urban water abstraction in the last three decades. The results offer useful insights into the effectiveness of various policy strategies on the overall water-saving achievements in a context of increasing water scarcity and cyclical drought episodes.

修订的饮用水指令（署长）。（EU） 2020/2184)旨在为城市网络损失设定15%的目标限制。在日益缺水的情况下，这一领域的研究对于促进旨在提高水效率和节约用水的欧盟政策指令至关重要。本文考察了减少渗漏和水需求政策（水价与社会意识）之间的协同效应。为了估计这些政策对实现节水的影响，提出了一个简单的模型，并将其应用于西班牙南部塞维利亚市的案例研究。这个案例是过去三十年来不断努力减少城市取水的一个有趣的例子。这些结果为在水资源日益短缺和周期性干旱的背景下各种政策战略对总体节水成果的有效性提供了有益的见解。

引用次数: 0

Water valuation in incentivized bargaining games 激励议价博弈中的水估值

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Water Resources and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2025.100259

Margarita Gáfaro , César Mantilla

The design of mechanisms for sustainable irrigation water management requires a deep understanding of the water value for local communities. We present results from a lab-in-the-field incentivized game that sheds light on valuation patterns of irrigation water, relative to its value in the game, among small farmers in Colombia. In this game, two players divide a jointly endowed agricultural land plot, with some pieces having direct access to irrigation water. Although the induced cost of irrigation water in our game was one token, farmers paid between 2.1 and 3.5 times this amount. We characterize a general bargaining game that can be used to identify valuation discrepancies in settings with relevant use conflicts.

可持续灌溉用水管理机制的设计需要对当地社区的水价值有深刻的理解。我们展示了在哥伦比亚的小农户中进行的一场实验室激励游戏的结果，该游戏揭示了灌溉用水的估值模式，相对于其在游戏中的价值。在这个游戏中，两名玩家共同分配一块土地，其中一些土地可以直接获得灌溉用水。尽管在我们的游戏中，灌溉用水的诱导成本是一个代币，但农民支付的金额是这个代币的2.1至3.5倍。我们描述了一个一般的讨价还价博弈，可用于识别相关使用冲突设置中的估值差异。

引用次数: 0

Water resource tax policy and micro environmental performance improvement in China's water-intensive industries 水资源税政策与中国水密集型产业微观环境绩效改善

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Water Resources and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2025.100258

Qiao Wang (王乔) , Koji Shimada , Jiahui Yuan (袁嘉慧)

The rapid industrialization of developing countries has led to irrational water usage and over-exploitation, exacerbating global water scarcity. While resource tax represents a well-established policy instrument, its micro-level effectiveness in water resource management remains empirically understudied. This paper employs differences-in-differences method to comprehensively evaluate the impacts of China's water resource tax on environmental performance improvements of micro-enterprises. With a panel data from 456 listed firms in water-intensive industries in China from 2012 to 2022, this paper finds that water resource tax significantly enhances environmental performance, with green innovation serving as a crucial mediating mechanism. By uniquely controlling for concurrent water pollution charging systems, our analysis reveals the comparative advantage of tax-based approaches. The results demonstrate pronounced heterogeneous effects: the policy's impact is most significant in the mining sector, followed by manufacturing, while showing negligible effects in power and electricity sectors. Additionally, non-state-owned enterprises and small-scale firms exhibit stronger environmental improvements. This study contributes existing literature by providing robust micro-level evidence of water resource tax effectiveness, employing current official classifications of water-intensive industries to avoid policy impact underestimation, and establishing robust causal relationships through rigorous econometric testing. These nuanced findings provide insights for policymakers in developing nations facing water resource challenges, offering an evidence-based blueprint for implementing targeted regulatory approaches and calibrating sector-specific environmental policies.

发展中国家的快速工业化导致了不合理的用水和过度开发，加剧了全球水资源短缺。虽然资源税是一项行之有效的政策工具，但其在水资源管理方面的微观有效性仍未得到实证研究。本文采用差中差法对中国水资源税对微型企业环境绩效改善的影响进行了综合评价。本文利用2012 - 2022年中国456家水密集型行业上市公司的面板数据，发现水资源税显著提高了环境绩效，其中绿色创新是重要的中介机制。通过对并行水污染收费系统的独特控制，我们的分析揭示了基于税收的方法的比较优势。结果显示出明显的异质性效应：该政策对采矿业的影响最为显著，其次是制造业，而对电力和电力部门的影响微不足道。此外，非国有企业和小型企业表现出更大的环境改善。本研究为水资源税有效性提供了强有力的微观证据，采用现行的官方水资源密集型行业分类以避免政策影响低估，并通过严格的计量检验建立了强有力的因果关系，从而对现有文献做出了贡献。这些细微差别的发现为面临水资源挑战的发展中国家的决策者提供了见解，为实施有针对性的监管方法和校准特定部门的环境政策提供了基于证据的蓝图。

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引用次数: 0

Valuing the benefits of climate adaptation measures to reduce urban flooding: Community preferences for nature-based solutions 评估气候适应措施减少城市洪水的效益：社区对基于自然的解决方案的偏好

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Water Resources and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2025.100257

Anders Dugstad , Hajar Ben Hammou , Ståle Navrud

Nature-based solutions have gained recognition as viable strategies for climate adaptation, particularly in urban areas to reduce flooding. One solution to improve flood management is opening up streams in residential areas, reversing the historical practice of channeling streams into underground pipes. In a contingent valuation survey, we examine local residents' preferences for reopening a stream. We assess residents' willingness to pay (WTP) for two distinct reopening plans: one embracing a green and natural solution, and the other adopting a grey and urban solution. The results reveal a strong preference for the nature-based stream, underscoring the significance of community engagement when developing flood management strategies. The elicited WTP estimates for the nature-based stream highlight significant nonmarket benefits to the community, amounting to a present value of approximately NOK 11.5 million. Prioritizing such nature-based solutions could enhance local welfare and align with local preferences. However, the costs associated with developing the nature-based stream are high, and the elicited nonmarket benefits do not exceed these costs. This conclusion should be interpreted with caution, given limitations of the study. Further research is needed to establish whether similar projects would pass the benefit-cost test.

基于自然的解决方案已被认为是适应气候变化的可行策略，特别是在城市地区减少洪水。改善洪水管理的一个解决方案是开放居民区的河流，扭转历史上将河流引入地下管道的做法。在一项条件评估调查中，我们考察了当地居民对重新开放河流的偏好。我们评估了两种不同的重新开放方案的居民支付意愿（WTP）：一种采用绿色和自然的解决方案，另一种采用灰色和城市的解决方案。研究结果显示，人们对以自然为基础的河流有强烈的偏好，这强调了在制定洪水管理策略时社区参与的重要性。基于自然的河流引出的WTP估计突出了对社区的重大非市场效益，其现值约为1150万挪威克朗。优先考虑这种基于自然的解决方案可以提高当地福利，并与当地偏好保持一致。然而，与开发以自然为基础的河流相关的成本很高，而引发的非市场利益不会超过这些成本。考虑到研究的局限性，这一结论应谨慎解释。要确定类似的项目是否能通过效益-成本测试，还需要进一步研究。

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引用次数: 0

Water scarcity and food security in the mediterranean region: The role of alternative water sources and controlled-environment agriculture 地中海地区的水资源短缺和粮食安全：替代水源和控制环境农业的作用

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Water Resources and Economics

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2025.100256

Ruslana Rachel Palatnik , Orna Raviv , Julia Sirota , Mordechai Shechter

Climate change and population growth exacerbate water scarcity in the Mediterranean region, threatening food security. A variety of modeling approaches that embed water into a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) framework is available. However, only a few studies incorporate non-conventional, alternative water sources (e.g., desalination, treated, brackish) into economic analyses. Alternative water sources vary in energy and capital intensity and, therefore, in costs and externalities. We present the first study to introduce alternative water sources to a global CGE model. We also investigate the role of novel technologies of controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) that save water and land at the cost of higher energy intensity than traditional agriculture practices. The results show that the availability of alternative water sources increases the domestic production of grain crops in the North Mediterranean region. The countries that gain the most from CEA technologies are those with a higher share of irrigation and skilled labor. The results reflect the significant value of alternative water sources and CEA technologies to the agricultural sector. The outcomes also indicate that alternative water practices and CEA may bring about a positive trajectory in food security and the global economy, with a negligible effect on energy use.

气候变化和人口增长加剧了地中海地区的水资源短缺，威胁到粮食安全。将水嵌入可计算一般均衡（CGE）框架的各种建模方法是可用的。然而，只有少数研究将非传统的替代水源（例如，脱盐、处理过的、半咸淡水）纳入经济分析。替代水源在能源和资本密集度方面各不相同，因此在成本和外部性方面也各不相同。我们提出了第一个将替代水源引入全球CGE模型的研究。我们还研究了控制环境农业（CEA）的新技术的作用，该技术以比传统农业更高的能源强度为代价节约了水和土地。结果表明，替代水源的可用性增加了北地中海地区粮食作物的国内产量。从CEA技术中获益最多的国家是那些灌溉和熟练劳动力比例较高的国家。结果反映了替代水源和CEA技术对农业部门的重要价值。研究结果还表明，替代用水方式和CEA可能对粮食安全和全球经济产生积极影响，而对能源使用的影响可以忽略不计。

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引用次数: 0

Interregional watershed services: Valuation of the benefits of controlled embankment breaches to manage urban flood risk 区域间流域服务：对控制堤坝决口以管理城市洪水风险的效益进行估值

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Water Resources and Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2024.100254

Nguyen H.D. My , Valeria M. Toledo-Gallegos , Tran Huu Tuan , Tobias Börger

The Lower Mekong delta of Vietnam, particularly Can Tho city, is highly susceptible to flooding which urgently calls for significant efforts to mitigate urban flood risks. A possible measure to reduce flood risk is the application of controlled embankment breaches (CEB) in a rural province upstream. Utilising a Protection Motivation Theory approach, this paper uses a contingent valuation to assess the welfare effects of a reduction of flood risks in the city resulting from CEB in the upstream region of the delta. The findings revealed that households residing in the downstream areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta were willing to financially support the implementation of the CEB upstream in An Giang city, as a measure to alleviate urban flood threats in Can Tho city. These results suggest that interregional cooperation, involving the concept of payments for watershed services between regional jurisdictions, may help to effectively mitigate flood risk in a low-lying population centre in a major river delta. As such, these findings can inform policies for urban flood risk mitigation regarding the development of a more comprehensive flood risk reduction strategy in similar geographical contexts.

越南湄公河下游三角洲地区，尤其是芹苴市，极易遭受洪水侵袭，迫切需要大力减轻城市洪水风险。减少洪水风险的一个可行措施是在上游的一个农村省份采用控制性堤防缺口 (CEB)。本文利用保护动机理论方法，采用或然估价法评估了三角洲上游地区的控制性堤防（CEB）降低城市洪水风险所带来的福利效应。研究结果表明，居住在越南湄公河三角洲下游地区的家庭愿意在经济上支持安江市在上游地区实施行政首长协调会，作为减轻芹苴市城市洪水威胁的一项措施。这些结果表明，区域间的合作，包括区域管辖区之间的流域服务付费概念，可能有助于有效缓解主要河流三角洲低洼人口中心的洪水风险。因此，这些研究结果可以为在类似地理环境下制定更全面的洪水风险降低战略的城市洪水风险降低政策提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Identifying optimal funding allocations for public water infrastructure improvements under uncertainty 确定不确定情况下改善公共水利基础设施的最佳资金分配方案

IF 2.3 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Water Resources and Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2024.100253

Seong-Hoon Cho, James C. Mingie, Sreedhar Upendram

Diversified and locally managed funding strategies bring substantial benefits to water infrastructure investments across financial, social, institutional, and political spheres. However, these strategies often occupy a secondary role in the public sector's capital allocation process. We outline optimal funding strategies for water infrastructure by zeroing in on communities' specific needs and navigating two types of uncertainty—historical and priority uncertainty—across both long-run (multi-decade) and short-run (recent years) timeframes. Employing Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), our approach pinpoints optimal funding distribution both across and within categories (namely, individual counties) based on their funding needs. By comparing these distributions with Tennessee's Clean Water State Revolving Fund's historical funding approach, we benchmark how risk and socioeconomic factors influenced past decisions. This analysis yields optimal allocations that inform which counties should be given priority by public funding agencies, moving toward portfolios that adeptly balance risk with funding necessity. Our methodology is executed in two stages, each bearing distinct implications. The initial stage seeks to prioritize groups of counties based on their funding needs, considering both immediate and long-term contexts, in line with what government agencies might aim to achieve. The subsequent stage refines the equilibrium between risk and need at a more detailed level within these groups, facilitating risk diversification that effectively addresses both short- and long-term funding requirements.

多元化和地方管理的筹资战略可在金融、社会、机构和政治领域为水利基础设施投资带来巨大收益。然而，这些策略在公共部门的资本分配过程中往往处于次要地位。我们将社区的具体需求归零，并在长期（几十年）和短期（最近几年）时间范围内驾驭两类不确定性--历史不确定性和优先权不确定性，从而勾勒出水利基础设施的最佳筹资策略。采用现代投资组合理论 (MPT)，我们的方法可根据资金需求，确定跨类别和类别内（即各县）的最佳资金分配。通过将这些分配与田纳西州清洁水州循环基金的历史筹资方法进行比较，我们为风险和社会经济因素如何影响过去的决策提供了基准。通过分析，我们得出了最佳分配方案，为公共资金机构优先考虑哪些县提供了依据，从而实现了风险与资金需求之间的完美平衡。我们的方法分两个阶段实施，每个阶段都有不同的影响。在初始阶段，我们根据各县的资金需求，考虑当前和长远情况，按照政府机构可能实现的目标，确定各县的优先次序。随后的阶段是在这些组别中更详细地完善风险与需求之间的平衡，促进风险分散，有效解决短期和长期的资金需求。

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引用次数: 0