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Designing Watersheds for Integrated Development (DWID): Combining hydrological and economic modeling for optimizing land use change to meet water quality regulations 设计流域综合发展(DWID):结合水文和经济模型,优化土地利用变化,以满足水质法规
IF 2.2 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2022.100209
Ranjit Bawa , Puneet Dwivedi , Nahal Hoghooghi , Latif Kalin , Yu-Kai Huang

By combining information on nutrient output from the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and secondary data on local profits from different crop types, we devise a profit maximization problem subject to dynamic water quality constraints, which become gradually more restrictive over time. The solution aims to detect the optimal allocation of land parcels by crop type that maximizes the total net present value of landowner profits throughout the watershed. Over a nine-year time span, our model construct is applied to the Little River Experimental Watershed (LREW) in South Georgia. Water quality constraints involve the landowner adhering to specific permittable limits on numeric nutrient criteria recorded at the watershed outlet under various scenarios, including i) NO3–N constraints, ii) total phosphorus (P) constraints, and iii) concurrent NO3–N and P constraints. In the most extreme case, a reduction in aggregate profits of $24.1 million and $8.1 million was observed for combined NO3– N and P constraints relative to commensurate solo constraints on NO3–N and P, respectively. The Designing Watersheds for Integrated Development (DWID) model could support policymaking for ascertaining trade-offs between economics and water quality channelized through direct and indirect land use change considering environmental regulations in Georgia and beyond.

通过结合来自土壤和土壤的养分输出的信息;水评估工具(SWAT)和不同作物类型的当地利润的二次数据,我们设计了一个受动态水质约束的利润最大化问题,随着时间的推移,动态水质约束变得越来越严格。该解决方案旨在检测按作物类型对地块的最佳分配,从而最大限度地提高整个流域土地所有者利润的总净现值。在九年的时间跨度内,我们的模型构建被应用于南乔治亚州的小河实验流域(LREW)。水质限制涉及土地所有者在各种情况下遵守流域出口记录的数字营养标准的特定允许限制,包括i)NO3-N限制,ii)总磷(P)限制,以及iii)NO3-氮和磷同时限制。在最极端的情况下,相对于NO3-N和P的相应单独约束,NO3-N的组合约束和P的总利润分别减少了2410万美元和810万美元。考虑到格鲁吉亚及其他地区的环境法规,设计综合发展流域(DWID)模型可以支持决策,以确定通过直接和间接土地利用变化引导的经济和水质之间的权衡。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating the impacts of drinking water quality on house prices: A household production function approach 调查饮用水质量对房价的影响:一种家庭生产函数方法
IF 2.2 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2022.100213
Amarpreet Kaur, John Janmaat

Water provides many important, and some essential, services. The quality of the piped water entering a household impacts the value generated by these services. Household response options include treating the piped water, using water from an alternative source, and selecting a community with different piped water quality. This intersection between location choice and community piped water quality may manifest as a house price effect. We adapt a residential sorting model to identify variables that characterize the relationship between piped water quality and house price. Many studies explore the impact of locational and structural attributes on house prices but very few include piped water quality. In our model, households in a given community produce water services using piped water, materials and capital or purchase water from an alternate source. A housing rental price equilibrium emerges after households sort themselves among communities varying in piped water quality and alternate source water cost. The presence, direction and size of the relationship between house price and community piped water quality depends on that piped water quality, the cost of treating it, and the quality and cost of substitutes. Absent accounting for these community level characteristics, both measuring and interpreting a relationship between property prices and piped water quality will be questionable. Our model results also suggest that if households know their piped water quality and can afford to invest in treatment or purchase of the substitute, they may adequately avert the impacts of poor quality piped water.

水提供了许多重要的和一些基本的服务。进入家庭的自来水的质量会影响这些服务产生的价值。家庭应对方案包括处理管道水,使用替代水源,以及选择管道水质不同的社区。地点选择和社区自来水质量之间的交集可能表现为房价效应。我们采用住宅分类模型来识别表征管道水质与房价之间关系的变量。许多研究探讨了位置和结构属性对房价的影响,但很少包括管道水质。在我们的模型中,特定社区的家庭使用管道水、材料和资本来提供供水服务,或者从其他来源购买水。家庭在不同的自来水质量和替代水源成本的社区中对自己进行分类后,住房租金价格均衡就出现了。房价与社区自来水质量关系的存在、方向和大小取决于自来水的质量、处理成本以及替代品的质量和成本。如果不考虑这些社区层面的特征,那么衡量和解释房地产价格与自来水质量之间的关系都将是值得怀疑的。我们的模型结果还表明,如果家庭了解他们的自来水质量,并有能力投资于处理或购买替代品,他们可能会充分避免劣质自来水的影响。
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引用次数: 3
Optimizing agricultural cropping patterns under irrigation water use restrictions due to environmental flow requirements and climate change 在环境流量要求和气候变化导致的灌溉用水限制下优化农业种植模式
IF 2.2 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2023.100216
Mahdi Sedighkia , Bithin Datta , Saman Razavi

This study proposes a reservoir operation optimization framework to maximize the regional agricultural profit under the constraints of downstream environmental flow requirements and climate change. Three climate change models—CanESM2, MIROC5, and NorESM1-M—and the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) were used to simulate the reservoir inflow in future periods under uncertainty. Minimum and ideal environmental flow regimes were embedded in the structure of the reservoir operation model to optimize the environmental flow needs and water supply and assess their tradeoffs. Cropping pattern optimization was used to maximize farmer profit. Particle swarm optimization was applied in the optimization processes. The method was applied to a case study in the Tajan River basin, Iran, with the results showing the environmental flow regime considerably reduces irrigation supply and has significant impacts on farmer profits. The results showed that cropping pattern optimization was not an effective strategy to mitigate the economic impacts of climate change under environmental flow constraints, but this assessment may not be generalized to other areas. Uncertainties related to the climate change models are a notable weakness of the approach and should be considered in future studies.

本文提出了在下游环境流量需求和气候变化约束下,实现区域农业效益最大化的水库运行优化框架。利用canesm2、MIROC5和noresm1 - m 3种气候变化模型和SWAT模拟了未来不确定时期的库区入库流量。在水库运行模型的结构中嵌入最小和理想环境流量,以优化环境流量需求和供水,并评估其权衡。通过优化种植模式,实现农民利益最大化。在优化过程中应用了粒子群算法。将该方法应用于伊朗Tajan河流域的一个案例研究,结果表明,环境流量制度大大减少了灌溉供应,并对农民利润产生了重大影响。结果表明,在环境流量约束下,优化种植模式不是缓解气候变化经济影响的有效策略,但这种评价不能推广到其他地区。与气候变化模式有关的不确定性是该方法的一个明显弱点,应在今后的研究中加以考虑。
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引用次数: 2
Further evidence on social comparison and residential water use 社会比较和居民用水的进一步证据
IF 2.2 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2022.100214
Salvador Lurbé , Jesse Burkhardt , Chris Goemans , Dale Manning , Liesel Hans

In this paper, we evaluate a randomized controlled trial in which households were given Home Water Reports (HWRs) that provided recent consumption information aside a social comparison. We estimate an average treatment effect of −2.4%, consistent with previous literature. The effects are significantly larger during months that require irrigation but are still statistically significant during non-irrigation months. We then investigate if the treatment effect depends on the specific message a household receives. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find no evidence that the type of message received (e.g., “good” or “take action”) has an impact on the average response size of 2.4% in our particular setting. We use these findings to motivate a discussion regarding study design in the context of RCTs being used to identify heterogeneous impacts when they are not specifically designed to identify such effects. Specific to our study, we use ex post power tests to demonstrate that our findings related to message type are likely due to sample size.

在本文中,我们评估了一项随机对照试验,在该试验中,家庭获得了家庭用水报告(HWRs),该报告提供了最近的消费信息,除了社会比较。我们估计平均治疗效果为- 2.4%,与以前的文献一致。在需要灌溉的月份,这种影响明显更大,但在不灌溉的月份,这种影响在统计上仍然显著。然后,我们调查治疗效果是否取决于一个家庭收到的具体信息。使用回归不连续设计,我们发现没有证据表明收到的消息类型(例如,“好”或“采取行动”)对我们特定设置中2.4%的平均响应大小有影响。我们利用这些发现来激发关于研究设计的讨论,当随机对照试验不是专门设计来识别异质影响时,它们被用来识别这些影响。具体到我们的研究,我们使用事后功率测试来证明我们与消息类型相关的发现可能是由于样本大小。
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引用次数: 1
Piloting accounts for recreational ecosystem services: Quality, use, and monetary value of freshwaters in Finland 娱乐生态系统服务试点账户:芬兰淡水的质量、使用和货币价值
IF 2.2 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2022.100215
Tuija Lankia , Jussi Lintunen , Marjo Neuvonen , Eija Pouta , Ron Store

Ecosystem accounting produces data on ecosystems, their condition, and the services they provide in a consistent and comparable form with the System of National Accounts (SNA). This study focused on accounting of recreational ecosystem services in the context of freshwaters in Finland. We used georeferenced data to measure the extent and condition of ecosystems available for recreation, and representative population data to measure the actual use of the services. In the monetary valuation of the recreational service, we applied the simulated exchange value method, which has been developed for the monetary valuation of non-market ecosystem services in accordance with the SNA. We extend the simulated exchange value method to incorporate the effect of water quality on the number and monetary value of recreational visits.

生态系统核算以与国民核算系统一致和可比较的形式产生关于生态系统、其状况及其提供的服务的数据。本研究的重点是芬兰淡水环境下的休闲生态系统服务。我们使用地理参考数据来衡量可用于休闲娱乐的生态系统的程度和状况,并使用代表性人口数据来衡量这些服务的实际使用情况。在娱乐服务的货币评估中,我们采用了模拟交换价值法,该方法是根据SNA为非市场生态系统服务的货币评估而开发的。我们扩展了模拟交换价值方法,以纳入水质对休闲访问次数和货币价值的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Exploring behavioral responses to a residential water tariff reform 探索居民水费改革的行为反应
IF 2.2 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2022.100211
Sara Suárez-Fernández , María A. García-Valiñas , Roberto Martínez-Espiñeira

Water demand is often found to be relatively price-inelastic, with substantial percentages of water consumption irresponsive to price changes. This does not mean that households are insensitive to price changes or unresponsive to tariff reforms. In order to explore the latter, and using Latent Class Models, we classified households into a series of distinct types according to how they switch between consumption tiers in response to changes in their water tariff. We then identified key drivers of this switching behavior, proposing that not only tariff-related variables but also sociodemographic, attitudinal, and information conditions define switching profiles. Our empirical exercise exploits information on water consumption and tariffs from 878 households in Granada (Spain) for the years 2010 and 2011 (when a new tariff structure was implemented), as well as a survey that collected additional information about household characteristics.

人们常常发现,水的需求是相对没有价格弹性的,相当大比例的水消费对价格变化没有反应。这并不意味着家庭对价格变化不敏感或对关税改革反应迟钝。为了探索后者,我们使用潜在类别模型,根据他们如何根据水费的变化在消费等级之间切换,将家庭划分为一系列不同的类型。然后,我们确定了这种转换行为的关键驱动因素,提出不仅与关税相关的变量,而且还包括社会人口、态度和信息条件。我们的实证研究利用了2010年和2011年西班牙格拉纳达878户家庭的用水量和水费信息(当时实施了新的水费结构),并进行了一项调查,收集了有关家庭特征的额外信息。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial inequality of domestic water consumption in Mexico city 墨西哥城生活用水的空间不平等
IF 2.2 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2022.100210
Carolina Massiel Medina-Rivas , Lilia Rodríguez-Tapia , Jorge Armando Morales-Novelo , Daniel Alfredo Revollo-Fernández

Achieving equal access to drinkable water whilst guaranteeing no discrimination constitutes a priority goal and an acquired compromise for the international agenda. However, achieving this goal has become challenging, especially in megacities. Mexico City registers 94% coverage of water supply, according to the 2020 Population and Housing Census. In 2019, per capita water consumption was 123 l/day, a supply reasonable as it is above the 100 l/day recommended by the World Health Organization to guarantee optimal access to water. However, water consumption among households is characterized by a heterogeneous spatial distribution that denotes a great inequity. The objective of this research is to evaluate the configuration of the spatial patterns that define the differences in water consumption in Mexico City's households, as well as their association with possible causal factors. This task was carried out through the spatial analysis and the use of geographic information systems. The water consumption records correspond to the year 2019 and were provided by the city's operating utility. Results confirmed the existence of two clusters of households whose location highlight areas where inequality in water consumption is present. The clusters are explained by the interaction of four factors, in order of importance: discontinuous water supply; dependence on external water sources; altitude; and the socioeconomic status of the neighborhoods. The results provide a fundamental basis for the development of water policies to mitigate inequality. Also, a methodological approach is provided to investigate water problems in large cities in developing countries, where the available literature is scarce.

实现平等获得饮用水,同时保证不受歧视,是国际议程的优先目标和既定妥协。然而,实现这一目标变得具有挑战性,尤其是在大城市。根据2020年人口和住房普查,墨西哥城的供水覆盖率为94%。2019年,人均用水量为123升/天,这是一个合理的供应,因为它高于世界卫生组织为保证最佳用水而建议的100升/天。然而,家庭用水具有空间分布不均的特点,表明存在很大的不平等。本研究的目的是评估定义墨西哥城家庭用水量差异的空间格局的配置,以及它们与可能的因果因素的关联。这项任务是通过空间分析和地理信息系统的使用来完成的。用水量记录对应于2019年,由该市的运营公用事业公司提供。结果证实了两组家庭的存在,其位置突出了存在用水量不平等的地区。这些集群是由四个因素的相互作用来解释的,依次为:供水不连续;对外部水源的依赖;海拔高度;以及社区的社会经济地位。研究结果为制定缓解不平等现象的水政策提供了基本依据。此外,还提供了一种方法学方法来调查发展中国家大城市的水问题,因为这些国家现有的文献很少。
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引用次数: 1
More risk, more money: When are payments for water savings from limited irrigation profitable for farmers? 风险越大,钱就越多:从有限的灌溉中节省的水什么时候对农民有利?
IF 2.2 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2022.100212
Daniel F. Mooney, Dana L.K. Hoag, Zarif I. Rasul, Siwei Gao

As farmers in semiarid climates seek new ways of adding value to their operations, those with irrigation water rights are increasingly receptive to payments, or credits, for water sharing. Yet, past research on the economic feasibility of limited irrigation strategies for consumptive use (CU) savings seldom considers production risk. Using stochastic dominance, we compare the effect of three limited irrigation practices—deficit irrigation, root zone drying, and early crop maturity—on the returns to corn production for sprinkler and subsurface technology. Field-level simulations show that the practices reduce returns and increase risk, but credits for CU savings could make them economically viable for farmers. Larger credits (more money) incentivize limited irrigation at greater levels (less yield and more risk), but fully compensating farmers for risk-bearing will be costly. With sprinkler technology, root zone drying becomes risk-efficient at lower credit values than deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation along with root zone drying become risk-efficient at the lowest credit values for subsurface technology. Thus, risk aversion could explain why some farmers choose not to share water even when credits are large enough, on average, to compensate for differences in expected returns. Improved knowledge about the profitability and risk of limited irrigation practices can increase the joint sustainability of irrigated agriculture and other societal water uses.

随着半干旱地区的农民寻求为其经营活动增加价值的新方法,那些拥有灌溉用水权的农民越来越愿意接受用水共享的付款或信贷。然而,过去关于有限灌溉节约用水策略的经济可行性研究很少考虑生产风险。利用随机优势,我们比较了三种有限灌溉方式——亏缺灌溉、根区干燥和作物早熟——对喷灌和地下技术玉米生产回报的影响。实地模拟表明,这种做法降低了回报,增加了风险,但对农民来说,节省铜的信贷可以使它们在经济上可行。更大的信用额度(更多的钱)激励有限的灌溉在更高的水平(更低的产量和更多的风险),但完全补偿农民的风险承担将是昂贵的。有了喷灌技术,根区干燥在较低的信用值下比亏空灌溉具有风险效益。亏水灌溉和根区干燥在地下技术的最低信用值下具有风险效益。因此,风险规避可以解释为什么一些农民选择不分享水,即使信贷平均足够大,以弥补预期回报的差异。提高对有限灌溉做法的盈利能力和风险的认识,可以增加灌溉农业和其他社会用水的共同可持续性。
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引用次数: 2
Nash bargaining in a general equilibrium framework: The case of a shared surface water supply 一般均衡框架下的纳什议价:共享地表水供应的情况
IF 2.2 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2022.100206
Arpita Nehra, Arthur J. Caplan

We extend the axiomatic Nash bargaining approach to the context of interregional water sharing in order to assess the approach’s normative implications in a general equilibrium (GE) framework. The GE model is applied to a water development project proposed for the Wasatch Front and Cache Valley regions of Utah — the Bear River Development Project (BRDP). We demonstrate conceptually how an allocation rule and attendant net regional welfare measures are endogenously determined as equilibrium solutions to the bargaining problem. Numerical analysis, based upon a simulation model calibrated to current data, reveals that Nash bargaining is generally infeasible as a solution mechanism for sharing surplus water supplies generated through the implementation of the BRDP, with or without potential ex post side-payments made between Cache Valley and the Wasatch Front. Only in the special case of (1) larger future regional population sizes, (2) a hypothetical, joint per-capita cost-share arrangement where total project (i.e. fixed) costs are shared equally across the two regions, (3) hypothetically larger water augmentation rates, and (4) the ignoring of potential environmental costs, is the Nash bargaining solution viable. Otherwise, for all other scenarios where the analysis is based upon current or future population sizes, joint- or region-specific cost-share arrangements, lower or higher water augmentation rates, and internalized or externalized environmental costs, the Nash bargaining solution is found to be unattainable as a potential mechanism to share surplus water supplies produced by the BRDP.

我们将公理纳什议价方法扩展到区域间水资源共享的背景下,以评估该方法在一般均衡(GE)框架中的规范性含义。GE模型应用于犹他州瓦萨奇前沿和卡什谷地区的一个水资源开发项目——熊河开发项目(BRDP)。我们从概念上证明了分配规则和相应的净区域福利措施是如何内生地决定为讨价还价问题的均衡解决方案的。基于对当前数据校准的模拟模型的数值分析表明,纳什议价通常是不可行的,作为共享BRDP实施产生的剩余水资源的解决方案机制,无论是否在Cache Valley和Wasatch Front之间进行潜在的事后侧支付。只有在以下特殊情况下,纳什议价方案才是可行的:(1)未来更大的区域人口规模;(2)假设共同的人均成本分担安排,其中总项目(即固定)成本在两个地区平均分担;(3)假设更高的水资源增水量率;(4)忽略潜在的环境成本。否则,对于基于当前或未来人口规模、联合或区域特定成本分担安排、较低或较高的水资源增给率以及内部化或外部化环境成本进行分析的所有其他情景,纳什议价解决方案被认为是无法实现的,无法作为分享BRDP产生的剩余供水的潜在机制。
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引用次数: 1
Valuing urban drinking water supply attributes: A case study from Chile 评估城市饮用水供应属性:来自智利的案例研究
IF 2.2 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.wre.2022.100204
Cristian González-Santander , Mauricio Sarrias , Ricardo A. Daziano , Lisandro Roco

This article uses a discrete choice experiment carried out in the city of Antofagasta, Chile, to understand consumer's preferences for urban drinking water. To disentangle the perceptions and valuation of drinking water attributes, we propose a willingness-to-pay (WTP)-space model where the WTPs for water attributes are distributed as a mixture-of-normal distribution. This approach combines discrete and continuous heterogeneity representations of tastes providing a richer interpretation of preference heterogeneity for drinking-water characteristics such as price, the organoleptic characteristics, information about the chemical composition, origin, and the taste of water by distinguishing between tap or bottled water. This mixture-based formulation is also flexible enough to identify clusters of individuals with differing WTP for these attributes. The elicited perceptions and inferred preferences derived from our results are important to understand why consumers still distrust tap water for drinking, though tap water meets Chilean regulations in terms of safety and is distributed within a stable network.

本文采用在智利安托法加斯塔市进行的离散选择实验,以了解消费者对城市饮用水的偏好。为了理清对饮用水属性的认知和评估,我们提出了一个支付意愿(WTP)空间模型,其中水属性的支付意愿(WTP)以混合正态分布的形式分布。这种方法结合了口味的离散和连续异质性表征,通过区分自来水和瓶装水,为饮用水特征(如价格、感官特征、化学成分信息、来源和水的味道)的偏好异质性提供了更丰富的解释。这种基于混合物的配方也足够灵活,可以识别对这些属性具有不同WTP的个体集群。从我们的结果中得出的感知和推断的偏好对于理解为什么消费者仍然不信任自来水饮用是很重要的,尽管自来水在安全方面符合智利的规定,并且在一个稳定的网络中分布。
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引用次数: 1
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