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Are Deep Neural Networks Adequate Behavioral Models of Human Visual Perception? 深度神经网络是否适合人类视觉感知的行为模型?
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Epub Date: 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-120522-031739
Felix A Wichmann, Robert Geirhos

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are machine learning algorithms that have revolutionized computer vision due to their remarkable successes in tasks like object classification and segmentation. The success of DNNs as computer vision algorithms has led to the suggestion that DNNs may also be good models of human visual perception. In this article, we review evidence regarding current DNNs as adequate behavioral models of human core object recognition. To this end, we argue that it is important to distinguish between statistical tools and computational models and to understand model quality as a multidimensional concept in which clarity about modeling goals is key. Reviewing a large number of psychophysical and computational explorations of core object recognition performance in humans and DNNs, we argue that DNNs are highly valuable scientific tools but that, as of today, DNNs should only be regarded as promising-but not yet adequate-computational models of human core object recognition behavior. On the way, we dispel several myths surrounding DNNs in vision science.

深度神经网络(DNN)是一种机器学习算法,由于其在对象分类和分割等任务中的显著成功,它已经彻底改变了计算机视觉。DNN作为计算机视觉算法的成功表明,DNN也可能是人类视觉感知的良好模型。在这篇文章中,我们回顾了关于当前DNN作为人类核心对象识别的适当行为模型的证据。为此,我们认为,重要的是要区分统计工具和计算模型,并将模型质量理解为一个多维概念,其中建模目标的明确性是关键。回顾了大量关于人类核心对象识别性能和DNN的心理物理学和计算探索,我们认为DNN是非常有价值的科学工具,但到目前为止,DNN只能被视为人类核心对象辨识行为的有前途但还不够充分的计算模型。在这一过程中,我们消除了视觉科学中围绕DNN的几个神话。
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引用次数: 6
Suppressing Retinal Remodeling to Mitigate Vision Loss in Photoreceptor Degenerative Disorders. 抑制视网膜重塑以减轻光受体退行性疾病的视力损失。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-112122-020957
Richard H Kramer

Rod and cone photoreceptors degenerate in retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration, robbing the visual system of light-triggered signals necessary for sight. However, changes in the retina do not stop with the photoreceptors. A stereotypical set of morphological and physiological changes, known as remodeling, occur in downstream retinal neurons. Some aspects of remodeling are homeostatic, with structural or functional changes compensating for partial loss of visual inputs. However, other aspects are nonhomeostatic, corrupting retinal information processing to obscure vision mediated naturally by surviving photoreceptors or artificially by vision-restoration technologies. In this review, I consider the mechanism of remodeling and its consequences for residual and restored visual function; discuss the role of retinoic acid, a critical molecular trigger of detrimental remodeling; and discuss strategies for suppressing retinoic acid biosynthesis or signaling as therapeutic possibilities for mitigating vision loss.

视网膜色素变性和年龄相关性黄斑变性患者的视杆和视锥感光细胞退化,剥夺了视觉系统视觉所需的光触发信号。然而,视网膜的变化并不会随着感光细胞而停止。视网膜下游神经元发生一系列典型的形态和生理变化,称为重塑。重塑的某些方面是稳态的,结构或功能的变化可以补偿视觉输入的部分损失。然而,其他方面是非静态的,破坏视网膜信息处理,从而模糊由存活的光感受器自然介导或由视觉恢复技术人工介导的视觉。在这篇综述中,我考虑了重塑的机制及其对残余和恢复视觉功能的影响;讨论视黄酸的作用,视黄酸是有害重塑的关键分子触发因子;并讨论抑制视黄酸生物合成或信号传导的策略,作为减轻视力损失的治疗可能性。
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引用次数: 1
Disparities in Eye Care Access and Utilization: A Narrative Review. 眼部护理获取和利用的差异:叙述性综述。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Epub Date: 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-112122-020934
Joana E Andoh, Agnes C Ezekwesili, Kristen Nwanyanwu, Angela Elam

This narrative review summarizes the literature on factors related to eye care access and utilization in the United States. Using the Healthy People 2030 framework, this review investigates social determinants of health associated with general and follow-up engagement, screenings, diagnostic visits, treatment, technology, and teleophthalmology. We provide hypotheses for these documented eye care disparities, featuring qualitative, patient-centered research. Lastly, we provide recommendations in the hopes of appropriately eliminating these disparities and reimagining eye care.

这篇叙述性综述总结了有关美国获得和使用眼部护理的相关因素的文献。本综述使用“健康人2030”框架,调查了与一般和随访参与、筛查、诊断访问、治疗、技术和目的眼科相关的健康社会决定因素。我们为这些记录在案的眼部护理差异提供了假设,以定性的、以患者为中心的研究为特色。最后,我们提出建议,希望能适当消除这些差异,重新构想眼部护理。
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引用次数: 2
Visual Functions of the Primate Superior Colliculus. 灵长类动物上丘的视觉功能。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Epub Date: 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-111022-123817
Ziad M Hafed, Klaus-Peter Hoffmann, Chih-Yang Chen, Amarender R Bogadhi

The superior colliculus (SC) is a subcortical brain structure that is relevant for sensation, cognition, and action. In nonhuman primates, a rich history of studies has provided unprecedented detail about this structure's role in controlling orienting behaviors; as a result, the primate SC has become primarily regarded as a motor control structure. However, as in other species, the primate SC is also a highly visual structure: A fraction of its inputs is retinal and complemented by inputs from visual cortical areas, including the primary visual cortex. Motivated by this, recent investigations are revealing the rich visual pattern analysis capabilities of the primate SC, placing this structure in an ideal position to guide orienting movements. The anatomical proximity of the primate SC to both early visual inputs and final motor control apparatuses, as well as its ascending feedback projections to the cortex, affirms an important role for this structure in active perception.

上丘(SC)是一种皮层下大脑结构,与感觉、认知和行动有关。在非人类灵长类动物中,丰富的研究历史为这种结构在控制定向行为中的作用提供了前所未有的细节;因此,灵长类SC主要被认为是一种运动控制结构。然而,与其他物种一样,灵长类SC也是一种高度视觉结构:它的一部分输入是视网膜的,并由视觉皮层区域的输入补充,包括初级视觉皮层。受此启发,最近的研究揭示了灵长类SC丰富的视觉模式分析能力,将这种结构置于指导定向运动的理想位置。灵长类SC与早期视觉输入和最终运动控制装置的解剖接近性,以及其对皮层的上行反馈投射,证实了这种结构在主动感知中的重要作用。
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引用次数: 7
Factors Affecting Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Approaches in Retinal Degeneration. 视网膜变性中影响干细胞再生方法的因素。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-120222-012817
Sachin H Patel, Deepak A Lamba

Inherited and age-associated vision loss is often associated with degeneration of the cells of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. The mammalian retina, being a postmitotic neural tissue, does not have the capacity to repair itself through endogenous regeneration. There has been considerable excitement for the development of cell replacement approaches since the isolation and development of culture methods for human pluripotent stem cells, as well as the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. This has now been combined with novel three-dimensional organoid culture systems that closely mimic human retinal development in vitro. In this review, we cover the current state of the field, with emphasis on the cell delivery challenges, role of the recipient immunological microenvironment, and challenges related to connectivity between transplanted cells and host circuitry both locally and centrally to the different areas of the brain.

遗传性和年龄相关的视力丧失通常与视网膜细胞的退化有关,视网膜是眼睛后部的感光层。哺乳动物的视网膜是一种有丝分裂后的神经组织,不具备通过内源性再生自我修复的能力。自从人类多能干细胞培养方法的分离和开发以及诱导多能干细胞的产生以来,细胞替代方法的发展一直令人兴奋。这已经与新型三维类器官培养系统相结合,该系统在体外紧密模拟人类视网膜发育。在这篇综述中,我们介绍了该领域的现状,重点介绍了细胞递送挑战、受体免疫微环境的作用,以及与移植细胞和宿主电路之间的连接相关的挑战,包括局部和中央到大脑不同区域的连接。
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引用次数: 1
Perception and Memory in the Ventral Visual Stream and Medial Temporal Lobe. 腹侧视觉流和内侧颞叶的感知和记忆。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Epub Date: 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-120222-014200
Chris B Martin, Morgan D Barense

Perception and memory are traditionally thought of as separate cognitive functions, supported by distinct brain regions. The canonical perspective is that perceptual processing of visual information is supported by the ventral visual stream, whereas long-term declarative memory is supported by the medial temporal lobe. However, this modular framework cannot account for the increasingly large body of evidence that reveals a role for early visual areas in long-term recognition memory and a role for medial temporal lobe structures in high-level perceptual processing. In this article, we review relevant research conducted in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. We conclude that the evidence is largely inconsistent with theoretical proposals that draw sharp functional boundaries between perceptual and memory systems in the brain. Instead, the weight of the empirical findings is best captured by a representational-hierarchical model that emphasizes differences in content, rather than in cognitive processes within the ventral visual stream and medial temporal lobe.

传统上,感知和记忆被认为是独立的认知功能,由不同的大脑区域支持。典型的观点是,视觉信息的感知处理由腹侧视觉流支持,而长期陈述性记忆由内侧颞叶支持。然而,这种模块化框架无法解释越来越多的证据,这些证据揭示了早期视觉区域在长期识别记忆中的作用以及内侧颞叶结构在高级感知处理中的作用。在这篇文章中,我们回顾了在人类、非人类灵长类动物和啮齿类动物中进行的相关研究。我们得出的结论是,这些证据在很大程度上与在大脑感知和记忆系统之间划出清晰功能边界的理论建议不一致。相反,经验发现的权重最好通过一个具有代表性的层次模型来捕捉,该模型强调内容的差异,而不是腹侧视觉流和内侧颞叶内的认知过程的差异。
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引用次数: 2
Eye Morphogenesis in Vertebrates. 脊椎动物的眼睛形态发生。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Epub Date: 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100720-111125
Macaulie A Casey, Sarah Lusk, Kristen M Kwan

Proper eye structure is essential for visual function: Multiple essential eye tissues must take shape and assemble into a precise three-dimensional configuration. Accordingly, alterations to eye structure can lead to pathological conditions of visual impairment. Changes in eye shape can also be adaptive over evolutionary time. Eye structure is first established during development with the formation of the optic cup, which contains the neural retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and lens. This crucial yet deceptively simple hemispherical structure lays the foundation for all later elaborations of the eye. Building on descriptions of the embryonic eye that started with hand drawings and micrographs, the field is beginning to identify mechanisms driving dynamic changes in three-dimensional cell and tissue shape. A combination of molecular genetics, imaging, and pharmacological approaches is defining connections among transcription factors, signaling pathways, and the intracellular machinery governing the emergence of this crucial structure.

适当的眼部结构对视觉功能至关重要:多个重要的眼部组织必须成形并组装成精确的三维结构。因此,眼睛结构的改变可能导致视觉损伤的病理状况。眼睛形状的变化也可以随着进化时间的推移而自适应。眼睛结构首先是在发育过程中随着视杯的形成而建立的,视杯包含神经视网膜、视网膜色素上皮和晶状体。这种至关重要但看似简单的半球形结构为后来对眼睛的所有研究奠定了基础。在从手绘和显微照片开始对胚胎眼的描述的基础上,该领域开始确定驱动三维细胞和组织形状动态变化的机制。分子遗传学、成像和药理学方法的结合正在定义转录因子、信号通路和控制这一关键结构出现的细胞内机制之间的联系。
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引用次数: 0
Envisioning a Woman Scientist. 设想一位女科学家。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Epub Date: 2023-03-17 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-111022-123844
Suzanne P McKee

I entered science at a particularly lucky time. By the mid-1960s, women were being encouraged to pursue serious scientific careers. During the 60-year span of my career, women have become equal partners with men in scientific research, particularly in the biological sciences. There also has been abundant funding for research, which allowed me to succeed in a "soft-money" position at Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, a place that was especially supportive for a woman scientist with children. In this article, I describe the findings that I think represent the most interesting and enduring scientific work from my career.

我进入科学界是在一个特别幸运的时刻。到20世纪60年代中期,妇女被鼓励从事严肃的科学事业。在我60年的职业生涯中,女性在科学研究,特别是在生物科学领域,已经成为与男性平等的伙伴。研究也有充足的资金,这让我在史密斯-凯特尔韦尔眼科研究所成功地担任了一个“软钱”职位,这个地方特别支持一位有孩子的女科学家。在这篇文章中,我描述了我认为代表我职业生涯中最有趣、最持久的科学工作的发现。
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引用次数: 0
What Is a Preferred Retinal Locus? 什么是首选视网膜位置?
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Epub Date: 2023-03-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-111022-123909
Luminita Tarita-Nistor, Irina Sverdlichenko, Mark S Mandelcorn

This review examines the concept of the preferred retinal locus (PRL) in patients with macular diseases. Considering monocular and binocular viewing, we (a) explain how to identify the PRL and discuss the pitfalls associated with its measurement, (b) review the current hypotheses for PRL development, (c) assess whether the PRL is the new reference point of the ocular motor system, and discuss (d) the functional and (e) the clinical implications of the PRL. We conclude that the current definition of the PRL is probably incomplete and should incorporate the need to evaluate the PRL in the framework of binocular viewing. We emphasize the need for more research.

这篇综述探讨了黄斑疾病患者首选视网膜基因座(PRL)的概念。考虑到单目和双目视觉,我们(a)解释如何识别PRL,并讨论与测量相关的陷阱,(b)回顾目前关于PRL发展的假设,(c)评估PRL是否是眼运动系统的新参考点,并讨论(d)PRL的功能和(e)临床意义。我们得出的结论是,目前对PRL的定义可能是不完整的,应该将评估PRL的需要纳入双眼视觉的框架中。我们强调需要进行更多的研究。
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引用次数: 1
Neuronal Representations Supporting Three-Dimensional Vision in Nonhuman Primates. 支持非人类灵长类动物三维视觉的神经元表征。
IF 6 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Epub Date: 2023-03-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-111022-123857
Ari Rosenberg, Lowell W Thompson, Raymond Doudlah, Ting-Yu Chang

The visual system must reconstruct the dynamic, three-dimensional (3D) world from ambiguous two-dimensional (2D) retinal images. In this review, we synthesize current literature on how the visual system of nonhuman primates performs this transformation through multiple channels within the classically defined dorsal (where) and ventral (what) pathways. Each of these channels is specialized for processing different 3D features (e.g., the shape, orientation, or motion of objects, or the larger scene structure). Despite the common goal of 3D reconstruction, neurocomputational differences between the channels impose distinct information-limiting constraints on perception. Convergent evidence further points to the little-studied area V3A as a potential branchpoint from which multiple 3D-fugal processing channels diverge. We speculate that the expansion of V3A in humans may have supported the emergence of advanced 3D spatial reasoning skills. Lastly, we discuss future directions for exploring 3D information transmission across brain areas and experimental approaches that can further advance the understanding of 3D vision.

视觉系统必须从模糊的二维(2D)视网膜图像重建动态的三维(3D)世界。在这篇综述中,我们综合了目前关于非人类灵长类动物的视觉系统如何通过经典定义的背侧(何处)和腹侧(何)通路中的多个通道进行这种转换的文献。这些通道中的每一个都专门用于处理不同的3D特征(例如,对象的形状、方向或运动,或更大的场景结构)。尽管3D重建是一个共同的目标,但通道之间的神经计算差异对感知施加了不同的信息限制约束。收敛的证据进一步指出,研究较少的区域V3A是多个3D离心处理通道分叉的潜在分支点。我们推测V3A在人类中的扩展可能支持了高级三维空间推理技能的出现。最后,我们讨论了探索跨大脑区域的3D信息传输的未来方向,以及可以进一步加深对3D视觉理解的实验方法。
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引用次数: 0
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Annual Review of Vision Science
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